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PubMed2006

The relationship between haematological indices, serum gamma-glutamyl transferase and glutamate dehydrogenase, visual hepatic damage and worm burden in cattle infected with Fasciola gigantica.

The association between visual hepatic damage, burden of Fasciola gigantica, serum levels of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) is described from an abattoir study of 70 cattle in the Philippines. In another abattoir study of 60 cattle, the relationship between burden of F. gigantica and haematological indices was investigated. The degree of visual hepatic damage and burden of F. gigantica were significantly positively related to levels of GGT and GLDH. Red blood cell counts and packed cell volume were significantly inversely related to worm burden, but animals compensated for reduced numbers of red blood cells by increasing red cell haemoglobin content.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Lymphocyte blastogenesis and cellular cytotoxicity in a congenital infection of bovine fetuses related to epizootic bovine abortion.

The disease referred to as epizootic bovine abortion (EBA) was experimentally induced in bovine fetuses. Dark-field microscopy was used to detect congenital infection with an unclassified spirochaete-like organism. Some of the fetuses collected at abattoirs were also found to be naturally infected with a morphologically similar microorganism. Blood counts and organ weights were correlated with the presence of the microorganism. Lymphocyte blastogenesis increased, the result of in vivo stimulation among the infected fetuses. Phytomitogens (phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide) also stimulated greater responses in infected fetuses when compared to results in normal fetuses. Cellular cytotoxicity was examined by the single cell assay and results indicated that there were fewer cytotoxic lymphocytes among the diseased fetuses. The infected abattoir-collected specimens were obtained from clinically normal adult cattle, and the immunological changes in these fetuses were closely characterised with those of the EBA diseased fetuses. These naturally infected fetuses showed signs of a mild infectious disease.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1988

Restriction endonuclease analysis of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo isolates from cattle.

The genomes of 253 strains of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo were examined by restriction endonuclease analysis of their DNA. The strains had been isolated from cattle at an abattoir (190), milk of agalactic cows (seven) and from aborted bovine fetuses (56). Two distinct genome types, Hardjoprajitno and Hardjobovis, were detected. The majority (91 per cent) of isolates from abattoir cattle were of the Hardjobovis type while most (76 per cent) of the isolates from clinical/pathological material were similar to Hardjoprajitno.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The epidemiology of human and animal schistosomiasis in the Senegal River Basin.

The results of four field surveys in Senegal are reported. 1. A snail survey in various parts of the Senegal River Basin, including the Senegal River, temporary rain-fed pools, swamps, irrigation canals and drains, ricefields and Lac de Guier was carried out. Three species of snails were commonly found: Bulinus guernei was the most common, occurring in permanent habitats, Bulinus senegalensis occurring in laterite pools in the eastern part of the Middle Valley, and also in the ricefields of Guédé Chantier and Lampsar; B. forskalii was found in small numbers in Lac de Guier and Richard Toll. Three B. guernei were found to be naturally infected with S. bovis. Neither B. jousseaumei, B. globosus nor B. umbilicatus were found in our surveys. 2. A survey for urinary schistosomiasis was carried out in 100 villages (walo, near the Senegal River) and 11 villages (diéré, away from the river) by delivering questionnaires in schools and by direct examinations of haematuria samples. The prevalence of haematuria varied between 0 and 33%. Generally, walos showed low rates of haematuria with the exception of Lampsar and Guédé Chantier, and diérés showed higher rates of haematuria. 3. Examination of 400 cattle at the abattoir St. Louis, revealed a prevalence of 80% of schistosome infection. Two species were present, S. bovis and less commonly S. curassoni. Sometimes high worm burdens were seen, but lesions appeared to be minimal because of high ratio of male to female worms. 4. Examinations of 5722 sheep and 1752 goats in the abattoir, Dakar revealed an overall prevalence of 2.1%. Of the infected animals, 97.3% were infected with S. curassoni and 2.7% with S. curasonni and S. bovis. Laboratory snail infection experiments showed that S. curassoni is marginally compatible with B. senegalensis, but incompatible with B. guernei.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Histopathologic changes in bovine fetuses after repeated reintroduction of a spirochete-like agent into pregnant heifers: association with epizootic bovine abortion.

