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PubMed1994

The food and meal pattern in the urban African population of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa: the BRISK Study.

A cross sectional dietary study, utilising the 24 hour recall method, was conducted among 983 African adults aged 15 to 64 years resident in the Cape Peninsula during 1990. An evaluation of the dietary intake pattern revealed a diet confined to a relatively narrow range of foods, but little evidence of nutrient-empty food intake. In terms of recommendations, insufficient dairy products and vegetables and fruits were consumed, while requirements for intakes of cereals and components of the meat and fat groups were met. Supper emerged as the main meal of the day, contributing most of the energy and was consumed by 89 pc of respondents. Between meal eating made a valuable contribution to total nutrient intake. The low intakes of dairy products and vegetables and fruits and the apparent move away from the traditional diet present particularly great challenges.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in two Algonquin communities in Quebec.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in two native Indian communities. DESIGN: Population-based study. SETTING: Two Algonquin communities in Quebec: River Desert and Lac Simon. PARTICIPANTS: All native Indian residents aged at least 15 years were eligible; 621 (59%) of them volunteered to enroll in the study. The participation rate was 49% in River Desert and 76% in Lac Simon. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fasting blood glucose level and serum glucose level 2 hours after 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, as described by the World Health Organization, in all subjects except those with confirmed diabetes. Other measures included body mass index (BMI), fat distribution and blood pressure. MAIN RESULTS: The age-sex standardized prevalence rate of NIDDM was 19% in Lac Simon (95% confidence interval [CI] 16% to 21%); this was more than twice the rate of 9% in River Desert (95% CI 7% to 11%). The IGT rates were comparable in the two communities (River Desert 5%, Lac Simon 6%). NIDDM and IGT were uncommon under the age of 35 years. Only in Lac Simon was the NIDDM prevalence rate significantly higher among the women than among the men (23% v. 14%); almost half of the women aged 35 years or more had diabetes. In Lac Simon the rate of marked obesity (BMI greater than 30) was significantly higher among the women than among the men (37% v. 19%; p < 0.001); this sex-related difference was not found in River Desert (rates 31% and 23% respectively). Previously undiagnosed NIDDM accounted for 25% of all the cases. NIDDM and IGT were significantly associated with high BMI, sum of skinfold thicknesses and waist:hip circumference ratio (p < 0.001). The subscapular:triceps skinfold ratio, however, did not display such an association, nor did the age-adjusted systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of NIDDM is high in Algonquin communities and may vary markedly between communities. Although widespread, particularly in women, obesity cannot entirely explain the much higher rate of NIDDM in Lac Simon. Family and lifestyle risk factors, in particular diet and activity patterns, are being analysed in the two communities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the transport of manganese and zinc and tissue uptake of radioactivity following subcutaneous administration of tritiated estrone in manganese deficient and nondeficient rabbits.

Twenty-four eight month old virgin New Zealand doe rabbits were used in an experiment designed to study the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the transport of 54Mn and 65Zn in their tissues. Although human chorionic gonadotropin treatment did not result in any change in 65Zn transport, that of 54Mn was affected. In another experiment, the tissue uptake of tritiated estrone was studied in manganese deficient and nondeficient rabbits. There were no differences in radioactivity uptake between the two diets but the pattern of tissue uptake was different from other reports.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The influence of dieting on the menstrual cycle of healthy young women.

Nine normal young women of normal weight, aged 20-29 yr, who had regular menstrual cycles, dieted for 6 weeks (approximately 800-1000 kcal/day) and lost between 6 and 8 kg body wt. Half-hourly blood samples were taken from 1800-0530 h on two occasions before and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks of dieting. In three women with anovulatory cycles the LH secretion pattern was not altered by dieting, but plasma estradiol levels decreased and reached menopausal concentrations during the final 2 weeks of dieting. In two of these three women the menstrual cycles were disrupted and regular cycles occurred only 3 and 6 months after dieting. Six women had regular ovulatory cycles. High progesterone values (greater than 3 ng/ml) were recorded in two cycles before the dieting period. While dieting, three women maintained ovulatory cycles and three women had no periovulatory hormone secretion pattern and/or a pattern characteristic of the luteal phase. No significant alterations of average LH concentrations and LH peak frequency developed. It is concluded that mild dieting does not suppress LH secretion in the manner found in anorexia nervosa or during total fasting. Dieting may interfere with gonadal steroid production, thus causing disturbances of the menstrual cycle. The effect described here may be responsible for the early onset of amenorrhea in patients with beginning anorexia nervosa.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Food group sources of nutrients in the dietary patterns of the DASH-Sodium trial.

