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PubMed1988

[Fortification and enrichment of foods: considerations on their use for achieving nutritional goals].

The diet should, ideally, provide adequate amounts of all nutrients. The traditional foods of many Latin American countries, however, must be fortified or enriched with certain nutrients to satisfy the needs of the whole population. These measures should be considered as temporary, until improvements are achieved in dietary diversification, economic conditions, nutrition education and food processing and storage. Restoration of nutrients lost during cooking or processing and equalization of new foods with the nutrients present in traditional foods, are also important. Conditions for a successful program of fortification or enrichment include a widespread and regular intake of the dietary vehicle, high bioavailability of the added nutrient, low costs of the nutrient and the fortified vehicle, central processing, organoleptic characteristics that ensure acceptability, stability of the product during storage and cooking, no risk of toxicity, and adequate control during the process, distribution, marketing and consumption of the fortified vehicle or food. Control measures must be supported by legal sanctions to those who do not comply with the norms for obligatory fortification or enrichment. Control measures must also identify the necessary modifications due to changes in dietary habits or public health interventions. In Latin America there are fortification and enrichment programs with various nutrients in which local diets are scarce. Many Latin American scientists have been pioneers in this field.

Diet↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Temporal limitations of information processing in global and local attention: the effect of information content.

PURPOSE: The refractory period during which detection or identification of a probe is degraded, following the successful visual identification of a target, is referred to as the attentional blink (AB). Previous work in this laboratory using global/local letter forms has shown that the degree of complexity of information influences the length of time between successful visual identifications, as does the attentional modality required of the subject. In the standard rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task, a gap following the first target is reported to destroy the AB. The current study examines the effect on the AB duration of inserting a gap in the stream of local orthographic information while not interrupting the stream of global information. It was hypothesized that masking of the local elements of the item immediately following the target (the +1 item) would lead to a decreased AB duration for local identification. METHODS: Twenty-one adult participants, experienced in the experimental paradigm, viewed sequences of compound letter stimuli and were required to identify a global or local red letter (target) and detect the presence of a global or local X (probe) in the sequence following. RESULTS: In one-half of the trials the local letter identity of the +1 global/local form was obscured, leaving only a global form. Neither the attentional condition nor local +1 masking significantly influenced the slope of recovery from the AB. Furthermore, no difference was observed in the AB duration for global or local probe detection between control and crystallized trials. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the visual image of the item is accepted nto VSTM and processed for target candidature.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

A multi-algorithm, multi-timescale method for cell simulation.

MOTIVATION: Many important problems in cell biology require the dense nonlinear interactions between functional modules to be considered. The importance of computer simulation in understanding cellular processes is now widely accepted, and a variety of simulation algorithms useful for studying certain subsystems have been designed. Many of these are already widely used, and a large number of models constructed on these existing formalisms are available. A significant computational challenge is how we can integrate such sub-cellular models running on different types of algorithms to construct higher order models. RESULTS: A modular, object-oriented simulation meta-algorithm based on a discrete-event scheduler and Hermite polynomial interpolation has been developed and implemented. It is shown that this new method can efficiently handle many components driven by different algorithms and different timescales. The utility of this simulation framework is demonstrated further with a 'composite' heat-shock response model that combines the Gillespie-Gibson stochastic algorithm and deterministic differential equations. Dramatic improvements in performance were obtained without significant accuracy drawbacks. A multi-timescale demonstration of coupled harmonic oscillators is also shown.

Algorithms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A statistic approach to interpretation, results processing and hypo thesis testing in experiments on exposuring the human brain to perception of low level signals].

There are shown the limitations of using the generally accepted approaches to statistic data processing at the perception of low level signals on Bernully scheme when specific nature on the phenomenon (the human ability to perception is not constant, uncontrolled and manifests itself for a short time) isn't taken into account. A new approach to the statistic processing of measurement results is also proposed. It is based on the sequence analysis of correct answers in a series, the use of sequential statistic procedures (criteria), maximally taking into account the perception specificity and the measurement features. The estimate of first kind error in proposed method has been carried out.

Brain↗

PubMed1988

A molecular basis for synexin-driven, calcium-dependent membrane fusion.

