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PubMedDate not supplied

Alum treatment of poultry litter: decomposition and nitrogen dynamics.

While the poultry industry is a major economic benefit to several areas in the USA, land application of poultry litter to recycle nutrients can lead to impaired surface and ground water quality. Amending poultry litter with alum [Al3(SO4)2 x 14H2O] has received considerable attention as a method of economically reducing ammonia volatilization in the poultry house and soluble phosphorus in runoff waters. The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of alum on broiler litter decomposition and N dynamics under laboratory conditions. Litter that had been amended with alum in the poultry house after each of the first four of five flock cycles (Experiment I) and litter that had been amended with alum after removal from a poultry house after the third flock cycle (Experiment II) were compared with unamended litter in separate studies. The litters in Experiment I were surface-applied to simulate application to grasslands, while the litters in Experiment II were incorporated to simulate application to conventionally tilled crops. The only statistically significant differences in decomposition due to alum occurred early in Experiment II and the differences were small. The only statistically significant differences in net N mineralization, soil inorganic N, and soil NH4+-N in either experiment was found in Experiment I after 70 d of incubation where soil inorganic N was significantly greater for the alum treatment. Thus, alum had little effect on decomposition or N dynamics. Results of many of the studies on litter not amended with alum should be applicable to litters amended with alum to reduce P availability.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of chemical and microbial amendments on ammonia volatilization from composting poultry litter.

Research has shown that aluminum sulfate (alum) and phosphoric acid greatly reduce ammonia (NH3) volatilization from poultry litter; however, no studies have yet reported the effects of these amendments on field-scale composting of poultry litter. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate NH3 volatilization from composting litter by measuring both NH3 volatilization and changes in total nitrogen (N) in the litter and (ii) evaluate potential methods of reducing NH3 losses from composting poultry litter. Poultry litter was composted for 68 d the first year and 92 d the second year. Eleven treatments were screened in Year 1, which included an unamended control, a microbial mixture, a microbial mixture with 5% alum incorporated into the litter, 5 and 10% alum rates either surface-applied or incorporated, and 1 and 2% phosphoric acid rates either surface-applied or incorporated. Treatments in Year 2 included an unamended control, a microbial mixture, alum (7% by fresh wt.), and phosphoric acid (1.5% by fresh wt.). Alum and phosphoric acid reduced NH3 volatilization from composting poultry litter by as much as 76 and 54%, respectively. The highest NH3 emission rates were from microbial treatments each year. Compost treated with chemical amendments retained more initial N than all other treatments. Due to the cost and N loss associated with composting poultry litter, composting is not economical from an agronomic perspective compared with the use of fresh poultry litter.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1992

A comparative study of intravesical instillation of 15(s) 15 Me alpha and alum in the management of persistent hematuria of vesical origin.

A prospective randomized, controlled study was done to compare the efficacy and safety of 15(s) 15 Me PGF2 alpha intravesical instillation and 1% alum vesical irrigation in the control of vesical hematuria which persisted even after continuous bladder irrigation with normal saline for 24 hours. Ten patients were treated with 15(s) 15 Me PGF2 alpha intravesical instillation in a dose of 1 mg daily for a maximum of 5 days. Six patients had complete cessation of macroscopic hematuria and partial control was seen in another 2 patients. Failure of control was seen in 2 patients. Nine patients were treated with 1% alum irrigation of bladder at a rate of 5 ml/min for a maximum period of 72 hours. Complete cessation of hematuria occurred in 6 patients and partial control in the other 3 patients. Bladder spasms was a common side effect of both drugs (19/19). Frequent catheter blockade (7/9) and recurrence of bleeding (3/9) were also seen with alum therapy. No systemic side effects occurred during therapy with both drugs. Alum, due to its safety and efficacy remains the drug of first choice for persistent vesical hematuria. High cost, low availability and stringent storage conditions are drawbacks for routine use of 15(s) 15 Me PGF2 alpha, however, PGF2 alpha promises to be a safe and effective alternative method and might be of great value in cases of alum failure as observed in two of our cases (9 and 10).

Administration, Intravesical↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of an alum-containing mouthrinse for inhibition of salivary streptococcus mutans levels in children--a controlled clinical trial.

