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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

[Cytokine therapy and the endocrine system: is it necessary to monitor more than the thyroid gland?].

UNLABELLED: Cytokines and Endocrine System: Is it Meaningful to Monitor More than the Thyroid Gland? AIM: It was the aim of this study to evaluate the occurrence, the degree, and clinical relevance of immunological phenomena in endocrine and non-endocrine organs as seen under therapy with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and/or interleukin-2 (Il-2). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 61 patients (age: 50.2 +/- 12.8 years) receiving cytokines as treatment for hepatological or hemato-oncological diseases, parameters of the thyroid gland, the gonadal system, the adrenal gland the pituitary gland, parameters of water and electrolyte-balance, and of bone metabolism were measured. All patients were treated with interferon in a mean dosage of 15.3 +/- 10.5 mio U subcutaneously per week. Additionally, 15 patients were treated with interleukin-2 (36.5 +/- 22.3 mio U subcutaneously per week). Among other assays, patients "sera were screened for the existance of autoantibodies against 30 different antigenic substrates using an indirect immunofluorescence technique (IIF). RESULTS: Pts, treated with IFN-alpha and IL-2 (n = 13) showed a significant induction of thyroid antibodies against thyroglobulin (anti-TG): 61 +/- 82 U/ml vs. 1000 +/- 2352 U/ml (p < 0.05) and against thyroid-peroxidase (anti-TPO): 162 +/- 538 vs. 468 +/- 1071 U/ml (p < 0.05). In pts, only treated with IFN-alpha (n = 26), the increase of anti-TG from 69 +/- 97 to 134 +/- 178 U/ml and of anti-TPO from 20 +/- 21 to 21 +/- 19 U/ml was insignificant. Patients with a combined treatment of IFN-alpha and Il-2 were mainly affected: 2 patients developed hypo- and 5 hyperthyroidism. Thus, regular controls of thyroid function during the entire duration of therapy is justified. We were unable to show any influence of the duration of treatment or dosage of cytokines on the endocrine and non-endocrine parameters investigated. In addition, 8 different AAB (against smooth/striated muscles, parietal cells, nuclear parts, myelin, keratin, endothel, and neuroendothel) were detected by IIF which did not change under therapy. Two patients newly developed AAB during therapy, however none of them suffered from clinical symptoms. AAB against endocrine organs other than the thyroid gland were not detected. No other endocrine system showed alterations of its function. CONCLUSION: Based on the data of this study we conclude that the thyroid gland should be regularly monitored for immunological and functional changes during cytokine therapy. The results do not support a general recommendation for a routine screening of other, non-thyroidal endocrine systems for autoimmune phenomena and alterations of function in each patient.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Age and features of the functional activity of the thyroid gland in experimental hypocorticism].

Data are presented on age peculiarities of the functional activity of the thyroid gland, thyrotropic function of the hypophysis, transport forms of thyroid hormones, and tissue thyroxin saturation in experimental hypocorticism in rats. Investigations were conducted on albino male rats of three age groups--1 1/2-2, 8-10, 28-32 months old. The changes which took place in rats of different age after adrenalectomy were in the same direction, but unequal in different links of the thyroid gland regulation of metabolism and its function. These changes were expressed in reduction of the thyrotropic function of the hypophysis, of the secretory activity of the thyroid gland, of the thyroxin-binding capacity of the blood serum, and of the tissue thyroxin saturation. With the advance of age there was a marked decrease in the reaction capacities of the functional link of the hypophysis and the thyroid gland tissue, but not in the tissues.

Adrenal Insufficiency↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primary neurilemoma of the thyroid gland: a case report.

Primary nonepithelial tumors of the thyroid gland are rare. We present the case of a neurilemoma of the right lobe of the thyroid gland in a 20-year-old female patient. The tumor was asymptomatic and measured 2.5 x 1.2 cm in size. Histologic examination was consistent with an Antoni A-type neurilemoma. The tumor was excised without difficulty. Only 12 other cases of neurilemomas of the thyroid gland have been reported in the literature. We discuss the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings of this rare tumor.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fibromatosis of thyroid gland (a case report).

Fibromatosis of thyroid gland is a rare condition encountered in surgical practice. Clinically presenting as goitre, it is treated with near total thyroidectomy with good results. We had one such case under our care at the K.E.M. Hospital, Bombay. Rarity of this condition prompted us to publish the data, the literature is briefly reviewed.

