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PubMed2004

Cultural considerations in understanding family violence among Asian American Pacific Islander families.

There has been much research conducted in the area of family violence, however, there is a paucity of research specifically addressing family violence in Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) communities. Because AAPIs are regarded as the model minority, many have the misconception that family violence does not exist in this population. This article examines Asian cultural beliefs and values to gain a better understanding of Asian attitudes towards family violence. A more in-depth exploration of the Cambodian and Vietnamese cultures regarding attitudes towards violence is included because of the higher tolerance of family violence among these 2 cultures than other Asian cultures. Public health nurses working with AAPI families can provide culturally appropriate care by taking Asian attitudes, values, and beliefs into account when developing nursing interventions with victims of abuse.

Asian↗
PubMed2000

Differential validity of the Defense Mechanism Manual for the TAT between Asian Americans and Whites. Thematic Apperception Test.

Thematic Apperception Test (Murray, 1943) responses of 69 Asian American (hereafter, Asian) and 83 White students were coded for defenses according to the Defense Mechanism Manual (Cramer, 1991b) and studied for differential validity in predicting paper-and-pencil measures of relevant constructs. Three tests for differential validity were used: (a) differences between validity coefficients, (b) interactions between predictor and ethnicity in criterion prediction, and (c) differences between groups in mean prediction errors using a common regression equation. Modest differential validity was found. It was surprising that the DMM scales were slightly stronger predictors of their criteria among Asians than among Whites and when a common predictor was used, desirable criteria were overpredicted for Asians, whereas undesirable ones were overpredicted for Whites. The results were not affected by acculturation level or English vocabulary among the Asians.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of anxiety and depression in Asian American youth.

This article reviews the current state of research on the assessment of anxiety and depression in Asian American children and adolescents. Contrary to lay perceptions of Asian Americans as a "model minority," research indicates that rates of depression and anxiety among Asian American adults are comparable to those found among European American populations. Given that Asian American populations also underutilize mental health services, the need to assess and treat anxiety and depression in Asian American youth is critical. This commentary includes directions for future research as well as clinical intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The salience of pan-national Hispanic and Asian identities in U.S. marriage markets.

In this paper I test whether "Hispanic" and "Asian" identities are salient in the U.S. marriage market. That is, I determine whether the different Asian and Hispanic national groups intermarry often enough to suggest that Asian and Hispanic pan-national identities are important. Analysis of census data from 1980 and 1990 suggests that both Hispanic and Asian pan-national identities are significant forces. Variations in the strength of pan-national Hispanic and Asian associations by region, education, and nativity are discussed.

Asian↗
PubMed1989

Differences in drinking behavior among three Asian-American groups.

This article challenges the commonly held beliefs that there are few if any heavy drinkers among Asian-Americans and that different groups of Asians exhibit similar patterns of drinking. To explore these stereotypes, alcohol consumption patterns were compared in a survey of 298 Chinese, 295 Japanese and 280 Koreans in Los Angeles. Heavy drinking was found in each of the Asian groups. Gender specific logistic regression models were used to illustrate the differences in the drinking patterns of the Asian-American groups and to clarify the determinants of drinking. The greatest proportion of heavy drinking was found among the Japanese and the lowest among the Chinese. Having friends who drank was the only social factor consistently related to Asian drinking behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Kinematic analysis of total knee prosthesis designed for Asian population.

In designing a total knee replacement (TKR) prosthesis catering for the Asian population, 62 sets of femur were harvested and analyzed. The morphometrical data obtained were found to be in good agreement with dimensions typical of the Asian knee and has reaffirmed the fact that Caucasian knees are generally larger than Asian knees. Subsequently, these data when treated using a multivariate statistical technique resulted in the establishment of major design parameters for six different sizes of femoral implants. An extra-small implant size with established dimensions and geometrical shape has surfaced from the study. The differences between the Asian knees and the Caucasian knees are discussed. Employing the established femoral dimensions and motion path of the knee joint, the articulating tibia profile was generated. All the sizes of implants were modeled using a computer-aided software package. Thereupon, these models that accurately fits the local Asian knee were transported into a dynamic and kinematic analysis software package. The tibiofemoral joint was modeled successfully as a slide curve joint to study intuitively the motion of the femur when articulating on the tibia surface. An optimal tibia profile could be synthesized to mimic the natural knee path motion. Details of the analysis are presented and discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Adolescent participation in preventive health behaviors, physical activity, and nutrition: differences across immigrant generations for Asians and Latinos compared with Whites.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated preventive health behaviors (bicycle helmet, seat belt, and sunscreen use), physical activity, television viewing or video game playing, and nutrition (fruit, vegetable, milk, and soda consumption) among Asian and Latino adolescents living in the United States; assessed trends across generations (first-, second-, and third-generation immigrants or later); and compared each generation with White adolescents. METHODS: We used data from 5801 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in the representative 2001 California Health Interview Survey. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, first-generation Asians measured worse than Whites for preventive health behaviors (lower participation), physical activity (less activity), and television viewing or video game playing (more hours), but improved across generations. For these same behaviors, Latinos were similar to or worse than Whites, and generally showed no improvement across generations. First-generation Asians and Latinos had healthier diets than Whites (higher fruit and vegetable consumption, lower soda consumption). With succeeding generations, Asians' fruit, vegetable, and soda consumption remained stable, but Latinos' fruit and vegetable consumption decreased and their soda consumption increased, so that by the third generation Latinos' nutrition was poorer than Whites'. CONCLUSIONS: For the health behaviors we examined, Asian adolescents' health behaviors either improved with each generation or remained better than that of Whites. Latino adolescents demonstrated generally worse preventive health behaviors than did Whites and, in the case of nutrition, a worsening across generations. Targeted interventions may be needed to address behavioral disparities.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2006