Membranes of secretory vesicles fuse with each other and with plasma membranes during exocytosis in many different cell types. The probable role of calcium in the process is now widely accepted, and it is possible that at least one cytosolic mediator of calcium action is synexin. Synexin is a 47,000 Mr calcium-binding protein, initially discovered in the bovine adrenal medulla, which binds to granule membranes and to inner aspects of chromaffin cell plasma membranes. Synexin causes chromaffin granules to aggregate, and such aggregates can be caused to fuse in the additional presence of arachidonic acid. Synexin also mediates the direct fusion of liposomes and chromaffin granule ghosts. To understand better the mechanisms of membrane fusion promoted by synexin we have attempted to define the primary sequence of the protein. Our initial efforts were directed towards purification of bovine synexin in sufficient amounts to allow us to sequence tryptic peptides. However, as the project progressed we also directed our attention to human synexin, preparing peptides from this protein as well. From analysis of bovine peptides we learned that the synexin molecule might be closely related to a class of proteins including lipocortin I, calpactin (p36), endonexin II, protein II and calelectrin 67K. Complete analysis of a human synexin cDNA clone revealed strong homology with bovine synexin. The analysis also showed that synexin contained a unique, long, highly hydrophobic N-terminal leader sequence followed by a characteristic four-fold repeat homologous with those found in other members of the synexin gene family. The highly hydrophobic character of synexin seems consistent with information previously obtained that synexin is able to insert directly into the interior of bilayers prepared not only from purified phosphatidylserine but also from biological membranes. The evidence for such insertions is a dramatic increase in the capacitance of the membrane, formed at the tip of a patch pipette, when calcium-activated synexin is applied to the bilayer. Additional evidence is the fact that synexin also forms calcium-selective channels when the protein is applied to the cytosolic aspect of the plasmalemma when that side is also exposed to calcium at sub-millimolar concentrations. Thus, the synexin molecule not only enters the membrane, but also spans it. From these and other data we have developed the concept that the fusion process may involve synexin forming a 'hydrophobic bridge' between two fusing membranes. Lipid movement across this bridge may then be the material basis for final fusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Effects of subliminal stimuli on unconscious processing of anxiety: an examination of implicit perception.

Researchers in cognitive psychology generally accept that information, including emotions, may be processed outside of awareness. Some have postulated that anxiety may be induced by stimuli presented below the level of detection, a process called implicit perception; however, conflicting findings as to the validity of subliminal stimuli in influencing anxiety have been reported over the past decade. In the present study, 39 subjects were exposed to either positive, negative, or neutral subliminal stimuli, and half the subjects were informed as to the type of stimuli they received. All subjects were monitored for frontalis muscle tension, a physiological indicator of anxiety, on an electromyograph (EMG). No significant effects of the exposure upon EMG recordings were noted. Awareness of the type of stimuli presented had a small but insignificant effect. These results, although tentative, when replicated would question the validity of subliminal visual presentation in altering emotive states.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Validating new toxicology tests for regulatory acceptance

Before a new or revised toxicology test is considered acceptable for safety evaluation of new substances, the test users and the industrial and regulatory decision makers must feel comfortable with it, and the decisions it supports. Comfort with, and the acceptance of, a new test comes after knowing that it has been validated for its proposed use. The validation process is designed to determine the operational characteristics of a test, that is, its reliability and relevance, in addition to its strengths and limitations. The reliability of a test is measured by its reproducibility. Its relevance is judged by its mechanistic relationship to the health effects of concern, and its ability to predict or identify those effects. The U.S. government has recently formed the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) to work with federal agencies and test developers to coordinate the evaluation and adoption of new test methods. The ICCVAM will provide guidance to agencies and other stakeholders on criteria and processes for development, validation, and acceptance of tests; coordinate technical reviews of proposed new tests of interagency interest; facilitate information sharing among agencies; and serve as an interagency resource and communications link with parties outside of the federal government on matters of test method validation. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Reflections on ethical concerns arising from the incorporation of results of randomized trials of antineoplastic therapy into routine clinical practice.

There has been little discussion in the medical literature regarding the process whereby physicians elect to accept or reject the incorporation of results of randomized trials into their routine clinical practice. This decision-making process has the potential to result in serious ethical dilemmas.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Improvement of AMPLICOR human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load test (version 1.5) by addition of a coprecipitant during the RNA isolation step.

The effect of the addition of a coprecipitant during the RNA isolation step on the analytical performance of the COBAS AMPLICOR human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Monitor (version 1.5; Roche) viral load test was tested. Thirty-six specimens including patient samples, positive control samples, and negative control samples were processed in the presence and absence of the Pellet Paint coprecipitant. Specimens processed without the coprecipitant had lower RNA yields, as evidenced by a lower signal for the quantitation standard (QS). In addition, the results for all samples processed with the coprecipitant were acceptable on the basis of the optical density (OD) reading for the QS, whereas the result for one specimen processed without the coprecipitant was unacceptable on the basis of the OD reading for the QS, which required the assay to be repeated. Furthermore, the use of the coprecipitant improved the overall precision of the assay.

