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PubMed1999

Affective attitudes to face images associated with intracerebral EEG source location before face viewing.

We investigated whether different, personality-related affective attitudes are associated with different brain electric field (EEG) sources before any emotional challenge (stimulus exposure). A 27-channel EEG was recorded in 15 subjects during eyes-closed resting. After recording, subjects rated 32 images of human faces for affective appeal. The subjects in the first (i.e., most negative) and fourth (i.e., most positive) quartile of general affective attitude were further analyzed. The EEG data (mean=25+/-4. 8 s/subject) were subjected to frequency-domain model dipole source analysis (FFT-Dipole-Approximation), resulting in 3-dimensional intracerebral source locations and strengths for the delta-theta, alpha, and beta EEG frequency band, and for the full range (1.5-30 Hz) band. Subjects with negative attitude (compared to those with positive attitude) showed the following source locations: more inferior for all frequency bands, more anterior for the delta-theta band, more posterior and more right for the alpha, beta and 1.5-30 Hz bands. One year later, the subjects were asked to rate the face images again. The rating scores for the same face images were highly correlated for all subjects, and original and retest affective mean attitude was highly correlated across subjects. The present results show that subjects with different affective attitudes to face images had different active, cerebral, neural populations in a task-free condition prior to viewing the images. We conclude that the brain functional state which implements affective attitude towards face images as a personality feature exists without elicitors, as a continuously present, dynamic feature of brain functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Boys' and girls' responses to stress: affect and heart rate during a speech task.

PURPOSE: To examine gender differences in heart rate and reports of negative and positive affect among adolescents during a speech task. METHODS: Subjects were 133 adolescents, 73 girls and 60 boys, ages 14-18 years. Subjects were randomly assigned to speak for 10 minutes and asked either to free associate or to describe the most stressful event in their lives. Their heart rate was assessed at baseline and at 5 and 10 minutes after the task began. Self-ratings of negative and positive affect were assessed at baseline and at 10 minutes after the beginning of the task. Data were analyzed by Student's t-tests for independent samples, analyses of covariance, and Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Girls rated their negative affect significantly higher at baseline in comparison to boys. In addition, girls had a higher baseline heart rate. However, boys' increase in heart rate 5 minutes into the speech task was significantly greater than that of girls. Also, the free association task elicited significantly greater increases in heart rate compared to a task in which the adolescent described his or her most stressful life event. However, the stressful event task elicited greater negative and less positive affect. Significant relationships between change in heart rate and ratings of post-task affect were found among girls but not among boys, suggesting that the girls' ratings of their affect are more congruent with their physiological reactions to a stressful speech task. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that gender and task differences must be considered in assessing adolescents' stress.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of diet-related cancer prevention messages written with cognitive and affective arguments on message characteristics, stage of change, and self-efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if participants reading messages matched to a preferred style of message argument respond more favorably than participants reading unmatched messages. DESIGN: Randomized trial using telephone and in-person surveys and cognitive response interviews. SETTING: University campus. PARTICIPANTS: Of 125 initially interested, a convenience sample of 100 university employees completed the study (female: 88%, white: 94%, mean age: 43.7). INTERVENTION(S): Participants read 2 print messages written with cognitive (COG) (fact based) or affective (AFF) (story based) arguments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): 7-point Likert scale ratings of message appeal, understandability, persuasiveness, and relevance according to classification into 1 of 4 message groups: COG-AFF (mismatched to affective), AFF-COG (mismatched to cognitive), COG-COG (matched cognitive), and AFF-AFF (matched affective). ANALYSIS: 1-way analysis of variance (P < or = .05) and systematic review of qualitative interviews. RESULTS: The COG-AFF group consistently gave the lowest ratings to the affective messages and the AFF-COG group generally gave high scores compared with other message groups. Participants also expressed a desire for more factual information. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: A combination of cognitive and affective arguments may be appealing to subjects with an affective preference but disliked by individuals who prefer only a fact-based approach. Argument format may be an important message design consideration.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The relationship between cognitive appraisal, affect, and catastrophizing in patients with chronic pain.

