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PubMed2005

[Biological effects of nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 on the osteoblast].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biological effects of nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66(nHA-PA66) on the growth and activity of osteoblast. METHODS: MTT assay was used to determine the growth of osteoblast, enzymatic measure was used to determine the activity of ALP and quantitative RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) to evaluate the changes of osteoclacin mRNA expression in osteoblasts treated by DMEM eluate of nHA-PA66. RESULTS: Osteoblasts of different test groups demonstrated relative proliferation rate ranging from 98% - 106% without dose-dependent effect. The ALP activity and osteocalcin mRNA expression were similar in test and control groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: nHA-PA66 has no negative effects on the osteoblast and its osteoblast-compatibility is proved.

Durapatite↗

PubMed2005

Galectin-9 as a regulator of cellular adhesion in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.

Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), a major public health problem worldwide, are the most common neoplasms of the head and neck. The most important prognostic indicator for patients with OSCC is metastasis to cervical lymph nodes or distant organs. Galectin-9 is correlated with cellular adhesion and aggregation in melanoma cells. To investigate expression levels of galectin-9 mRNA and protein, we performed qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses on OSCC cell lines (Ca9-22, HSC-2, and HSC-3) and normal oral keratinocytes (NOKs). Galectin-9 mRNA and protein were commonly down-regulated in OSCC cell lines compared with NOKs. We further analyzed Ca9-22, which had the lowest expression of galectin-9. We then transfected the galectin-9 cDNA into Ca9-22 cells to examine whether overexpression of galectin-9 increases cellular adhesion in vitro. An adhesion assay using a fibronectin and collagen I coating plate revealed an increased cellular adherence ratio in overexpressed galectin-9 cells compared with nontransfected cells (p < 0.05). The data suggest that galectin-9 is correlated with oral cancer cell-matrix interactions and may therefore play an important role in the metastasis of OSCCs.

Blotting, Western↗

PubMed2005

[Intestinal tissue kallikrein-kinin system in patients with ulcerative colitis during treatment with cyclosporine A].

Kinins are mediators of inflammation and proliferation and act by activating their specific B1 and B2 receptors. In the present study we evaluate the tissue kallikrein-kinin system during cyclosporine A treatment in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Six severe active UC patients were treated with cyclosporine A, i.v. 4 mg/kg/d by 7 days with clinical improvement. During sigmoidoscopy biopsy specimens were taken in 0, 5, 7 day of the treatment. The genes expression for tissue kallikrein, kallistatin, B1 and B2 receptors were evaluated by QRT-PCR analysis using TaqMan detector. There was no statistically significant difference in the expression of these genes during treatment with cyclosporine A. In addition, genes encoding kallistatin as well as B1 and B2 receptors were investigated in CaCo cells cultures after exposure with cyclosporine A (200-800 ng/ml) in vitro. In vitro mRNA for B1 receptors was significantly higher using therapeutic (200-400 ng/ml) concentration of cyclosporine A, whereas expression of B2 receptor and kallistatin increased after exceeding therapeutic concentration (400-800 ng/ml).Thus, treatment of UC with cyclosporine A seems to be safe in relation to tissue kallikrein-kinin system profile.