Traditional risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis in Indo Asians: the need for a reappraisal.

Our ability to assess individual patient cardiovascular risk is based on "traditional" risk factors including patient's characteristics (age, sex and body mass index), hypertension, diabetes, smoking, lipid profile and family history of premature coronary disease. These factors are important for the clinician in order to calculate risk and initiate treatment in both primary and secondary settings. As the morbidity and mortality from vascular disease in United Kingdom migrant populations of Indo Asian origin is significantly higher (approximately 50%) than the Western Europeans, an accurate assessment of risk and preventative therapies can reduce cardiovascular risk and improve clinical outcome. Indeed, scoring systems like the Framingham consistently underestimate risk in Indo Asians. This review assesses differences between traditional risk factors in Indo Asians and summarizes the relevance of more novel factors in a more comprehensive evaluation of cardiovascular risk in the Indo Asian population. Greater appreciation of these traditional risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis in Indo Asians--including hypertension and metabolic syndrome (of which hypertension is a key component)--suggests the need for a reappraisal to put these data in context of current management strategies.

Asian People↗
PubMed2001

Contribution of job satisfaction to happiness of Asian Americans.

Many demographic and labor force characteristics, such as family income, educational attainment, and occupation, correlated with job satisfaction. Since Asian Americans are more like Euro-Americans than African Americans in most of these characteristics, it seems reasonable to predict that their job satisfaction would be high as for Euro-Americans rather than low as for African Americans. Yet research of Weaver and Hinson showed that the opposite is true. One explanation for this unexpected result is that Asians do not think of jobs as a source of happiness but simply as a means of earning money to underwrite other aspects of their lives, such as the well-being of their families, which are the main sources of their happiness. The hypothesis was tested that job satisfaction does not contribute to the happiness of Asian Americans in comparison to satisfaction from other domains of their lives. Analysis was conducted of the attitudes of Asian-American (n = 160), African-American (n = 602), and Euro-American (n = 6,477) workers who responded to 22 surveys drawn from 1972 to 1998, each of which was representative of the labor force of the USA. The hypothesis was supported by the finding that the partial correlation of job satisfaction and global happiness with satisfaction in seven other domains of life (marriage, financial condition, community, nonwork activities, family, health and physical condition, and friendships) held constant was significant for Euro-American women and men but not for Asian Americans or African Americans of either sex. And, the same result occurred when global happiness was regressed on job satisfaction net the effects of satisfaction in other seven domains.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Happiness of Asian Americans.

Past surveys found a positive relation between job satisfaction and socioeconomic status, with Asian Americans scoring low and African Americans and Euro-Americans scoring higher. As job satisfaction is a component of happiness, the question arises whether this relationship holds for happiness in general. Responses of a sample of 499 Asian Americans, 24,432 Euro-Americans, and 2,828 African Americans were analyzed. For both sexes, Asian Americans rated happiness significantly higher than African Americans. The rated happiness of Asian American and Euro-American men was not significantly different, but Asian-American women rated happiness significantly lower than Euro-American women. Mean differences were less than one point.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Issues for South Asian Indian patients surrounding sexuality, fertility, and childbirth in the US health care system.