A study was conducted to clarify the nature of catastrophizing, a construct that is frequently referred to in the chronic pain literature. Information regarding 3 affective experience and 3 affect regulation dimensions was gathered from a heterogeneous sample of 104 chronic pain patients by using a semistructured clinical interview and the Affect Regulation and Experience Q-Sort (AREQ). Self-report questionnaires included visual analog pain scales, the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ), Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D). Hierarchical multiple regression was used to demonstrate the relative contributions of affective and cognitive appraisal components of catastrophizing. Thirty-one percent of the variance in CSQ-Catastrophizing scores was explained by a combination of cognitive appraisal variables (perceived ability to control pain; MPI Life Control) and AREQ scores, even after adjusting for pain severity and chronicity, age, and sex of participants. Results of the study strongly suggest that, rather than thinking of catastrophizing primarily as a cognitive coping construct, it should be described as an elaborate construct made up of both cognitive appraisal and affective components. Implications for tailoring interventions to match individual styles of affect regulation are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Face affect recognition deficits in personality-disordered offenders: association with psychopathy.

BACKGROUND: There is a limited literature examining face affect recognition in offenders. In line with the Integrated Emotion Systems (IES) model, existing studies suggest a psychopathy-related deficit in sad/fear recognition. However, many of these studies have small samples, and few include a healthy control group in order to examine the contribution of criminality. METHOD: We compared the performance of male criminals with dissocial (antisocial) personality disorder (PD group) and healthy male IQ-matched controls, on a morphed face affect-processing task and examined the relationship between psychopathy (assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version, PCL: SV), score and performance on this task in the PD sample. RESULTS: The PD group had a specific deficit in the recognition of sad facial affect that was present even at 100% expression intensity. This deficit could not be attributed to impulsive responding as the PD group generally had longer mean reaction times than healthy controls. Within the PD group, those with high scores on the PCL: SV were less accurate than low scorers at classifying sad facial affect. There was also a significant negative correlation between total psychopathy score and sad affect recognition accuracy. There were no specific relationships between affect recognition and the subcomponents of psychopathy. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that criminality/antisocial personality may be associated with a deficit in the recognition of aversive cues in others, and that this deficit is more severe in psychopathic offenders. The findings lend further support to the IES model.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Can positive affect items be used to assess depressive disorders in the Japanese population?

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to examine the measurement properties of positive affect items among the Japanese population. METHODS: Responses to the Japanese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and four additional negatively revised items of the original positive affect items were compared for 85 Japanese psychiatric out-patients with dysphoric-mood-related symptoms and 255 demographically matched controls. RESULTS: Responses to positive affect items were generally comparable between the two groups, whereas responses to negative symptom items were markedly different (P < 0.002 for all comparisons). The group difference was most marked for symptom persistence. Responses to the four negatively revised items of positive affect revealed a similar picture to that of the negative symptom items. The internal consistency of the scale significantly improved when the original positive affect items were replaced by the negatively revised items (P < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS: Positive affect items with positive wording cannot be used to assess depressive disorders in the Japanese population adequately, but this can be done with the corresponding negatively revised items.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Competition on the face: affect and language in ASL motherese.

Research on early mother-child interaction has documented the crucial role affect plays in the content and modulation of early interactions. For hearing mothers, voice quality is considered to be the single most informative channel for affective expression. For deaf caregivers who use American Sign Language (ASL), the vocal channel is unavailable, and facial expression is critically important. Not only do facial behaviours signal affective and communicative information, but specific facial behaviours also function as obligatory grammatical markers. This multifunctionality of facial expression presents a dilemma for deaf parents signing to their toddlers as these two systems potentially compete for expression on the face. This study addresses how affective facial expression interacts with the linguistic forms in ASL motherese. To address this issue, we present data from both cross-sectional and longitudinal videotaped interaction from a total of 15 deaf mothers signing with their deaf toddlers (ages 0;9-2;8). Using Ekman & Friesen's Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (1978) we analysed child-directed maternal wh- questions. Because they are frequent in early discourse, and they require furrowed brows which also signal anger and puzzlement, wh- questions represent an ideal context to address the potential conflict of grammatical and affective facial expression in ASL motherese. Our studies indicate a shift from affect to grammar at about the child's second birthday. These findings shed new insight on the nature and possible role of input on the language acquisition process.

Affect↗
PubMed2002

The dimensionality of anticipated affective reactions to risky and certain decision outcomes.

In three experiments, anticipated affective reactions to risky and certain decision outcomes were investigated. It was shown that the two affect dimensions, valence and activation, describe anticipated affective reactions. When combined in a nonlinear dimension ranging from elation to disappointment, the results were found to replicate previous research showing that anticipated affective reactions are influenced by both sign (loss or gain), magnitude, and probability of outcomes. Preference for the anticipated affective reactions was furthermore related to both affect dimensions.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The direction of affective priming as a function of trait anxiety when naming target words with regular and irregular pronunciation.