Fibroma↗
PubMed1994

Angiomatoid carcinoma and 'angiosarcoma' of the thyroid gland. A spectrum of endothelial differentiation.

The existence of angiosarcoma of the thyroid gland and its relation to angiomatoid carcinoma have been debated. The authors reviewed eight angiomatoid thyroid neoplasms. Controls consisted of six sarcomatoid thyroid carcinomas without angiomatoid features and an angiosarcoma metastatic to the thyroid gland. All eight angiomatoid neoplasms consisted of epithelioid cells with prominent eosinophilic cytoplasm lining vascularlike spaces. All eight expressed vimentin. Four tumors were predominantly angiosarcomalike neoplasms, based on staining for factor VIII-related antigen (three of four), CD31 (four of four), CD34 (one of four), and Ulex europaeus I lectin (four of four); they lacked epithelial markers other than cytokeratin (two of four). Four tumors were designated as angiomatoid carcinomas, based on staining for multiple epithelial markers: cytokeratin (four of four), epithelial membrane antigen (three of four), thyroglobulin (three of four). Three angiomatoid carcinomas also expressed or labeled with one or more vascular markers: CD34 (one of four), CD31 (two of four), Ulex europaeus I lectin (one of four), factor VIII-related antigen (one of four). The metastatic angiosarcoma to the thyroid gland labeled for factor VIII-related antigen, vimentin, CD31, and with Ulex europaeus I lectin. It did not express CD34. The six sarcomatoid carcinomas without angiomatoid features stained for cytokeratin (four of six), epithelial membrane antigen (one of six), and vimentin (six of six). None labeled for thyroglobulin, factor VIII-related antigen, CD31, CD34, or with Ulex europaeus I lectin. Angiomatoid carcinomas of the thyroid gland exhibit both epithelial and endothelial features. "Angiosarcoma" may represent the extreme in this spectrum of endothelial differentiation. All tumors behaved in a similar clinical fashion characterized by persistent local disease, widespread metastases and poor prognosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

A comparison of the effects of hyperbaric oxygen culture on survival of murine and canine thyroid gland grafts.

Canine thyroid tissue (CTy) was subjected to hyperbaric oxygen culture (HOC) under conditions that affect immunoalteration in murine thyroid tissue (MTy). Survival of autografts and allografts implanted under the kidney capsule was determined after 21 days by 125I uptake and histology. Unlike MTy, autograft CTy subjected to normothermic HOC (95% O2, 5% CO2; 1.76 kg/cm2) for 48 h did not survive (0/8) whereas decrease of culture duration to 24 h resulted in autograft CTy survival (3/3). Under hypothermia (5 degrees C), HOC could be extended to 7 days with autograft CTy survival (3/3 after 4 days and 3/3 after 7 days). Allograft CTy after 24 h of normothermic HOC and 7 days of hypothermic HOC was rejected. Indicators of oxygen free radical injury were determined:catalase activity was comparable in MTy and CTy (means 14.82 and 6.3-10.8 mm/mg protein, respectively) but superoxide dismutase activity was low in CTy (means 0.01-0.29 and 4.75 U/mg protein, respectively). Malondialdehyde content after 48 h of normothermic HOC was higher in CTy than in MTy (means 2215 and 1275 nmol/g, respectively). The results show that CTy is injured by HOC under conditions tolerated by MTy, and that this difference is related to the greater sensitivity of CTy to oxygen free radical injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Epinephrine: effect on uptake of iodine by dispersed cells of calf thyroid gland.

In isolated thyroid cells I-epinephrine (0.1 and 10.0 micrograms per milliliter), norepinephrine and isoproterenol consistently stimulated the accumulation and organic binding of iodine. The effect was partially inhibited by phentolamine, but not propranolol, and hence may be mediated by alpha receptors. Theophylline did not mimic or enhance the epinephrine effect, suggesting that the latter may not result from activation of adenyl cyclase.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1983

Thyroid gland diseases and tumours. Surgical aspects.