BACKGROUND: In 1998 ethnic minorities comprised 28% of the US population, and India is the third most common country of origin for immigrants. Many recently immigrated South Asian Indian patients are seen in health care settings in the United States. To deliver health care effectively to these patients, it is helpful for physicians to understand common cultural beliefs and practices of South Asian Indian patients. METHODS: Two illustrative cases are reported. One author's observations of the care of pregnant and parturient women in India and similar experiences in our own office spurred a literature search of the cultural behaviors surrounding sexuality, fertility, and childbirth. A literature search was conducted in Index Medicus, Grateful Med, and the catalogue of the University of Pennsylvania Arts and Sciences library, using the terms "Indian," "South Asian," "male and female gender roles," "gynecology in third world," "sexuality," "sexual health," "women's health," "women's health education," "obstetrical practices/India," and "female roles/India." RESULTS: Issues surrounding sexuality and childbirth that arise during the US physician-South Asian Indian patient encounter might not correspond to the commonly held knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors of the US health care system. Common cultural beliefs and behaviors of South Asian Indian patients around sexuality and childbirth experience include the role of the individual patient's duty to society, the patient's sense of place in society, lack of formal sexual education, prearranged marriages, importance of the birth of the first child, little premarital contraceptive education, dominance of the husband in contraceptive decisions, and predominant role of women and lack of role for men (including the husband) in the childbirth process. CONCLUSION: Lack of understanding of the Indian cultural mores surrounding sexual education, sexual behavior, and the childbirth experiences can form barriers to Indian immigrants in need of health care. These misunderstandings can also lead to patient dissatisfaction with the health provider and health system, underutilization of health services, and poorer health outcomes for Indian immigrants and their families. For this reason, it is important to teach cultural issues during undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

EGFR Intron 1 polymorphism in Asian Populations and its correlation with EGFR gene expression and amplification in breast tumor tissues.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis if longer CA dinucleotide repeats are more common in the Asian population and also to gain insights into the interplay between the CA dinucleotide repeats and the frequencies of EGFR gene expression and amplifications as this might have therapeutic implications with regards to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The EGFR intron 1 polymorphism was analysed in three distinct healthy Asian subjects, namely, Chinese (N = 96), Malays (N = 98) and Indians (N = 100). Comparative genomic hybridisation was performed to investigate for changes in DNA copy number in relation to the polymorphic CA dinucleotide repeats in breast tumor tissues (N = 22). RESULTS: The frequency of short alleles with 14 and 15 CA repeats were most common in the Asian populations and significantly higher than those reported for Caucasians. The frequency of 20 CA repeats was 5%, almost 13-fold lower than previous reports. EGFR amplifications were detected in 23% and 11% of breast tumor tissues harboring short and long CA repeats, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the frequency of alleles encoding for short CA dinucleotide repeats is common in Asian populations. EGFR expression and amplification levels were also higher in Asian breast tumor tissues with short CA dinucleotide repeats. These findings suggest that the EGFR intron 1 polymorphism may influence response to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in breast cancer patients and further studies are warranted.

Asian People↗
PubMed1997

Alcohol metabolism in Asian-American men with genetic polymorphisms of aldehyde dehydrogenase.

BACKGROUND: About half of certain Asians have a deficiency of the low-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) isoenzyme. This deficiency results from inheritance of a mutant ALDH2*2 allele. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Asian Americans with ALDH2*2 alleles differ from Asian Americans without this mutation in terms of blood levels of alcohol and acetaldehyde after ingestion of a moderate amount of alcohol. DESIGN: Double-blind, crossover study. SETTING: Private research institute. PARTICIPANTS: 35 healthy Asian-American men. Three men who became ill after alcohol ingestion and one who had outlying data were excluded. INTERVENTION: Alcoholic beverage, containing 0.56 g of alcohol per kg of body weight, or placebo beverage, containing 3 mL of alcohol, given orally on separate occasions. MEASUREMENTS: Blood levels of alcohol and acetaldehyde measured before and several times after ingestion of the alcoholic or placebo beverage. RESULTS: Participants with ALDH2*2 alleles had significantly higher blood acetaldehyde levels after ingesting alcoholic and placebo beverages than did participants with ALDH2*1 alleles, despite similar blood alcohol concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Blood acetaldehyde levels rather than blood alcohol concentration may mediate enhanced alcohol sensitivity among Asians with ALDH2*2 alleles.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1999

Mortality among US adult Asians and Pacific Islanders: findings from the National Health Interview Surveys and the National Longitudinal Mortality Study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the mortality of the adult Asian and Pacific Islander population in the United States. METHODS: Cohort study using data from the National Health Interview Survey (1986 to 1994) and the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Deaths were ascertained by matching the National Death Index with average follow-ups of 5.3 and 9 years, respectively, for the two studies. RESULTS: Respondents from the pooled National Health Interview Surveys included 532,794 non-Hispanic whites, 94,242 blacks, 52,725 Hispanics, and 16,936 Asians and Pacific Islanders, all of whom were at least 18 years of age at baseline. The National Longitudinal Mortality Study included 373,397 non-Hispanic whites, 41,262 blacks, 23,356 Hispanics, and 8,390 Asians and Pacific Islanders. Overall age-standardized mortality was the lowest in Asians/Pacific Islanders, whose risk of death was about 40% lower than whites'. Adjustment for differences in education levels had a minimal influence on the mortality advantage in Asians/Pacific Islanders. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal cohorts provide an important source of health status information on Asians and Pacific Islanders. These two studies from representative national samples suggest that overall mortality is substantially lower among Asians and Pacific Islanders than in all other major ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Differences in reproductive endocrinology between Asian men and Caucasian men--a literature review.

