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PubMed2004

Electrochemical antigen-retrieval of formaldehyde fixed and paraffin-embedded archived leprosy skin biopsies.

While formaldehyde fixation preserves tissue morphology, it often hinders immunodetection of antigens in paraffin-embedded tissue because the antigens are masked. Antigen unmasking can be achieved with treatments such as microwave irradiation but they often lead to excessive tissue damage. Therefore, an electrochemical antigen-retrieval method (EAR) was devised in which an alternating electric current is passed through the tissue in a chamber containing an electrolyte buffer. The results obtained with this method were compared to those after microwave irradiation using archived samples of formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded lepromatous leprosy skin. The efficacy of the two unmasking procedures was assessed by the immunodetectability of several marker antigens using 24 antibodies. Fifteen antibodies that were directed against transmembrane proteins (CD), and the remaining 9 against cytokeratins 18.6 and 19, laminin, vimentin, S100a, BCG, Ulex europaeus lectin, PCNA, and P21ras. Simple and double immunohistochemistry was performed using the universal ENVISION and LSAB + AP detection systems. After unmasking with the EAR method, immunoreactivity was clearly detected with 22 of the 24 antibodies in single labeling reactions. They include the critical antigens CD3 and CD4 for identifying the T lymphocyte lineages. In contrast, only 20 of the antibodies reacted after microwave irradiation. After double immunolabeling, immunoreactivity was quantitatively similar with both methods. However, the EAR unmasking produced a stronger labeling reaction. Thus, with double labeling immunohistochemistry, EAR made it possible to use higher antibody dilutions and shorter incubation times. Heat damage was also prevented. In conclusion, EAR treatment produces better staining results than microwave irradiation treatment.

Electrochemistry↗

PubMed1988

Simulation of patient flow in a picture archival and communications system network.

As hospital radiology departments expand their use of digitally formatted imaging devices, these machines will be connected in local area networks called Picture Archival and Communications Systems (PACS). The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the use of computer simulation to analyze the process of patients using a PACS. The flexibility of using simulation on a proposed PACS is shown, starting with the description of a basic model. Different machine networks are run and the results compared. Simulation modeling provides a valuable tool to hospital and department administrators in detecting possible problem areas which may occur with proposed PACS configurations under assumed patient loads.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed1992

Influence of health care systems on the market for picture archiving and communication systems.

An analysis is given of the relation between health care systems and the PACS market. Two driving forces exist in the market: quality and price. It is argued that the quality driven market is mainly independent of the health care system and will be the force that drives the introduction of the health care system and will be the force that drives the introduction of PACS in the forthcoming years. Finally a change of focus is suggested from only archiving and communication to a more general concept of image networking, serving more goals than only the goal of working filmlessly.

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMed1989

Primary invasive and in situ vaginal carcinoma. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA aneuploidy and cell proliferation from archival paraffin-embedded tissue.

Eleven invasive and five non-invasive primary vaginal carcinomas were studied by DNA flow cytometry using archival paraffin-embedded tissue as starting material. Overall frequency of DNA aneuploidy in the invasive carcinomas was 8/11 (73%). DNA aneuploidy occurred in all four advanced stage (III-IV) and in 4/7 (57%) of the early stage (I-II) carcinomas. Among the squamous cell carcinomas aneuploid DNA content was also associated with non-keratinizing tumor type. Invasive vaginal carcinomas showed a high median S-phase fraction (SPF) (18.4%, range 6.9-31.8%). High SPF values were associated with advanced stage and non-keratinizing tumors. Corrected 5-year survival rate in invasive vaginal cancer was 44%, with no significant relation to DNA ploidy or SPF. In situ carcinomas were almost as often DNA-aneuploid (3/5, 60%) as the invasive carcinomas and had comparable median SPF value (13.4%, range 5.5-24.6). One in situ carcinoma with a high DNA-index and SPF relapsed, but overall 5-year survival rate was 100%. In conclusion, both invasive and in situ vaginal carcinomas frequently contain DNA-aneuploid stemlines and show a high SPF. Although DNA aneuploidy and high SPF correlate with advanced stage and non-keratinizing tumor type, they do not have much prognostic relevance in vaginal neoplasia.

Aneuploidy↗

PubMed1994

Sensitometric and archival evaluation of Kodak RA films in dental automatic processing.