Chemical Precipitation↗

PubMed1998

Validating new toxicology tests for regulatory acceptance.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

The safety and social acceptance of novel foods.

The regulatory processes employed in the UK and the European Union to assess the safety of novel foods and novel food ingredients, including those resulting from the application of recombinant DNA technology (genetically modified foods), are described. Examples are given of yeasts that have been genetically modified and can be used in food and drink manufacture and food enzymes derived from genetically modified microorganisms that have been deemed safe for use by the UK regulatory system. Social acceptance of such novel foods or food ingredients is not uniform in countries of the developed world. Consumer concerns can be based on ethical considerations (scientists "playing God") or safety worries ("more testing needs to be done"). The general acceptance of such foods and food ingredients in Europe is still unclear.

Consumer Behavior↗

PubMed2001

Pregnancy discovery and acceptance among low-income primiparous women: a multicultural exploration.

OBJECTIVES: As part of a larger study exploring psychosocial factors that influence self-care and use of health care services during pregnancy, we investigated the process of pregnancy discovery and acceptance among a culturally diverse group of women who had given birth to their first child in the year preceding data collection. METHODS: Eighty-seven low-income women from four cultural groups (African American, Mexican, Puerto Rican, and white) participated in eight focus groups held in their communities. The focus groups were ethnically homogenous and stratified by early and late entry into prenatal care. A social influence model guided the development of focus group questions, and the study followed a participatory action research model, with community members involved in all phases of the research. RESULTS: Issues that emerged from the focus groups as possible influences on timing of pregnancy recognition include the role of pregnancy signs and symptoms and pregnancy risk perception in the discovery process, the role of social network members in labeling and affirming the pregnancy, concerns about disclosure, "planning" status of the pregnancy, and perceived availability of choices for resolving an unintended pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The pregnancy discovery process is complex, and when protracted, can potentially result in delayed initiation of both prenatal care and healthful pregnancy behaviors. Enhancing our understanding of pregnancy discovery and acceptance has clear implications for primary and secondary prevention. Future research is needed to further explain the trajectory of pregnancy discovery and acceptance and its influence on health behaviors and pregnancy outcome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

The early experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Oregon.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain a profile of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) across the state of Oregon with regard to the safety of the procedure, use of intraoperative cholangiograms, and requirements for granting surgeons privileges to perform LC and other laparoscopic procedures. DESIGN: Single-mailing survey to surgeons and chiefs of surgery in Oregon. SETTING: The state of Oregon. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: Surgeons and chiefs of surgery in Oregon. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Numbers of procedures performed, deaths, complications, and requirements for surgical privileges. RESULTS: Sixty-nine percent of surgeons returned the questionnaire, as did 53% of the chiefs of surgery. Four deaths (0.04%), 244 complications (2.5%), and 27 bile duct injuries (0.28%) were reported in 9597 patients undergoing LC. Most surgeons (55%) obtained intraoperative cholangiograms routinely. Requirements for the privilege to perform LC varied among hospitals. Although the accuracy of this self-reported survey is uncertain, the results agree with those of other reports published to date. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is being performed with acceptable safety, although the process of granting surgeons the privilege to perform this and other "new" laparoscopic procedures should be standardized according to established guidelines.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Functional reorganization of the spinal pain pathways in developmental and pathological conditions.

Following inflammation, a subpopulation of Abeta afferents that terminates preferentially in deeper laminae have been shown to extend their axons to the superficial dorsal horn, particularly substantia gelatinosa (SG). Similarly, SG neurons in immature spinal cord receive mainly Abeta afferent inputs. To clarify whether the reorganized sensory pathway in the inflamed rats has a functional similarity with that in the developmental state, we compared synaptic inputs from primary afferents using in vitro and in vivo patch-damp recordings from SG neurons. SG neurons in the mature state had monosynaptic inputs from Adelta and C afferents, while only a few neurons received inputs from Abeta afferents. Following inflammation, the Abeta afferents extended their axons to SG and established functional monosynaptic transmission. Meanwhile, SG neurons in the immature state received preferentially Abeta as well as Adelta afferent inputs, and the majority of Abeta afferent inputs were monosynaptic. These observations support the idea that the sprouting of the large afferent fibres observed in inflamed rats is, at least in part, a regeneration process. However, the process, maybe distinct at some point from the process during development, therefore, produces pathological pain. Though the idea that the regeneration mimics the developmental process has been widely accepted, other possibilities cannot be excluded.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1986

Programming for the DNA analysis of FCM data on an IBM microcomputer.