A spirochete-like organism was found in the plasma of bovine fetuses affected with epizootic bovine abortion (EBA). The spirochete-like organism was frequently found in abattoir-collected fetuses as an inapparent infection, and EBA was found in cattle on foothill rangeland where the vector tick Ornithodorus coriaceus could repeatedly reintroduce the infectious agent into pregnant cattle (superinfection). Epizootic bovine abortion resembled a naturally acquired superinfection in circumstances where the agent was frequently present in the environment under conditions favoring transmission. Therefore, to determine whether fetal lesions could be experimentally induced in utero, spirochete-like organisms collected from clinically normal fetuses at an abattoir were inoculated IV and subcutaneously into 2 pregnant heifers 5 times over a 4-month period to mimic repeated tick transmission in the field. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations of tissues from 2 cesarean-collected fetuses and from 3 calves born at term with the naturally acquired spirochete infection indicated that the calves had evidence of an infection that caused morphologic changes compatible with immunologic stimulation and mild reticuloendothelial hyperplasia. Compared with findings in the calves, lesions in the superinfected fetuses were more severe, and the lesion distribution in various organs was more extensive. The spirochete-like organism appeared to be a mild pathogen because of its persistence in the host. Clinical disease from the infection may only develop with repeated superinfections. Therefore, a relationship between this microorganism and EBA is probable.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1985

Prostaglandin concentrations in uterine fluid of cows with pyometra.

Uterine fluid was obtained from eight clinical cases of pyometra with retained corpus luteum and nine additional samples of fluid were collected from animals slaughtered at an abattoir. These samples, along with uterine flushes from normal cows in their luteal phase were analyzed for prostaglandin of the F (PGF) and E (PGE) groups. Blood samples were also obtained from the clinical cases for analysis of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF (PGFM) the major metabolite of PGF. Pyometrial exudate from clinical cases of abattoir samples had high concentrations of PGF (17.9 ng/mL) and PGE (33.2 ng/mL) and the total amount of PGF and PGE in the uterus was calculated to be several hundred times as great as in normal cows. Furthermore, clinical cases had elevated PGFM in their blood compared to that of controls, which suggests that at least some of the PGF was being absorbed from the uterus. These results are discussed in light of our current understanding of the maternal recognition of pregnancy in cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Iraq: a seroepidemiological survey.

A seroepidemiological survey to determine the prevalence of Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever virus activity in Iraq was carried out during 1979 and 1980. Sera were collected from 1680 people including contacts of known patients, abattoir workers and animal husbandry workers in various parts of the country. These were tested by complement fixation and agar gel precipitin tests. Among patients' relatives and contacts, 29% had antibodies to Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever; 11% of hospital staff, 7% of abattoir workers and 29% of those engaged in animal husbandry had antibodies. Inapparent infections were common in hospital staff caring for patients known to have had the disease. No antibodies were detected in the sera of 151 people who were not believed to have had contact with a known case of the disease.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1995

Anoplocephala perfoliata in horses in Sweden: prevalence, infection levels and intestinal lesions.

Distal ileum, caecum and proximal colon of 470 horses were examined for helminths during 1 year at an abattoir in central Sweden. The infection levels of the horse tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata, their stage of development, site of attachment and gross pathological lesions caused by the worm were recorded. Faecal samples from 395 of the horses were examined specifically for tapeworm segments and eggs in order to correlate these findings with the numbers in the alimentary canal. In total 65% of the horses were infected with A. perfoliata and the mean intensity of infection was 79 worms per infected horse with a maximum of 912. The level of infection was significantly higher in (1) 3rd and 4th than in 1st and 2nd quarter of the year; (2) older horses than in yearlings; (3) females than in males and geldings; (4) thoroughbred and cold-blooded horses than in Swedish standard breeds and ponies. The level of infection was unaffected by the usage of anthelminthics against nematodes. Of the horses examined 51% had 1-100 worms whereas 14% were infected with more than 100 worms. Of the tapeworm positive horses 72% had mixed infections with both adult and juvenile worms, 20% solely juveniles, and 8% solely adults. The severity of intestinal lesions exacerbated by increasing numbers of A. perfoliata. About 11% of the intestines examined had severe lesions, but there was no history of acute abdominal distress in any of the horses included in this study. Although the number of detectable eggs was significantly higher for horses heavily infected with A. perfoliata, the egg recovery among infected horses was only 35%. An additional field survey comprising 218 horses on 88 premises in central and southern parts of Sweden showed that the prevalence of A. perfoliata egg positive horses was the same as found on faecal examination during the abattoir survey.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[The epidemiology of contagious lung disease in Switzerland].

Although contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) has not been diagnosed in Switzerland since 1895, anti-CBPP antibodies were detected in several cattle that had been imported from Switzerland to Italy. In order to clarify the current disease situation in Switzerland, detailed epidemiological investigations were performed, including the control of 200,000 slaughter cattle in 108 abattoirs and serological testing of more than 2200 animals from 134 farms. The data collected in the slaughterhouses showed a prevalence of suspect lung lesions of 0.04%. Yet, the causing agent of CBPP Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC could not be isolated from any of these 84 microbiologically analysed lungs. On the other hand, up to 3.5% positive results were obtained from the serological tests. These results are most probably caused by cross-reactions of other mycoplasma. Based on these data Switzerland is still to be considered free of CBPP. Nevertheless, a continued surveillance programme including routine checks of all cattle carcasses at the abattoir and subsequent epidemiological investigation of suspect cases are recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Pig trypanosomosis: prevalence and significance in the endemic Middle Belt zone of southern Nigeria.