Caco-2 Cells↗

PubMed2005

[Detection of RbAp46 expression in bone marrow cells of leukemia patients by real-time quantitative RT-PCR].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate retinoblastoma (Rb) associated protein 46 (RbAp46) gene expression levels in bone marrow (BM) cells of leukemia patients. METHODS: Real-time quantitative reverse polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) method was used for detecting RbAp46 expression levels in BM cells of 140 patients with acute leukemia (AL), 13 with chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP), 7 with CML in blast crisis (CML-BC) and 32 with non-leukemic disorders. RESULTS: The M-Estimators of RbAp46 were higher in 98 newly diagnosed ALs and 5 relapsed ALs than in 28 ALs in complete remission (CR) and 32 non-leukemic controls (178.23 and 213.65 vs 85.89 and 88.08, respectively). No statistic difference was found between the CR group and control group, or between the newly diagnosed group and relapsed group. The M-Estimators of RbAp46 in patients with CML-CP was 58.27, similar to that in control, but much lower than that in CML-BC (173.24). Among 98 newly diagnosed ALs, the M-Estimators of RbAp46 in M(3) and M(4) were the lowest in all of the subtypes. Furthermore, the RbAp46 expression levels were not correlated with the expression of the fusion genes of bcr/abl, PML-RARalpha, and multidrug resistant gene (mdr1), but were positively correlated with Wilms' tumor gene (WT1) expression levels and negatively with AML1/ETO fusion gene expression. CONCLUSION: RbAp46 expression levels in ALs and CML-BC were strikingly higher than that in non-leukemias and CML-CP, and might participate in leukemogenesis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Gene expression profile of bovine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell during spontaneous chondrogenic differentiation in pellet culture system.

Bovine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured in condensate culture, spontaneous and independent for any external biostimulants, undergo chondrogenic differentiation. In the present study, the bovine MSC chondrogenesis pathway was studied by analyzing stage-specific gene expression using quantitative "Real Time" reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results showed that bovine MSCs underwent complete chondrogenesis; the initial stage was characterized by expression. of sox9 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), followed by high transcription of chondrocyte specific genes, collagen type II and IX, biglycan and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, and the final prehypertrophic and/or hypertrophic stage was distinguished by increased expression of collagen type X. From day 7 to day 14 of differentiation increased mRNA expression of the transforming growth factors beta1 and beta2, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF 2), bone morphogenic protein 6 (BMP 6), insulin-like growth factors 1, parathyroid hormone related peptide and indian hedgehog (Ihh) were detected. These results suggest that these well know chondrogenic growth factors may play a role in bovine chondrogenesis in autocrine and/or paracrine manner. On day 21 of the culture, FGF 2, BMP 6 and Ihh were highly expressed, compared to cells cultured in monolayer manner, which suggests a possible function in maintaining the terminal stage of differentiation. This data extends our knowledge about the unusual species-specific bovine MSC chondrogenesis, allowing us to define the phenotype of the differentiated cells. Furthermore, this study contributes to our in understanding of known chondrogenic-growth factors in autocrine and/or paracrine manner playing a role in the spontaneous differentiation.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Study of housekeeping gene expression in human keratinocytes using OLISA, a long-oligonucleotide microarray and q RT-PCR.

In recent years, applications of microarray platforms have been extended to different areas of research including cosmetic and pharmaceutical. Although microarray technology is still improving its sensitivity and flexibility, researchers often turn toward quantitative RT-PCR for data validation. Assessment of messenger RNA quantity by these methods is based on comparison with internal standard genes, mainly housekeeping genes, so called because their synthesis occurs normally at a constant level. However, numerous studies showed that expression of these genes could vary in given situations. Here, we report results on four housekeeping genes (GAPDH, beta-2 microglobulin, S40 and S26 ribosomal sub-units) with constant expression levels established on OLISA microarray using different keratinocyte cultures. Moreover, qRT-PCR validation demonstrates that S26 ribosomal is a good housekeeping gene on keratinocytes and skin studies. Our data indicate that S26 gene can be routinely used to standardize results to investigate differentially expressed genes in a healthy human skin.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed2005

[Quantitative assessment of mRNA TGF-beta1 in liver tissue in connection with serum mean daily level of TGF-1 in chronic hepatitis B patient].