The Kodak Rapid Access System is an extension of the T-grain technology (T-Mat film). Unlike the T-Mat film, the T-Mat/Rapid Access film is forehardened by the addition of more hardener to the film emulsion. It can thus be processed rapidly in a Kodak Rapid Access medical processor in only 45 seconds dry-to-dry cycle by using the Kodak X-Omat RA/30 developer that does not contain a hardener. The absence of the hardener, glutaraldehyde, in the developer also makes this solution environmentally safer. In medical radiography, the T-Mat film has been replaced by the T-Mat/Rapid Access film. However, in dental extraoral radiography the T-Mat film is still being used because the processing solutions and the comparatively low temperatures of dental automatic processors are different from those used in medical radiography. This report shows that, for panoramic and other dental extraoral radiography, T-Mat films can be replaced by T-Mat/RA films by processing them in conventional Kodak X-Omat RP solutions using a dental automatic processing cycle. The differences in the sensitometric properties of the T-Mat and T-Mat/rapid Access films were negligible and therefore clinically insignificant. All films tested well for archival quality.

Dental Records↗

PubMed1987

Retrospective analysis of an archived soil collection. II. Cadmium.

Soil samples collected and stored since the mid-1800s to the present day have been analysed recently for Cd. The samples from long-term experiments under permanent grassland or arable crops at Rothamsted Experimental Station (U.K.) were selected to investigate time trends in elemental composition, due either solely to atmospheric deposition or to a combination of atmospheric deposition and various soil treatments. Increases in soil Cd of 27-55% since the 1850s due to atmospheric deposition were observed. This corresponds to an increase in the soil plough layer Cd concentration of between 0.7 and 1.9 micrograms kg-1 year-1 and is equivalent to an increase of 1.9-5.4 g Cd ha-1 year-1. The changes in soil Cd concentrations since 1846 at one control site corresponded well to predicted increases in the plough layer Cd burden based on assumptions about the temporal trends in atmospheric Cd emissions. In addition, sub-samples of a selection of rock phosphates of known origin and superphosphates, mainly from one supplier, collected and stored in the archive from 1925 onwards were also analysed for Cd. The concentrations ranged from 3.6 to 92 (mean 36) mg Cd kg-1 for rock phosphates and from 3.3 to 40 (9.7) mg kg-1 for superphosphates. On the basis of these data and known application rates the estimated input of Cd to P-treated plots at Rothamsted was 2 g ha-1 year-1, but there was little further increase in soil Cd due to this addition in three long-term arable experiments where soil pH was greater than 6.5. On P-treated plots the mean increase in soil Cd was 1.2 micrograms kg-1 year-1, which is equivalent to an increase in the plough layer burden of 3.1 g Cd ha-1 year-1. By contrast, P-treated soils under permanent grassland with a higher organic matter content and lower pH have increased their Cd content by 7.2 g ha-1 year-1. When permanent grassland soils ranging in pH from 5 to 7 were examined it was found that organic matter had a larger effect on Cd concentration than pH and the effects of pH were not consistent. Farmyard manure applied to some experimental plots at Rothamsted appears to have been a more significant source of Cd than combined atmospheric and phosphate fertiliser inputs.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Trace element concentrations in cetacean liver tissues archived in the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank.

The National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank (NBSB), a collaborative project of several U.S. government agencies, includes marine mammal tissues collected for the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project (AMMTAP) and the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank (NMMTB). Tissues were collected from 139 animals representing 13 species of marine mammals from around the U.S. Recently, concentrations for up to 30 elements in liver tissues of nine long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas), six harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), and four white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) from the NMMTB were measured using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Results from analyses of these tissues are presented, compared with results for liver tissues from other marine mammals from the AMMTAP, and compared with published values.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Evaluation of 20 archival prostate tumor specimens by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Analysis of 20 primary prostatic tumors (local Gleason grades ranging from 1 to 4) was performed on archival material obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks. Alpha satellite probes specific for the pericentric regions of chromosomes 12, 17, X, and Y were used in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays for the examination of aneusomies for these chromosomes. Eighty percent of specimens (16/20) showed significant loss of chromosome 17 and 55% (11/20 specimens) also showed significant loss of chromosome 12; all specimens that lost chromosome 12 lost chromosome 17. Gain of the X chromosome was observed in 40% (8/20) of specimens, all but one of which also showed loss of chromosome 17. While the specimens showing gain of the X chromosome may represent polyploid cells, only one specimen also showed significant gain of chromosomes 12 and 17, suggesting that both of these chromosomes may be lost in hyperdiploid prostate cancers. Loss of the Y chromosome was not statistically significant. This study thus indicates that loss of chromosome 17 is a frequent and likely early event in prostatic cancer.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Picture archiving and communications systems in radiation oncology (PACSRO): tools for a physician-based digital image review system.