Abattoir and field/market surveys of 1,954 crossbred pigs aged 6 to 30 months, for trypanosomosis in the Middle Belt zone of Southern Nigeria, revealed a 26.8 infection rate. Of those infected, 66.5, 23.9 and 8.2 % were due to mixed, single Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense infections respectively. Although 1.5 % of the infections were unidentified, there was no evidence of T simiae. The infection rate was significantly higher (p < 0.05) among the abattoir pigs (37.8 %) than among the farm pigs (21.8 %) in both sexes. Peak infection was noted among pigs aged 11 to 15 months and during the end of the rainy season and the beginning of the dry season (September to December). Complementary mice inoculation tests revealed 83 subpatent and prepatent cases and are being recommended as a confirmatory diagnostic technique. The disease poses problems for pig productivity and the cooperation of scientists is essential.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Detection by cultural isolation of bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) virus following field infections in cattle and their fetuses in Turkey.

Cultural isolation, identification and biotype characterization of BVD virus is based on monolayer tissue culture techniques using mainly organs of, e.g., bovine fetuses. These might have experienced a transplacental transmission and are therefore of no use for tissue cultures produced, e.g., from kidneys of such fetuses. In order to rule out BVD virus infections, fetuses must be tested for BVD virus, viral antigen or specific nucleotide sequences. BVD virus and other ruminant pestiviruses have been detected in Turkey by cultural isolation. In bovine fetuses BVD virus has not been demonstrated so far. Cultural isolation was attempted in the present investigation in 50 randomly selected pregnant cows which were brought to an abattoir. Of these cows serum samples were assayed for neutralizing antibodies to BVD virus and 40 (80%) found positive with titres > or = 1:40. In contrast fetuses 120 days of ontogenic age and therefore supposedly immunocompetent were derived from seropositive dams (n = 16) but did not show any neutralizing antibodies to BVD virus. Leucocyte fractions of peripheral blood samples of the 50 cows as well as 353 fetal blood and organ samples were inoculated and submitted to three passages in fetal calf kidney cell cultures before testing for BVD viral antigen by immunofluorescence technique. BVD virus was thus detected in the fetus of one seropositive cow and also in the leucocyte fraction of one seronegative dam including organs of her fetus. The number of fetuses found positive for BVD virus amongst fetuses collected in abattoirs corresponds well to figures gained by other investigators outside Turkey.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Updates on equine trichinellosis].

Trichinellosis is a zoonosis caused by parasites of the genus Trichinella. Transmission of trichinellosis to humans has been shown to occur mainly by the ingestion of meat from pigs, bears of foxes parasitized with muscle larvae of this parasite. However, in Europe, the major human outbreaks of the disease have occurred due to the ingestion of parasitized horse meat. Although the larvae were not isolated from the horse meat, the identification of larvae as T. nativa, T. britovi and T. spiralis was done in biopsy samples obtained from infected individuals. More recently T. spiralis muscle larvae have been isolated and identified, for the first time, in muscle tissue of horses slaughtered at an abattoir in the State of Mexico. Furthermore, in ELISA assays using total extracts or TSL-1 antigens, circulating antibodies against Trichinella have been detected in horses slaughtered at abattoirs from various countries in Europe and Mexico. On the other hand, the experimental infection of horses with parasites of the genes Trichinella has been achieved by several research groups and data obtained regarding the kinetics of antibody production in these animals are important in the development of sensitive and specific diagnostic assays for horse trichinellosis. This will allow to determine the frequency of this infection in horses which are used for animal and human feeding. These assays will also be very helpful for designing strategies to control transmission on the disease by horse meat.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Genetic diversity in Sarcocystis gigantea assessed by RFLP analysis of the ITS1 region.

The genetic diversity among Sarcocystis gigantea isolates derived from individual cysts within a given infected animal at two abattoirs in Australia and one abattoir in Germany was studied using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the intergenic transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS 1) of the ribosomal RNA gene operon. S. gigantea isolates were obtained from infected sheep from Blayney (New South Wales), Katanning (Western Australia), and Detmold (North-Rhine Westfalia, Germany) in order to assess the level of diversity among isolates from different geographic locations. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and RFLP analysis of the ITSI region with the restriction enzymes HaeIII, NlaIII, and Sau3AI found no genetic variation among the isolates within one animal or among animals in the same or different locations. To our knowledge, such a field study has not yet been performed on a species in the genus Sarcocystis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Bacterial counts associated with poultry processing at different sampling times.