The aim of this paper is to identify major food group sources of several essential nutrients in the two dietary patterns used in the DASH-Sodium trial: a control diet and the DASH dietary pattern. The DASH-Sodium trial was a multicenter, randomized, controlled-feeding trial comparing the effects of three levels of sodium and two dietary patterns on blood pressure. Nutrient contents of all the menus for both the control and the DASH diets were analyzed and examined for their dietary sources from 13 food groups. Contributions of all foods within each food group to each nutrient were averaged then weighted to reflect the actual distribution of energy levels in the study. Nutrient contents across the three sodium levels are very similar within each diet. Refined grains and whole grains are the major energy sources for the control and the DASH diet, providing 35% and 23% to the total intake, respectively. Nutrient-dense whole grains contributed greatly, ranging from 11% to 46%, to the higher intakes of protein, fiber, calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, and folate in the DASH diet. Vegetables, in addition to being a good source for fiber, vitamins A, C, E, and folate, also contributed an average of 15% to the intakes of magnesium, potassium, and calcium in the DASH diet. Differences in nutrient contents between the control and the DASH diets were accomplished by varying the selection of food items (eg, refined grains vs whole grains) and quantities of certain food groups (eg, less red meats and higher amounts of fruits and vegetables). The DASH dietary pattern recommends four to five servings of fruits; four to five servings of vegetables; two to three servings of low-fat dairy products; seven to eight servings of grain products (preferably whole grains); two or less servings of meats, poultry, and fish per day; and four to five servings of nuts, seeds, and legumes per week for a 2,000 kcal diet. Each of these food groups contributes critical nutrients across various sodium levels. It is important to emphasize all food groups when trying to follow this proven dietary pattern.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity.

The American Cancer Society (ACS) publishes Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines to serve as a foundation for its communication, policy, and community strategies and ultimately, to affect dietary and physical activity patterns among Americans. These Guidelines, published every 5 years, are developed by a national panel of experts in cancer research, prevention, epidemiology, public health, and policy, and as such, they represent the most current scientific evidence related to dietary and activity patterns and cancer risk. The ACS Guidelines include recommendations for individual choices regarding diet and physical activity patterns, but those choices occur within a community context that either facilitates or interferes with healthy behaviors. Community efforts are essential to create a social environment that promotes healthy food choices and physical activity. Therefore, this committee presents one key recommendation for community action to accompany the four recommendations for individual choices to reduce cancer risk. This recommendation for community action recognizes that a supportive social environment is indispensable if individuals at all levels of society are to have genuine opportunities to choose healthy behaviors. The ACS Guidelines are consistent with guidelines from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association for the prevention of coronary heart disease and diabetes, as well as for general health promotion, as defined by the Department of Health and Human Services' 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1998

Physiologic effects of cisapride on gastric emptying after pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer.

Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG) has been considered reasonable reduction surgery. However, even patients in whom more than 1 year passed after surgery frequently have a feeling of gastric fullness after meals and long-term retention of foods in the residual stomach. To treat this syndrome, cisapride has been administered. We studied the emptying time of a semisolid diet (radioisotope method using 99mTc-tin colloid-labeled rice gruel) and the emptying time of a fluid diet (acetaminophen method with orange juice) before and after oral administration of cisapride (15 mg/day for 1 month) in 14 patients (10 men, 4 women; 32-70 years old, average 60.6 years) who underwent PPG (Billroth I procedure, D2 lymph node dissection, curability A) for treatment of early gastric cancer. Ten healthy volunteers without gastrointestinal symptoms and digestive diseases (7 men, 3 women; 28-61 years old, average 49.8 years) were enrolled as controls. The results showed obviously delayed emptying time of the semisolid diet before administration of cisapride in patients with PPG compared with that of the control group, whereas the emptying curves for the fluid diet showed an almost normal pattern. One month after the start of cisapride administration the emptying time of the semisolid diet was improved, and the emptying curves were close to the patterns in the control group. Emptying of the fluid diet was slightly accelerated compared with that before administration of cisapride, and the emptying curves showed almost the same pattern as in the control group. A postgastrectomy symptom, "gastric fullness," after PPG was alleviated by cisapride. These results showed that cisapride improved delayed emptying of a semisolid diet after PPG and prevented the feeling of gastric fullness after meals due to retention in the residual stomach.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Obesity trends in Latin America: transiting from under- to overweight.

Latin America is undergoing a rapid demographic and nutritional transition. A recent WHO/PAHO survey on obesity in the region revealed an increasing trend in obesity as countries emerge from poverty, especially in urban areas. In contrast, in middle income countries, obesity tends to decline as income increases; this is especially so in women. Dietary changes and increasing inactivity are considered the crucial contributory factors that explain this rise. The end result is a progressive rise in overweight and obesity, especially in low income groups who improve their income and buy high fat/high carbohydrate energy-dense foods. Intake of these foods increases to the detriment of grains, fruits and vegetables. Most aboriginal populations of the Americas have changed their diet and physical activity patterns to fit an industrialized country model. They now derive most of their diet from Western foods and live sedentary and physically inactive lives. Under these circumstances they develop high rates of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Supplementary feeding programs are common in the region; the number of beneficiaries significantly exceeds the malnourished. Weight-for-age definition of undernutrition without assessment of length will overestimate the dimension of malnutrition and neglect the identification of stunted overweight children. Providing food to low income stunted populations may be beneficial for some, although it may be detrimental for others, inducing obesity especially in urban areas. Defining the right combination of foods/nutrients, education and lifestyle interventions that are required to optimize nutrition and health is a present imperative.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1965

EFFECT OF DIET ON THE ACTIVITY OF SEVERAL ENZYMES IN EXTRACTS OF RUMEN MICROORGANISMS.

The use of enzymatic techniques to characterize rumen metabolism was investigated. Assays were developed to estimate the activities of 14 enzymes in cell-free extracts of microorganisms collected from rumen contents of cows fed two diets, selected to produce widely different proportions of fermentation end products. The results reflected the differences between the two diets in metabolic potential, fermentation patterns, and microbial populations. The differences between the diets in the relative activities of succinic dehydrogenase and fumaric reductase, for example, indicated a shift in the microbial population favoring organisms of the Viellonella alcalescens type on the concentrate diet. The data presented indicate that, if employed carefully, enzymatic criteria can be utilized effectively in studies of rumen metabolism.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1985

Effect of type of diet and feeding status on modulation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase in rats.

The effect of diet type and feeding status on hepatic HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) [mevalonate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (acylating CoA); EC 1.1.1.34] was studied in rats. Animals fed a ground, commercial, stock diet exhibited higher expressed and total activities of HMGR in the fed state than animals fed a semi-purified diet. The differences did not appear in meal-trained animals when measured before the onset of the meal after a 22-hr fast. When expressed activity was taken as a per cent of total activity, fed animals from both diet groups used about 10% of their available activity. When animals on commercial diets were fasted, 20% of the activity was expressed. Fasted animals on the semi-purified diet also increased the per cent of expressed reductase activity, but this increase was not as great (13.3%). These data suggest that, in the rat, regulation of cholesterol synthesis in response to decreased total HMGR during fasting and increased levels after a meal results from alterations in the percentage of enzyme which is expressed. The semi-purified diet used here resulted in consistently lower levels of HMG-CoA reductase activity than the commercial diet regardless of feeding pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Women and obesity. Learning to live with it.