Digital imaging is becoming more and more important in the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of patients in radiation oncology. In order to facilitate the most efficient interface of this technology to physicians and other users of this information, a medical image display system (MID) has been developed at the Fox Chase Cancer Center (FCCC). The system runs on 20 personal computers situated in physicians offices as well as a modified system located in the radiation oncology conference room. Access to CT, MRI, and EPID information is achieved through an Ethernet connection to the hospital picture archiving and communications system (PACS). Over a 1-year period a total of 503 patients and 3845 images have been stored on the system. Physician approval using the MID system (without conventional films) was performed on 106 patients. Of these, 22%, 16%, 11%, 10%, and 9% consisted of breast, prostate, pelvic, lung, and head and neck patients, respectively. Digital images sent from a variety of image sources to the MID system take up to 15 s to process and format while image access and display can take 2-5 s, dependent upon image size and speed of the host computer.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of SRV-2 from archived tumor tissues.

Fibroproliferative tumors, known as retroperitoneal fibromatosis (RF) are predominantly associated with type D simian retrovirus serotype 2 (SRV-2) infections in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) at the University of Washington Regional Primate Research Center (UWRPRC). In this report we examined genetic changes that occurred in SRV-2/Washington (SRV-2/WA) from archived RF tissues and from fresh tissue and lymphocytes. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded RF tumor tissues and was used to amplify a portion of the SRV-2/WA genome encoding an open reading frame, 3'orf. Since 3'orf is encoded in an alternate reading frame within the outer membrane glycoprotein (gp70) env gene, sequences of 3'orf also provide information on a portion of env gp70. To define the changes that have occurred in this portion of the viral genome, we compared the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences amplified from the various tumor tissues. The paraffin section PCR revealed that all samples containing amplifiable DNA harbored SRV-2/WA genomes. DNA sequence analysis showed that the 3'orf/gp70 portion of the SRV-2/WA genome was nearly identical in all tissues but was distinguishable from the prototype SRV-2/OR isolate from Celebes black macaques (M. nigra). A T-cell activating domain (Env residues 233-249) was 100% conserved in the SRV-2/WA isolates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Issues in the evaluation of picture archiving and communication systems.

Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are an example of the application of computer technology in the medical field. PACS automates image handling in a hospital and has the potential to transform the way radiology is currently performed. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the PACS technology, and considers the claims that have been made for PACS, how these claims might be turned into questions to be addressed by evaluation and the appropriate methods for the evaluation of PACS. A distinction is drawn between evaluation questions for which the hospital is the appropriate focus and those for which the patient is the appropriate focus. The preferred research design is different for hospital focused PACS evaluation and patient-focused evaluation of small scale PACS systems. A contemporaneous experimental comparison within hospitals is the preferred design for the patient-focused evaluation of small scale PACS systems. The patient-focused evaluation of large scale systems and the hospital-focused evaluation of all PACS systems could feasibly be conducted as contemporaneous experimental comparisons between hospitals but the large research costs implied by such a design almost certainly mean that non-contemporaneous, non-experimental comparisons within hospitals are more realistic. The current situation for the PACS technology is that it has potential, but as yet unproven, benefits and a large capital cost. Thus, the primary purpose of funding additional PACS implementations must be to add to the currently small body of evaluation evidence.

Cost Savings↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A picture archiving and communication system module for radiology.

This paper presents the design and implementation of a clinical picture archiving and communication system (PACS) module within the radiology department of a 700-bed teaching hospital. The system is composed of an integrated network of digital devices used to electronically acquire, store, manage, and display radiological text and image information. Operationally the system behaves as a large queueing network allowing processes to operate concurrently in a coordinated and prioritized fashion. Secondary reviews (radiology conferences and fast case reviews by clinicians) are being conducted from a 512 X 512 CRT viewing station. Preliminary evaluation based on formal survey and usage statistics shows that the system is rapidly being accepted by radiologists and clinicians for the review and processing of digital radiographic images.

Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over↗

PubMed1992

Standardization of network addressing in picture archiving and communications systems utilizing the ISO OSI protocols.

The establishment of a communications network requires the definition of addressing schemes to identify systems attached to the network. When it is anticipated that such a network will interconnect to, or communicate with, other similar networks it is beneficial to define standardized addressing schemes. This paper discusses the need for the standardization of network service access point (NSAP) addresses in picture archiving and communications systems (PACS) which use the open systems interconnect (OSI) communications protocols. Possible methods for establishing the necessary hierarchy of address registration authorities are discussed, along with the corresponding address formats.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed1994

European Integrated Picture Archiving and Communication Systems, CEC/AIM.