Monitoring of fibrosis process with the use of histopathologic studies on liver's bioptates is limited, so it is attempted to find reliable, obtained with less invasive methods, sensitive and reflecting fibrosis dynamics markers of this process. The aim of the study was simultaneously to assess liver's expression as well as circadian and mean daily TGF-betal concentration in serum of patients with chronic hepatitis type B in comparison to control group. Studies were performed on 50 patients (9 women, 41 men) aged 45.9 +/- 2.3 years with chronic hepatitis type B. Control group consisted of 20 patients (mean age 38.6 +/- 3.7 years), in which so called minimal changes without fibrosis were observed in histophatologic bioptate of liver. Blood for studies was collected every 4 houres during the day. Serum concentration of TGF-betal was assessed with the use of ELISA method, and expression of mRNA TGF-betal in liver with QRT-PCR method. No significant difference between circadian as well as mean daily serum TGF-betal concentration beetwen control group and the group with chronic hepatitis type B was shown. Increased expression of mRNA, TGF-betal in bioptate of liver of patients with chronic hepatitis type B in comparison to control group was noted. In "minimal changes" control group presence of significant positive correlation between expression of mRNA TGF-beta1 in liver and concentration of this cytokine in serum was shown, in the group of patients with chronic hepatitis B this connection was not noted.

Circadian Rhythm↗

PubMed2006

The impact of hyperthermic chemotherapy on human gastric cancer cell lines: preliminary results.

In this preliminary study, we evaluated the impact of hyperthermia (HT) and hyperthermic chemotherapy (HTCT) on six human gastric cancer cell lines and explored the mechanisms of cell-killing effect under HTCT. Treatment conditions were categorized into 4 modes: i) normothermic control (NT), ii) HT, iii) normothermic chemotherapy (NTCT) and iv) HTCT. According to the data of MTT and LM observations, isolated HT only temporarily inhibited cell proliferation and had no cell-killing effect on gastric cancer cell lines employed in our study except for SNU-1. Combining with HT enhanced the cytotoxicity of CDDP in all gastric cell lines and the concentration inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell death of HTCT was much lower than that of NTCT. There was a synergistic effect of HT and chemotherapy on inhibiting proliferation in each cell line in a certain range of CDDP concentration. The data of TEM and FCM proved that HTCT induced cell death with two modes - apoptosis and necrosis, and apoptosis was the major type. Microarray illustrated that, under HTCT, a total of 58 gene expressions were regulated according to the filtering criteria, including 10 extra genes with an expression change below the threshold or even unchanged when treated with either HT or CDDP alone. Five of these 10 genes were verified by QRT-PCR. These genes may include the target genes for the enhancing effect of HT on chemotherapy and their effects should be further validated by functional analysis.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed2006

Transpupillary thermotherapy-induced modification of angiogenesis- and coagulation-related gene expression in the rat posterior fundus.

PURPOSE: To study gene expression changes in the rat retina and choroid following transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) and to identify molecular mechanisms that may enhance treatment of choroidal neovascularization, complicating age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: One fundus of Brown Norway rats was treated with an 810 nm diode laser while the contralateral fundus received no treatment. The mRNA was extracted and processed for cDNA microarray analysis. Genes with increased expression were validated by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: Of the 14,815 cDNA elements on the array, 12 genes were up-regulated in TTT treated eyes. Upregulation of eight of these 12 genes could be verified by semiquantitative RT-PCR. The eight verified genes were EPCR, IL-1beta, MCP-1, TSP-1, Fgl, Asns, MT-2, and NMDMC, which included 4 angiogenesis- and coagulation-related genes. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates upregulation of angiogenesis- and coagulation-related genes following TTT. The response profile and its temporal relationships provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that lead to vascular occlusion and antiangiogenesis induced by TTT.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Correlation of glypican-1 expression with TGF-beta, BMP, and activin receptors in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Glypican1 (GPC1) is a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan that acts as a co-receptor for heparin-binding growth factors as well as for members of the TGF-beta family. GPC1 plays a role in pancreatic cancer by regulating growth factor responsiveness. In view of the importance of members of the TGF-beta family in pancreatic cancer, in the present study, the role of GPC1 in TGF-beta, BMP and activin signaling was analyzed. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were utilized to analyze GPC1 and TGF-beta, BMP and activin receptor expression levels. Panc-1 and T3M4 pancreatic cancer cells were transfected in a stable manner with a GPC1 antisense expression construct. Anchorage-dependent and -independent growth was determined by MTT and soft agar assays. TGF-beta1, activin-A and BMP-2 responsiveness was determined by MTT assays and immunoblotting with p21, p-Smad1, and p-Smad2 antibodies. QRT-PCR demonstrated increased GPC1 mRNA levels in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) compared to normal pancreatic tissues (NPT), as described previously. There was a significant correlation between GPC1 mRNA levels and TbetaRII, act-R1a, act-R1b, act-R2a, BMP-R1a, and BMP-R2 mRNA expression in NPT. In contrast, GPC1 mRNA expression correlated directly with act-R1a and BMP-R1a in N0 PDAC cases and with act-R2a and BMP-R1a in lymph node positive cases. Down-regulation of GPC1 resulted in increased doubling time in Panc-1 but not in T3M4 cells, and decreased anchorage-independent growth in both cell lines. GPC1 down-regulation resulted in a slightly altered response towards TGF-beta1, activin-A and BMP-2 in terms of growth, p21 induction and Smad2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, enhanced GPC1 expression correlates with BMP and activin receptors in pancreatic cancer. GPC1 down-regulation suppresses pancreatic cancer cell growth and slightly modifies signaling of members of the TGF-beta family of growth factors.