Results from an affective priming experiment confirm the previously reported influence of trait anxiety on the direction of affective priming in the naming task (Maier, Berner, & Pekrun, 2003): On trials in which extremely valenced primes appeared, positive affective priming reversed into negative affective priming with increasing levels of trait anxiety. Using valenced target words with irregular pronunciation did not have the expected effect of increasing the extent to which semantic processes play a role in naming, as affective priming effects were not stronger for irregular targets than for regular targets. This suggests the predominant operation of a whole-word nonsemantic pathway in reading aloud in German. Data from neutral priming trials hint at the possibility that negative affective priming in participants high in trait anxiety is due to inhibition of congruent targets.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Investigating the mechanisms underlying affective priming effects using a conditional pronunciation task.

Recently, using a conditional pronunciation task, De Houwer and Randell (2004) reported evidence of affective priming effects only when pronunciation depended on the semantic category of targets. Although these findings support the notion that spreading of activation is the mechanism underlying affective priming effects, an explanation in terms of postlexical mechanism could not be ruled out. To clarify this point, we conducted two experiments in which nouns for both the to-be-pronounced as well as the not-to-be pronounced targets were used and all stimuli were affectively valenced words. In Experiment 1, the to-be-pronounced targets were object-words, and the not-to-be-pronounced targets were person-words, whereas in Experiment 2, the instructions were reversed. Results of experiment 1 showed affective priming effects only when pronunciation of target words was conditional upon their semantic category. Most importantly, affective priming effects were observed for both object-words (Experiment 1) and person-words (Experiment 2). These results are compatible with a spreading activation account, but not with a postlexical mechanism account of affective priming effects in the pronunciation task.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Subsyndromal unipolar and bipolar disorders: comparisons on positive and negative affect.

The authors examined the mood patterns of young adults with cyclothymia, intermittent depression, or no affective disorder in a nonclinical population. In a conceptual replication and extension of R. A. Depue et al. (1981, Study 5), participants completed a trait measure of mood and then completed daily mood ratings for 28 days. Individuals in the intermittent depression and cyclothymia groups were characterized by high levels of negative affect on trait and daily ratings. Both groups were also characterized by high variability of negative affect across days. Individuals with cyclothymia reported higher levels of trait and daily positive affect than individuals with intermittent depression and also exhibited high between-day variability on positive affect. Similarities and differences with R. A. Depue et al. (1981) are described and the results are discussed in terms of the common and differentiating features of the subsyndromal affective disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Comparative affective reactivity of different types of communication disturbances in schizophrenia.

Twenty-nine schizophrenic outpatients provided speech samples on affectively positive and negative topics. These samples were assessed for several different types of communication failures by using the Communication Disturbances Index. Frequencies of overinclusive references, ambiguous word meanings, and ambiguous referents increased in the affectively negative condition; frequencies of missing referents and instances of syntactic unclarity did not change across affective conditions. Degree of overall affective reactivity of speech was associated with severity of the core positive schizophrenic syndrome. These findings support the idea that different types of schizophrenic communication disturbances are associated with different underlying pathophysiological processes, that some are more reactive to affect than others, and that affective reactivity of these symptoms is associated with the positive schizophrenic process.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Affect intensity and phasic REM sleep in depressed men before and after treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy.

This article explored the relationship between daytime affect and REM sleep in 45 depressed men before and after treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy and in a control group of 43 healthy subjects. The intensity of daytime affect (as measured by the sum of positive and negative affects) in depressed men correlated significantly and positively with phasic REM sleep measures at both pre- and posttreatment. This relationship was not found in healthy control subjects. In depressed men, both affect intensity and phasic REM sleep measures decreased over the course of treatment. The results suggest a relationship between phasic REM sleep and intensity of affect reported by depressed men. On the basis of this preliminary observation, it was hypothesized that abnormalities in phasic REM sleep in depressed patients are related, in part, to fundamental alterations in the intensity of their affective experience.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Marital interaction: physiological linkage and affective exchange.