Chronic dieting is not free of risks. Relevant literature is assessed to aid in making the decision about whether an obese woman should attempt weight loss repeatedly. Alternative strategies to weight loss are offered that shift the focus from weight loss to stabilization and from dieting to normalizing eating patterns and intake.

Body Image↗
PubMed1977

Effect of maternal dietary amino acid pattern on rat offspring.

The effect of lifetime feeding to gravid rats of diets containing different indispensable amino acid patterns on body and brain composition of the offspring was studied. Two groups of rats were fed, from weaning to delivery, either experimental diet B or diet I. Both diets contained the same amount of total nitrogen (3.14%), available lysine (0.4%) and "complete protein to total protein ratio" (22.5%), but whereas diet I provided an excess of indispensable amino acids over the amount of limiting amino acid, diet B supplied all of the indispensable amino acids in marginal amounts and in a rather well balanced pattern. The nitrogen content of diet B was matched to the nitrogen content of diet I by addition of a mixture of dispensable amino acids. A control group fed stock diet (C) was run simultaneously. Birth body weight, carcass nitrogen to water ratio, and brain weight of pups were significantly lower in B than in I. The figures for I were not significantly different from the controls. Brain DNA content in B was significantly lower than in C, but in I it was lower than for both B and C. Nitrogen to water ratio and brain DNA content of group B were low when compared to the standard curves for our colony; however, DNA content was normal for the degree of body development. On the other hand, in group I brain DNA was preferentially affected, as if body and brain maturity were dissociated.

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMed2001

Patterns of long-term change in body composition are associated with diet, activity, income and urban residence among older adults in China.

Studies describing patterns of long-term change in body composition are lacking. Using longitudinal data on 608 healthy, nonobese Chinese (aged 50-70 y) from the 1993 and 1997 China Health and Nutrition Surveys, this article describes the prevalence, sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates of patterns of long-term change in midarm muscle area (MAMA) and body fat (waist circumference). All patterns of change (loss, maintenance [Delta < 1.3 cm(2)], or gain of MAMA with concurrent loss, maintenance [Delta < 2 cm(2)] or gain of body fat), were observed for this sample. After controlling for sex, baseline age, urban residence, height, weight, income, MAMA, waist circumference, smoking status, activity level, mean daily energy and protein intakes (from three 24-h recalls), and change in height, it was determined that subjects who lost both arm muscle and body fat were distinguished from subjects who lost arm muscle but gained body fat by lower income and energy intake at baseline. Although protein intakes at baseline did not differ between the groups that lost arm muscle, protein intakes were significantly higher for subjects who gained both muscle and fat. Patterns of change involving gains in arm muscle were associated with increased protein intake, urban residence, as well as moderate or heavy levels of physical activity at baseline. Variation in protein intake, physical activity, and urban residence also differentiated between the groups that gained fat. Patterns of age-related change in body composition appear associated with modifiable variables, including income, urban residence, activity and protein and energy intake.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Ingestive patterns of liver-denervated rats presented with several diets.

The liver by way of afferent nerves is suggested to be a controller of food intake. In experiment 1, male rats were given a 15% fructose solution during the first 4 h of the dark phase, while chow was available the rest of the time, for 10 days, before total liver denervation (TLD) or sham operation. Postsurgery ingestion patterns (15-min measurements for 4 h) of fructose were similar in the two groups. However, chow intake in the TLD group was slightly attenuated the first 2 days after surgery. In experiment 2, rats were given chow in cups and vegetable oil in bottles for 8 days before TLD or sham operation. After surgery, hourly ingestion of chow and oil did not differ between the groups; however, there was a trend for the TLD group to take more oil in the dark phase on the first-day diet exposure. In experiment 3, rats were fed a high-protein diet for 21 days before TLD or sham operation. With the use of a computer-operated system, postsurgery meal size, meal duration, and frequency patterns were found to be comparable between the groups. In experiment 4, rats were given a diet of sweetened condensed milk mixed with water (3:1 vol/vol) and vitamins for 14 days before hepatic vagal branch transection (HVBX) or sham operation. After surgery the first-day milk intake of both groups was similar up to 3.5 h and then depressed at 4 and 24 h in the HVBX rats, but was again comparable over the next 13 days; body weights were similar throughout the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Consistent dietary patterns identified from childhood to adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study.