Activin Receptors↗

PubMed2006

[Expression of G-6-PD mRNA in children with G-6-PD deficiency].

OBJECTIVE: To detect the level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) mRNA expression in children with G-6-PD deficiency and their lineal family members in order to explore possible mechanisms of the disease at the transcriptional level. METHODS: RNA was extracted from peripheral blood of 41 children with G-6-PD deficiency and of their lineal family members (29 father lineages and 40 mother lineages). cDNA was then harvested using the reverse transcription method. G-6-PD mRNA expression was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR). The detection results of G-6-PD mRNA expression in three groups (Patient, Father lineage and Mother lineage) were compared using Statistical Software SPSS 10.0 system. RESULTS: The mean G-6-PD mRNA value in the Patient, Father lineage and Mother lineage groups were 0.57 +/- 0.19, 0.74 +/- 0.21 and 0.67 +/- 0.21 respectively. The G-6-PD mRNA value in the Patient group was significantly lower than both Father lineage (t = -3.18, P < 0.01) and Mother lineage groups (t = -2.54, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The expression of G-6-PD mRNA decreased in children with G-6-PD deficiency, suggesting that the pathogenesis of this disorder relates to the varying levels of gene transcription.

Child↗

PubMed2006

Development, application and validation of a Taqman real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a disease of cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) which was successfully eradicated from Scotland following its emergence in 1998. The rapid deployment of sensitive diagnostic methods for the detection of ISA virus (ISAV) was fundamental to the swift eradication of ISA disease in Scotland and continues to be of crucial importance to surveillance of the aquaculture industry. This study reports the development, validation, application and interpretation of two independent, highly sensitive and specific semi-quantitative Taqman real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) methods for the detection of ISAV. Such technology offers considerable advantages over conventional RT-PCR methods in current routine use for ISAV surveillance. These include an increased sensitivity, enhanced specificity, semi-quantification using endogenous controls, a lack of subjectivity in results interpretation, speed of processing and improved contamination control.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Adenovirus-mediated interferon-beta gene transfer inhibits angiogenesis in and progression of orthotopic tumors of human prostate cancer cells in nude mice.