A Picture Archiving and Communication System, supported by a multi-media medical distributed image data-base, will be integrated with all other components of a Hospital Information System (HIS). Several services will be set up for intra- and inter-hospital communication. A EurIPACS infrastructure will be implemented, validated and demonstrated. Integration and a user driven approach are the key elements: integrated in a hospital environment stressing the need for having clinical useful systems; integrated with the other information systems; the departmental systems; integrated by means of standards and coordination with CEN TC 251. These key objectives are in stages of pre-prototying. The first systems are being tested in the labs and prepared for the move to the clinical environment. The implementations will result in a second generation distributed PACS architecture test bed, in '95, installed at several clinical sites in Europe.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed1992

Estimation of hepatic hematopoiesis in second and third trimester singleton gestations using flow cytometric light scatter analysis of archival autopsy tissue.

The purpose of this investigation was to develop a simple, quantitative, reproducible and objective method for estimating fetal hepatic hematopoiesis using flow cytometric light scatter measurements and to use this methodology to determine standard values for singleton gestations. Percent hepatic hematopoiesis was estimated from autopsy tissue both flow cytometrically using forward angle and side light scatter characteristics and histologically (single observer) in 67 s and third trimester singleton gestations without evidence of infection, congenital malformation, chronic maternal or placental disorders, or growth retardation. Correlation of flow cytometric and histologic estimates was 0.70 with flow cytometric estimates showing less variability than histologic estimates, especially during the second trimester. Flow cytometric estimates of hepatic hematopoiesis were relatively constant at 50-70% between 16 and 27 weeks gestational age and decreased during the third trimester to a level of approximately 25-30% at term. These results confirm and quantitate the predicted decrease in hepatic hematopoiesis between the second and third trimesters of gestation as well as its persistence at term. In addition, they demonstrate that flow cytometric light scatter analysis is an objective, valid and simple method for estimating hepatic hematopoiesis in archival autopsy tissue and provides objective standard values for comparison with estimates in pathologic gestations.

Autopsy↗

PubMed1987

Flow cytometric quantitation of the c-myc oncoprotein in archival neoplastic biopsies of the colon.

The c-myc oncogene encoded protein product, p62c-myc, was assayed simultaneously with DNA in populations of individual nuclei extracted from archival biopsies of colonic neoplasia. Both the protein and DNA were assayed fluorimetrically using flow cytometry with a synthetic peptide induced monoclonal antibody (MYC 1-6E10) for the protein and propidium iodide for DNA. The nuclear p62c-myc levels increased progressively from normal mucosa through polyps to carcinomas. However, there was a trend for the more poorly differentiated carcinomas to exhibit lower levels than moderately and well-differentiated tumours, p = 0.085. These results agree with those published previously with the same antibody using Western blotting for protein extracted from fresh frozen tissue and immunocytochemical assessment. Furthermore, flow cytometry is able to effect discriminations between subsets in heterogeneous populations using DNA as a second parameter which Western blot bulk studies cannot.

Biopsy↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Picture archiving and communication system (PACS) networking: three implementation strategies.

This paper outlines the diverse Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) networking implementation strategies at the University of California at Los Angeles, the University of Florida, and the University of Kansas. At the University of California at Los Angeles, a very high-speed network has been integrated into a hierarchical networking strategy, resulting in an entirely customized network for the local transmission of images. The University of Florida has chosen to implement networks for local transmission of images using commercially available equipment. The University of Kansas, specializing in teleradiology applications, uses commercial telecommunication circuits to implement long distance referral services to small hospitals.

Florida↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Information preserving image compression for archiving NMR images.

This paper presents a result on information preserving compression of NMR images for the archiving purpose. Both Lynch-Davisson coding and linear predictive coding have been studied. For NMR images of 256 x 256 x 12 resolution, the Lynch-Davisson coding with a block size of 64 as applied to prediction error sequences in the Gray code bit planes of each image gave an average compression ratio of 2.3:1 for 14 testing images. The predictive coding with a third order linear predictor and the Huffman encoding of the prediction error gave an average compression ratio of 3.1:1 for 54 images under test, while the maximum compression ratio achieved was 3.8:1. This result is one step further toward the improvement, albeit small, of the information preserving image compression for medical applications.

Algorithms↗