This review provides an overview of the literature on aspects of reproductive endocrinology wherein Asian men may differ from Caucasian, notably, prostatic neoplasm and the sensivity to pharmacological regimens of male contraception. Both genetic and environmental factors, such as nutrition, might be relevant. Asian men residing in Asia seem to be relatively protected from clinical prostatic neoplasm while the prevalence of preclinical prostatic neoplasm is not different. Migration to an area with a higher prevalence reduces this difference but does not undo it. With regard to prostatic neoplasm the following factors have been considered as relevant in Asian men: 1) a reduction in 5 alpha-reductase level, 2) decreased levels of androgenic ketosteroid precursors of 5 alpha-reduced androgen metabolites, 3) the decreased presence of a P53 mutation, 4) a higher CAG-repeat length of the androgen receptor, 5) a possible higher level of physical activity, 6) differences in sexual activity. Furthermore, Asian men respond to a higher degree with azoospermia in response to contraceptive steroids. Possible explanations offered for the more pronounced response to contraceptive steroids are: 1) differences in testicular structure and decreased spermatogenic potential, 2) an earlier and more marked suppression in LH secretion by exogenous androgens. The differences may be due to genetical and/or environmental factors influencing the peripheral testosterone metabolism. Dietary factors such as the higher intake of phytoestrogens in Asians might exert effects on 5 alpha-reductase activity and/or on sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels, thus having an impact on the biological efficacy of circulating androgens.

Asian People↗
PubMed2001

Ethnic disparities in care following acute coronary syndromes among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders during the initial hospitalization.

Despite the fact that Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are the fastest growing minority population in the United States, little is known about their treatment patterns and outcomes, particularly for Asian American and Pacific Islander sub-groups. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare differences in revascularization and mortality rates following acute coronary syndromes among Asian American and Pacific Islander sub-groups [Japanese (n = 1342), Chinese (n = 249), Filipino (n = 314), Native Hawaiian (n = 361)) and Caucasians (n = 569)] during the initial hospitalization using administrative (claims) data from 1997 to 1999. Analyses were stratified by gender and controlled for age, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, ACG morbidity level and system of care. We found that the type of procedures received during the initial hospitalization differed according to patient ethnicity for male patients but not for female ones. Compared to Caucasians, male Asian Amercian and Pacific Islanders patients were less likely to undergo percutaneous coronary interventions and more likely to undergo coronary artery bypass graft surgery. In the future, a more comprehensive outcomes study is needed, to examine the impact of any interethnic differences in revascularization rates on intermediate and long-term mortality, patient satisfaction, and self-reported functioning and well-being. The trend toward higher mortality following acute coronary syndromes among Asian Americans and Pacific Islander males emphasizes the importance of such a study.

Asian↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Legal, ethical, and human rights issues facing East and Southeast Asian-Canadians.

In the last issue of the Newsletter, we reported about a project on HIV/AIDS and discrimination in South Asian communities in Canada, undertaken by the Toronto-based Alliance for South Asian AIDS Prevention (ASAP). In this issue, we report about another project focusing on issues of discrimination in ethnocultural communities in Canada: a project on legal, ethical, and human rights issues facing East and Southeast Asian-Canadians, undertaken by a Toronto-based AIDS-service organization, the Asian Community AIDS Services (ACAS). The project concluded that "societal discrimination, systemic service deficiency and resource allocation barriers contribute to a hostile environment that challenges the self esteem, sense of efficacy, health and well being of Asians infected and affected by HIV/AIDS."

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

Trends in Asian American racial/ethnic intermarriage: a comparison of 1980 and 1990 census data.

"In this paper, we use data from the 1990 [U.S.] census to compare patterns of Asian American intermarriage with those reported by Lee and Yamanaka (1990).... Our main findings show that: (i) the overall outmarriage rate has declined; (ii) Asian American inter-ethnic marriages (that is, marriages between two Asian Americans of different Asian ethnicities) have increased; and (iii) social distance, measured by an Index of Intermarriage Distance, between Asian Americans and other racial and ethnic groups has widened. We conclude by discussing some implications of the findings for the role of racial and ethnic intermarriage as an indicator of intergroup relations."

Americas↗