Interferon (IFN)-beta is a multifunctional cytokine. Our previous studies revealed that intratumoral transfer of the murine interferon (IFN)-beta gene inhibited the growth of human and mouse prostate cancer cells in mice. Since IFN-beta activity is species-restricted, we investigated the efficacy and mechanisms of forced expression of human IFN-beta in suppressing the growth of human prostate cancer cells in mice. Orthotopic tumors of PC-3MM2 human prostate cancer cells were forced to express human IFN-beta by intratumoral injection of an adenoviral vector (AdhIFN-beta). Tumor growth and survival of tumor-bearing mice were determined. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Angiogenesis and angiogenic molecule expression were evaluated by IHC and quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptional PCR (qRT-PCR). We found that forced expression of human IFN-beta inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. An injection of 2 x 10(9) PFU (plaque-forming units) of AdhIFN-beta retarded tumor growth by 90% and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Control tumors contained more proliferating cells (PCNA(+)) and fewer apoptotic cells (TUNEL(+)) than did AdhIFN-beta treated-tumors. Treatment with AdhIFN-beta downregulated the expression of interleukin-8 and vascular endothelial cell growth factor-A. Taken together, our data indicated that forced expression of human IFN-beta in human prostate cancer cells significantly inhibited their prostatic growth, which correlated with downregulation of angiogenic molecules and suggested that adenoviral vector-mediated IFN-beta gene therapy could be an effective approach for the management of human prostate cancer.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2006

Identification of ID2 associated with invasion of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma by gene expression profile.

Portal vein invasion (PVI) is a hallmark of metastatic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is frequently found at a stage of moderately differentiated HCC. To identify genes involved in PVI of HCC associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV), we performed a comprehensive analysis of 12,600 genes in 35 moderately differentiated HCV-related HCCs by DNA microarray. Our supervised learning method identified 35 genes involved in PVI. Among the 35 identified genes, we focused on the inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (ID2), because it encodes a liver-rich dominant-negative helix-loop-helix protein. The microarray results for ID2 were reproduced by quantitative real-time reverse transcription (QRT)-PCR and Western blot analyses. In an independent set of HCV-related HCCs (n=28) and HCV-unrelated HCCs (n=14), our QRT-PCR showed that decrease in ID2 mRNA levels were associated with PVI in HCV-related HCC but not HCV-unrelated HCC. In conclusion, our results strongly suggest that ID2 plays an important role in PVI process of HCV-related HCC.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗

PubMed2006

Expression and characterization of the catalytic subunit of telomerase in normal and cataractous canine lens epithelial cells.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the catalytic subunit of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is regionally distributed in canine lens epithelial cells (LEC), compare TERT and the RNA subunit of telomerase (TR) mRNA expression and TERT protein expression in normal and cataractous LEC, and to evaluate whether telomerase activity is present in the cytoplasm and nucleus from normal LEC. Finally, the expression of p23 and heat shock protein 90 (hsp90), coactivators of TERT in neoplastic cells, were evaluated in normal and cataractous LEC. METHODS: TERT protein was detected by imunohistochemical staining and western immunoblotting in normal and cataractous LEC. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to measure TERT and TR expression. Separated cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts from primary cultures of normal canine LEC were evaluated for TERT protein expression and telomerase activity. Western immunoblotting was performed on normal and cataractous LEC for p23 and hsp90, and coimmunoprecipitation was used to determine whether p23 and hsp90 were interacting with TERT in LEC. RESULTS: TERT expression in normal lens capsule whole mounts varied by region in normal LEC. All cataractous LEC demonstrated more intense TERT immunostaining in both the nucleus and cytoplasm when compared to normal LEC. Normal LEC expressed less TERT protein and less TERT and TR mRNA than cataractous LEC. Normal LEC expressed hsp90 while cataractous LEC did not; p23 was not significantly expressed in either normal or cataractous LEC. Neither hsp90 nor p23 interacted with TERT. CONCLUSIONS: The localization of TERT in normal LEC corresponded with the LEC's regional functions. There was more cytoplasmic TERT in the central region that corresponds with the need for inhibited apoptosis and for proliferative capabilities; there was more nuclear TERT in the germinal and equatorial regions corresponding with the need for proliferative capabilities. In addition, cataractous LEC demonstrated increased TERT protein and increased TERT and TR mRNA expression than normal LEC corresponding with their increased proliferative potential. However, the telomerase coactivators, p23 and hsp90, are not overexpressed and do not associate with TERT in cataractous LEC, suggesting that telomerase regulation in cataractous LEC, a somatic cell type, differs from that in neoplastic cells.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative effects of DHEA and DHT on gene expression in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: DHEA is widely used as a dietary supplement in older men. Because DHEA can be converted to androgens or estrogens, such use may promote prostate cancer. In this study, the effects of DHEA were compared with those of DHT using gene expression array profiles in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: LNCaP cells were exposed to DHEA (300 nM), DHT (300 nM), or vehicle for 48 h, and mRNA expression was measured using Affymetrix HU-95 gene chips. Gene expression values were sorted in ascending order on the p-values corresponding to the extent of differential RNA expression between control and either hormone treatment. RESULTS: S100 calcium binding protein, neurotensin, 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase, and anterior-gradient 2 homologue were the four most differentially expressed genes (p-values all < 3 x 10(-5)). Nested tests of differential expression revealed lesser effects of DHEA versus DHT treatment (p < 0.01) for the S100 calcium binding protein and neurotensin genes. Microarray findings were confirmed by QRT-PCR. The top 83 genes exhibiting differential expression after DHEA or DHT were used for pathway analysis. DHT decreased expression of more genes involved in intercellular communication, signal transduction, nucleic acid binding and transport, and in structural components, such as myosin and golgin, than DHEA. CONCLUSION: These data revealed consistent, measurable changes in gene expression patterns following treatment of LNCaP prostate cancer cells with DHEA and DHT. Understanding the mechanisms of DHEA versus DHT actions in the prostate may help clarify the separate and interactive effects of androgenic and estrogenic actions in prostate cancer progression.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2025