The anticariogenic effect of alum was evaluated in the study by measuring the salivary S. mutans levels of children at baseline, after 3-weeks, and 6-weeks of using alum-containing mouthrinses. Sixty subjects with a mean age of eleven years were selected and randomly divided into four groups. Two experimental mouthrinses (alum in physiological saline and alum in distilled water) and two control mouthrinses (physiological saline and distilled water) were given for a period of 6 weeks on a daily basis. Salivary samples were collected at the end of 3 weeks and 6 weeks and S. mutans levels were assessed and compared with baseline values and among each other. Both the alum-containing mouthrinses produced statistically significant reductions in S. mutans levels in children, thus tempting us to announce alum as a routine oral hygiene measure, though its safety for prolonged usage needs to be established by long-term studies.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMed2004

Co-conditioning and dewatering of alum sludge and waste activated sludge.

Co-conditioning and dewatering behaviors of alum sludge and waste activated sludge were investigated. Two different sludges were mixed at various ratios (2:1; 1:1; 1:2; 1:4) for study. Capillary suction time (CST) and specific resistance to filtration (SRF) were utilized to assess sludge dewaterability. Relatively speaking, waste activated sludge, though of higher solid content, was more difficult to be dewatered than alum sludge. It was found that sludge dewaterability and settlability became better with increasing fraction of alum sludge in the mixed sludge. Dosage required of the cationic polyelectrolyte (KP-201C) for dewatering was reduced as well. It is proposed that alum sludge acts as skeleton builder in the mixed sludge, and renders the mixed sludge more incompressible which is beneficial for sludge dewatering. Implications of the results of the study to the sludge management plan for Taipei City that generates both alum sludge and waste activated sludge at significant amount are also discussed. The current sludge treatment and disposal plan in Metropolitan Taipei could be made more cost-effective.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMed2003

[Study of stinging crystals in tian nanxing].

OBJECTIVE: To test whether the raphides in Tian Nanxing (Pinellia pedatisecta Schott) caused irritation. METHOD: Scan Electron Microscope and Microscope Oberservation; Animal experimental study. RESULT: Through the comparision of unprocessed Tian Nanxing to processed ones which included 36 h, 72 h, 120 h processed samples, the great modifications in the structure of raphides, especially for the ones with barbs in the processed samples was observed with time course study. A further animal experimental study went to show that the rate of change for raphides with barbs existed a dose-reponse relationship to irritation. CONCLUSION: Investigations of the causes of these reactions showed that raphides of calcium oxalate are, at least in part, responsible for the Tian Nanxing's irritation.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2004

[Study on traditional Chinese pharmaceutical processing of radix Pinellia pedatisecta].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of concentration, volume and temperature of aluminium water on the change of chromatoghraphic data of processed Rhizoina Arisaematis. METHOD: Chromatographic fingerprints of processed Radix Pinellia pedatisecta were determined by HPLC, and multivariate analysis was made for data processing. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: No change on the whole chromatoghraphic data was observed at different levels of concentrition and volume of aluminium water, while there was a great change at different levels of temperature.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMed2004

Monitoring floc formation and breakage.

Monitoring of flocculation processes is of great practical importance and can give very useful information on the action of different coagulants under various conditions. It is shown that a continuous optical monitoring technique provides a convenient means of following the formation, break-up and regrowth of flocs under standard mixing and stirring conditions. Examples of results using this approach are given, with alum and PACl coagulants as well as a cationic polyelectrolyte. PACl products give larger flocs than with alum, but they show about the same relative degree of breakage when the shear rate is increased. With all of these coagulants, floc breakage is not fully reversible; i.e. flocs only re-grow to a limited extent when the shear rate is reduced. This is in marked contrast to the action of a cationic polyelectrolyte, where floc breakage is almost completely reversible. Some possible reasons for these observations are discussed, but, so far, there is no adequate model available.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMed2004

Temperature effects on flocculation, using different coagulants.

Temperature is known to affect flocculation and filter performance. Jar tests have been conducted in the laboratory, using a photometric dispersion analyser (PDA) to assess the effects of temperature on floc formation, breakage and reformation. Alum, ferric sulphate and three polyaluminium chloride (PACI) coagulants have been investigated for temperatures ranging between 6 and 29 degrees C for a suspension of kaolin clay in London tap water. Results confirm that floc formation is slower at lower temperatures for all coagulants. A commercial PACl product, PAX XL 19, produces the largest flocs for all temperatures; and alum the smallest. Increasing the shear rate results in floc breakage in all cases and the flocs never reform to their original size. This effect is most notable for temperatures around 15 degrees C. Breakage, in terms of floc size reduction, is greater for higher temperatures, suggesting a weaker floc. Recovery after increased shear is greater at lower temperatures implying that floc break-up is more reversible for lower temperatures.

Alum Compounds↗