Aerobic plate counts, Enterobacteriaceae counts and Pseudomonas counts were performed on neck skin samples from six processing steps in a poultry abattoir at three different sampling times. Sampling time 1 was shortly after start-up of processing operations, time 2 after a tea break which was preceded by a cold water rinse-down of equipment surfaces, and time 3 before shut-down. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in microbial numbers of neck skin samples were observed between the three sampling times at the six sampling sites. At this particular processing plant, therefore, sampling at any time of the processing shift would thus not lead to significantly different bacterial counts of neck skins. The lowest aerobic plate counts, over all three sampling times, were obtained for neck skins sampled after spray washing, and the highest for neck skins sampled after packaging. This indicated the efficacy of the washing step in reducing microbial contamination but subsequent re-contamination of carcasses. Despite the Pseudomonas counts of neck skins being lower than the Enterobacteriaceae counts at the beginning of processing, packaging of carcasses resulted in Pseudomonas counts that were higher than the Enterobacteriaceae counts.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1990

Epidemiologic studies of cancer in agricultural workers.

The incidence of cancer in agricultural workers is generally low, in part due to the low prevalence of cigarette smoking in this group. However, agricultural workers have elevated risks for several specific cancer types including leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and cancers of the lip, stomach, prostate, brain, and connective tissue. Two major groups of risk factors have been proposed as causes of hematologic malignancies in agricultural workers. The first group includes various agricultural chemicals. In particular, several studies have found increased risks of malignant lymphoma and soft tissue sarcoma in persons exposed to phenoxy herbicides. However, the evidence is inconsistent and there is a wide variation in relative risk estimates. The second group of risk factors includes various animal viruses. There is currently little evidence concerning the zoonotic nature or human carcinogenicity of these viruses. However, leads have been suggested by recent evidence of increased risks of hematologic malignancies in abattoir workers, veterinarians, and meat inspectors. A third hypothesis, for which little evidence is currently available, is that agricultural work may involve prolonged antigenic stimulus leading to lymphoproliferation. The factors responsible for the increased risks for cancers other than hematologic malignancies are not well understood but may also involve exposure to chemicals or viruses.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1977

[Helminth fauna of Syrian lambs].

A study of the helminth fauna of lambs in Syria was made on 40 gastrointestinal tubes and 500 lungs from animals slaughtered in the abattoir of Hama. The parasites isolated were 21 nematode species, 4 cestode species and 2 bladderworm species (Cysticercus tenuicollis and Echinococcus species). Nematodirus oiratianus, Moniezia benedeni and Neostrongylus linearis were found for the first time in lambs in Syria. A detailed description is given of morphologic characteristics of Nematodirus oiratianus.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1986

Further studies on prevalence of hydatidosis in slaughtered animals from North Jordan.

Examination of 471 sheep, 118 goats, 157 cattle and 56 camels slaughtered in abattoirs in North Jordan was carried out during March-May 1984. Drought conditions that prevailed during the preceding winter led to slaughtering old female sheep (greater than or equal to 4 years) due to scarcity of food, which allowed us to analyse the prevalence of hydatidosis in various age groups of sheep. An overall infection rate of 27.8, 1.7, 5.8 and 10.7 percent was found in sheep, goats, cattle and camels, respectively. The infection rate was as low as 1.5 percent in male and 1.9 percent in female sheep under 2 years of age. However, the rate of hydatid infection increased with age and reached as high as 63.7 percent in ewes 4 years of age and older. The percentage of animals with fertile cysts was also highest in sheep (68.7 percent of infected animals) and increased with age reaching 100 percent in ewes which were 10 years of age or older. Analysis of all cysts recovered from the livers and lungs of infected ewes from various age groups revealed a sharp increase in the mean total number of cysts in age groups over 8 years of age. The fertility rate of the cysts in the liver was significantly greater in ewes 6 years old or more (64.8--78.6 percent) than in younger age groups (8.7-46.2 percent). In the lung, the fertility rate increased progressively with age reaching as high as 97.9 percent in ewes 10 years old or more. These findings of high infection and fertility rates of hydatid disease in sheep, particularly of older age groups, prompt plans for further epidemiological studies and control programmes.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1977

The anti-echinococcosis campaign in Cyprus.

A national anti-echinococcosis campaign was started in 1971, in which education of the public, the control of dogs and the control of slaughter were emphasised. The campaign has already achieved almost total elimination of infection in food animals born subsequent to its initiation. Stray dogs are rare and all others are registered and examined three or four times a year. Infection in dogs has decreased by over 80 per cent (from 6-8 in 1972 to 1-1 in 1976). Legislation governing abattoir functioning and dog control is in force. Violation of legislation is penalised, although the level of awareness of the problem by the public, who co-operate willingly, does not often warrant this.

Abattoirs↗