The analysis of data generated on a flow cytometer (FCM) is often performed on a computer obtained especially for dedicated use with the flow cytometer. This computer component can be expensive and also presents the FCM user with the added burden of mastering specialized programming language or of accepting the secret analytical processes of protected proprietary program routines. We believe that the evolution of more accurate and efficient FCM analyses that have the power to consider complex signal distributions can be assisted by the availability of analysis programs written in languages common to many users. DNA analysis routines written for a relatively inexpensive microcomputer (IBM PC/XT) in Basic and Pascal are described here. The routines can automatically process multiple FCM data files and can provide high-resolution graphic hardcopy. A foreground/background utilization is also described that allows the computer to be available for other uses in the laboratory.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Improvement in HC1-extractability of minerals in home made weaning foods.

Three weaning foods were formulated from locally available cereals and pulses such as rice (Oryza sativa), kangini (Setaria italica), sanwak (Echinochloa frumentacea), green gram (Vigna radiata) and jaggery. Cereals and pulses were mixed in the proportion of 7:3. Nutrient composition of developed weaning foods was within range prescribed by Indian Standard Institute and was found to be acceptable. Roasting was the processing technique employed in developing weaning foods which resulted in significant increase in HC1-extractable minerals, an index of their bioavailability to humans. The higher HC1-extractability of the minerals may be ascribed to the decreased phytic acid in the processed home made weaning foods.

Biological Availability↗

PubMed1999

Conservation in Brazil's Chocolate Forest: The Unlikely Persistence of the Traditional Cocoa Agroecosystem.

/ In southern Bahia, Brazil, the traditional cocoa agroecosystem with a dense shade canopy of native trees is now recognized as a secondary conservation route for highly endangered Atlantic Rainforest species. This "chocolate forest" of the densely shaded farms persists despite a massive 20-year Brazilian government modernization program in which shade was seen as a chief impediment to raising cocoa production. The objective of this study was to determine how this traditional agroecosystem endured. Although dense shade limits cocoa yield, it provides several agroecological benefits: control of insect pests and weeds, microclimate stability, and soil fertility maintenance. A keycomponent of modernization efforts was a shade-tree removal program designed to maximize cocoa production by using low shade and fertilizer while substituting agrochemicals for many beneficial roles of the overhead trees. This research found that many farmers rejected, or only partially accepted, the shade reduction process although it promised much higher cocoa yield and profit. Farmers employing a wide range of shading were interviewed, and it was found that decisions to remove or maintain the shade trees were linked to both agroecological and risk-minimization factors. Farmers' perceptions of the agroecological functions of the shade trees and individual willingness to entertain the economic risk associated with substituting agrochemicals for these were important. A less-profitable, but lower-risk approach of occasional fertilizer and agrochemical use with the traditional shade intact was a rational and widespread choice. Policies designed to maintain the traditional agroecosystem through the current economic crisis should heed the multiple functions of the overhead trees. KEY WORDS: Conservation; Brazil; Atlantic Rainforest; Cocoa; Agroecology; Risk; Agroforestry

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

A stochastic model of brain cell differentiation in tissue culture.

The timing of cell differentiation can be controlled both by cellintrinsic mechanisms and by cell-extrinsic signals. Oligodendrocyte type-2 astrocyte progenitor cells are known to be the precursor cells that give rise to oligodendrocytes. When stimulated to divide by purified cortical astrocytes or by platelet-derived growth factor, these progenitor cells generate oligodendrocytes in vitro with a timing like that observed in vivo. The most widely accepted model of this process assumes a cell-intrinsic biological clock that resides in the progenitor cell. The intrinsic clock model originally proposed in 1986 remains as the dominant theoretical concept for the analysis of timed differentiation in this cell lineage. However, the results of a recent experimental study (Ibarrola et al., Developmental Biology, vol. 180, 1-21, 1996) are most consistent with the hypothesis that the propensity of a clone of dividing O-2A progenitor cells initially to generate at least one oligodendrocyte may be regulated by cell-intrinsic mechanisms, but that environmental signals regulate the extent of further oligodendrocyte generation. We propose a stochastic model of cell differentiation in culture to accommodate the most recent experimental findings. Our model is an age-dependent branching stochastic process with two types of cells. The model makes it possible to derive analytical expressions for the expected number of progenitor cells and of oligodendrocytes as functions of time. The model parameters were estimated by fitting these functions through data on the average (sample mean) number of both types of cells per colony at different time intervals from start of experiment. Using this method we provide a biologically meaningful interpretation of the observed pattern of oligodendrocyte generation in vitro and its modification in the presence of thyroid hormone.

Animals↗