Thirty married couples were studied during naturalistic interactions to determine the extent to which variation in marital satisfaction could be accounted for by physiological and affective patterns between and within spouses. The authors hypothesized that (a) compared to nondistressed couples' interactions, distressed couples' interactions would show greater physiological interrelatedness or "linkage," more negative affect, and more reciprocity of negative affect and (b) these differences would be more pronounced when the interaction was high in conflict (discussing a marital problem) as opposed to low in conflict (discussing the events of the day). Heart rate, skin conductance, pulse transmission time, and somatic activity from both spouses were analyzed using bivariate time-series techniques to derive a measure of physiological linkage. Self-report affective data (obtained using a video-recall procedure) were analyzed using sequential analyses to derive a measure of affect reciprocity. The hypotheses were strongly supported; 60% of the variance in marital satisfaction was accounted for using measures of physiological linkage alone. Additional nonredundant variance was accounted for by the other physiological and affective measures.

Affect↗
PubMed1984

The independence of positive and negative affect.

Five studies on the relation between positive and negative affect are reported. In Studies 1 and 2 we found that positive feelings were remembered as being nearly independent of negative feelings in the past year, but the two types of affect were moderately negatively correlated for the past month. In Studies 3 and 5, subjects completed daily mood reports for 70 and 30 days, respectively. In Study 4, subjects completed three-week, daily, and moment mood reports and also filled out reports when they experienced strong emotions. The principal finding was that the relation between positive and negative affect differed greatly depending on the time frame. The strongest negative correlation between the two affects occurred during emotional times. The correlation decreased in a linear fashion as the time span covered increased logarithmically. It appears that positive and negative affect are independent in terms of how much people feel in their lives over longer time periods. Researchers need to focus on the processes that underlie both positive and negative affect and that are responsible for producing their relative independence.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Electromyographic activity over facial muscle regions can differentiate the valence and intensity of affective reactions.

Physiological measures have traditionally been viewed in social psychology as useful only in assessing general arousal and therefore as incapable of distinguishing between positive and negative affective states. This view is challenged in the present report. Sixteen subjects in a pilot study were exposed briefly to slides and tones that were mildly to moderately evocative of positive and negative affect. Facial electromyographic (EMG) activity differentiated both the valence and intensity of the affective reaction. Moreover, independent judges were unable to determine from viewing videotapes of the subjects' facial displays whether a positive or negative stimulus had been presented or whether a mildly or moderately intense stimulus had been presented. In the full experiment, 28 subjects briefly viewed slides of scenes that were mildly to moderately evocative of positive and negative affect. Again, EMG activity over the brow (corrugator supercilia), eye (orbicularis oculi), and cheek (zygomatic major) muscle regions differentiated the pleasantness and intensity of individuals' affective reactions to the visual stimuli even though visual inspection of the videotapes again indicated that expressions of emotion were not apparent. These results suggest that gradients of EMG activity over the muscles of facial expression can provide objective and continuous probes of affective processes that are too subtle or fleeting to evoke expressions observable under normal conditions of social interaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Additivity of nonconscious affect: combined effects of priming and exposure.

Affect deriving from 2 independent sources--repeated exposure and affective priming--was induced, and the combined effects were examined. In each of 4 studies, participants were first shown 72 Chinese ideographs in which the frequency of exposure was varied (0, 1, or 3). In the second phase participants rated ideographs that were primed either positively, negatively, or not at all. The 4 studies were identical except that the exposure duration--suboptimal (4 ms) or optimal (1 s)--of both the initial exposure phase and the subsequent priming phase was orthogonally varied. Additivity of affect was obtained only when affective priming was suboptimal, suggesting that nonconscious affect is diffuse. Affect whose source was apparent was more constrained. Interestingly, increases in liking generated through repeated exposures did not differ as a function of exposure duration.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The long-term stability and predictive validity of trait measures of affect.

This study examined the long-term temporal stability and predictive utility of trait Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales. Participants were assessed initially as undergraduates: They rated how they felt generally (general sample) or during the past year (year sample). They were retested on a general affect measure and on scales assessing current depression and anxiety approximately 6 (general sample) or 7 (year sample) years later. By this time, all of them had graduated from college and most were working full-time. Negative Affect scores declined significantly over the study. Nevertheless, the Negative and Positive Affect scales both displayed a significant, moderate level of stability. Moreover, initial scores on both scales correlated significantly with measures of current symptoms that were completed several years later. Thus, trait affect scales were substantially stable--and maintained significant predictive power--even across extended time spans.

Adult↗