Dietary patterns are useful in nutritional epidemiology, providing a comprehensive alternative to the traditional approach based on single nutrients. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study is a prospective cohort study with a 21-year follow-up. At baseline, detailed quantitative information on subjects' food consumption was obtained using a 48 h dietary recall method (n 1768, aged 3-18 years). The interviews were repeated after 6 and 21 years (n 1200 and n 1037, respectively). We conducted a principal component analysis to identify major dietary patterns at each study point. A set of two similar patterns was recognised throughout the study. Pattern 1 was positively correlated with consumption of traditional Finnish foods, such as rye, potatoes, milk, butter, sausages and coffee, and negatively correlated with fruit, berries and dairy products other than milk. Pattern 1 type of diet was more common among male subjects, smokers and those living in rural areas. Pattern 2, predominant among female subjects, non-smokers and in urban areas, was characterised by more health-conscious food choices such as vegetables, legumes and nuts, tea, rye, cheese and other dairy products, and also by consumption of alcoholic beverages. Tracking of the pattern scores was observed, particularly among subjects who were adolescents at baseline. Of those originally belonging to the uppermost quintile of pattern 1 and 2 scores, 41 and 38 % respectively, persisted in the same quintile 21 years later. Our results suggest that food behaviour and concrete food choices are established already in childhood or adolescence and may significantly track into adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Valine entry into rat brain after diet-induced changes in plasma amino acids.

Passage of amino acids across the blood-brain barrier is assumed to be modified by amino acid composition of the blood. To gain a better understanding of the effects of protein intake on brain amino acid uptake, we examined associations among diet, plasma amino acid patterns, and the rate of entry of valine into the brain. Rats were fed (8 h/day for 7-10 days) diets containing 6, 18, or 50% casein before receiving one meal of a diet containing 0, 6, 18, or 50% casein. After 4-7 h, they were anesthetized and infused intravenously with [14C]valine for 5 min before plasma and brain samples were taken for determination of radioactivity and content of individual amino acids. As protein content of the meal was increased from 0 to 50% casein, plasma and brain concentrations of valine and most other large neutral amino acids (LNAA) increased severalfold; also the ratio of [14C]valine in brain to that in plasma decreased by greater than 50%, and the rate of valine entry into the brain increased 3.5-fold. The increase in valine flux slowed as plasma levels of LNAA, competitors for valine transport, increased. The results were far more dependent on protein content of the final meal than on that of the adaptation diet; thus changes in protein intake, as reflected in altered plasma amino acid patterns, markedly altered valine entry into the brain.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1983

Food, drugs, and alcohol--a common temporal pattern of use.

Two samples of college students (n = 42) in a weight-control program were shown to deviate from their diets in a temporal pattern found in previous studies for the abuse of street drugs and alcohol. Implications for the treatment of various types of substance abuse and eating disorders are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Faecal excretion in infants.

Data on normal defaecation patterns in relation to diet during the first months of infancy are very limited. We therefore investigated in a prospective study faecal weight and gastro-intestinal passage time of breast fed (n = 12) and formula fed (n = 14) male infants. These were studied in 72 h collecting periods at the age of 17, 35, 57, 87 and 113 (+/- 4) days. Breast fed infants had a significantly lower daily dry faecal weight than formula fed infants in all periods investigated (median at the age of 113 days: 0.28 (0.17-0.75) g/kg and 0.81 (0.22-1.2) g/kg, respectively). Breast fed infants showed a large variation of gastro-intestinal passage time (6.79 h [range: 1.79-13.38 h] at the age of 17 days, 21.84 h [range: 5.41-75 h] at the age of 113 days). Comparable values of formula red infants were 13.75 h (range: 7.13-35.25 h) and 17.42 h (range: 5.38-36.5 h). Despite the efforts of approximation of infant formula to breast milk, differences of defaecation patterns in relation to diet are still relevant at this age and have to be considered in clinical practice.

Breast Feeding↗