Studying the Role of HOX Genes in Thrombocyte Development.

In our laboratory, we study thrombopoiesis and hemostasis using zebrafish as a model organism to unravel the mechanisms of differentiation and development of thrombocytes. We have shown in our earlier work that thrombocytes are functional equivalents of platelets and have transcriptional machinery similar to megakaryocytes. We recently found evidence that hox genes play a role in their development. We used piggyback gene knockdown and thrombocyte quantification assays to understand the influence of these ancient developmental regulators on thrombopoiesis. In this chapter, we describe methods used to discover these hox genes.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Integrated metabolomics, transcriptional, and physicochemical analysis reveals key metabolites and genes associated with somatic embryogenesis in Phyllostachys pubescens.

Phyllostachys pubescens (Moso bamboo) is a significant perennial crop species that provides valuable nutritional and industrial uses, as well as carbon sequestration. Due to its remarkable growth rate, bamboo offers an ideal system for studying organogenesis, particularly in monocots. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) serves as a useful technique for crop breeding and improvement. SE in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) remains challenging due to limited knowledge of its transcriptional and metabolomic reprogramming. To address this, we optimized callus initiation (MS + 18.1 µM 2,4-D + 8.5 µM picloram), callus proliferation (MS + 12.5 µM 2,4-D + 8.5 µM picloram), and somatic embryogenesis (MS + 1.1 µM 2,4-D + 3.3 µM metatopolin), using nodal segments as explants. UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS-based metabolite profiling revealed distinct biochemical trajectories across developmental stages of P. pubescens. NEC (non-embryogenic callus) was enriched in flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, while in-vitro shoots showed flavonoids and glycosides enrichment, and ex-vitro shoots showed high accumulation of glycosides and terpenoids. In contrast, EC (embryogenic callus) showed elevated levels of fatty acid derivatives (α-ESA, 26-Methyl Nigranoate), phytoalexins (Wyerone acid), sesquiterpene (Alpha-santalal, Beta-guaiene), flavonoid glycosides, and plant hormones (Cis-Zeatin, Gibberellin A45), indicating a metabolically active state supporting somatic embryogenesis. Similarly, genes and transcription factors controlling cell differentiation and embryogenesis were upregulated during SE. This study provides a comprehensive resource to facilitate future genomic and genetic investigations aimed at deciphering the molecular basis of organogenesis and advancing research on somatic embryogenesis in bamboo.

Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques↗