In contrast to the pediatric endocrinologist, the pediatric surgeon is seldom confronted with thyroid gland diseases. According to the literature, the indications for and the scope of thyroid gland surgery are extremely varied. The absolute indications for surgical treatment are primarily teratomas and carcinomas; relative indications include adenomas and cysts, ectopia, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis and goiter in the newborn. This chapter is concerned with teratomas, carcinomas, ectopy of the thyroid gland and hyperthyroidism. The rare genuine midline teratoma supplanting the thyroid gland and the lateral teratoma in the neck containing thyroid tissue must be operated on immediately for diagnostic reasons. Thyroid carcinoma in childhood is differentiated in over 90% of cases, with a 10-year cure rate of 80-90%. Undifferentiated and medullary carcinomas are rare. Extensive surgery in the form of total thyroidectomy and radical neck dissection is usually unnecessary. When lung metastases are present in medullary carcinoma, total thyroidectomy is imperative. The advantages and disadvantages of total or subtotal thyroidectomy in hyperthyroidism are discussed. Subhyoid and basioglossal ectopias should not be removed surgically because these cosmetically disturbing or symptomatic tumours can be conservatively resected by means of hormone substitution therapy today.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[The ratio of nosological forms and surgical tactics in the treatment of the thyroid gland diseases].

The dynamics of morphofunctional changes of the thyroid gland tissue was analyzed in patients with the organ diseases in 1995-2003. It was established, that geochemical environmental factors constitute the cause of the nodous goiter occurrence. The environment soiling causes the thyroid gland tissue dysplasia and the cancer occurrence. The surgical tactics in the thyroid gland diseases was adduced.

Adenocarcinoma, Papillary↗
PubMed2005

Expression of inhibitory G proteins in adenomatous thyroid glands obtained from hyperthyroid cats.

OBJECTIVE: To identify within guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins (G proteins) the subset of inhibitory G proteins (G) that have decreased expression in adenomatous thyroid glands obtained from hyperthyroid cats. SAMPLE POPULATION: Adenomatous thyroid glands obtained from 5 hyperthyroid cats and normal thyroid glands obtained from 3 age-matched euthyroid cats. PROCEDURE: Expression of G(i1), G(i2), and G(i3) in enriched membrane preparations from thyroid glands was quantified by use of immunoblotting with G(i) subtype-specific antibodies. RESULTS: Expression of G(i2) was significantly decreased in tissues of hyperthyroid glands, compared with expression in normal thyroid tissue. Expression of G(i1) and G(i3) was not significantly different between normal thyroid tissues and tissues from hyperthyroid glands. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A decrease in G(i2) expression decreases inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and allows a relative increase in stimulatory G protein expression. This results in increased amounts of cAMP and subsequent unregulated mitogenesis and hormone production in hyperthyroid cells. Decreased G(i2) expression may explain excessive growth and function of the thyroid gland in cats with hyperthyroidism.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1976

Evaluation of the normal range of values for uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland.

Uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland after oral administration of 75 muCi was determined in 1971-72 in 60 euthyroid female volunteers from the North Shore of Vancouver. Values were as low as 3% at 4 hours and 7% at 24 hours in subjects otherwise proven to be euthyroid. The highest values found were 13 and 26% at 4 and 24 hours. The effective thyroxine ratios were all within the accepted normal range. However, more than half of the volunteers showed some enlargement of the thyroid gland. These results suggest an increased iodine pool in the subjects, the likley source being iodine in mild, dairy products and erythrosine, a colouring agent in foods and pharmaceutical products. Potassium iodate, used sometimes in bread baking, contributed little to this pool in our sample. Subjects were, on the average, 9 to 25% heavier than their peers 20 years ago.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Clinical screening after thyroid gland diseases: contribution of orienting ultrasound examination].

AIM: Of this study was to define the significance of approximate ultrasound explorations of the thyroid gland for the clinical screening for thyroid diseases. METHOD: 918 patients in the medical service of a general hospital were screened for thyroid diseases by means of clinical, functional and sonomorphological methods. A sonographic screening scan with a 5 MHz probe provided data concerning structure and dimension of thyroid gland. Maximal sagittal diameter (SDm, normal range < 18 mm) was taken as a measure for thyroid size. RESULTS: Echogenicity has no essential meaning for thyroid dysfunction screening, but is indispensable for the detection of circumscript or general echo deficiency. SDm has proved to be a simple and well reproducible measure for thyroid size. Among 41 patients with thyrotoxicosis 40 had enlarged SDm, which means a sensitivity of 97.6%. However, a high rate of false positives makes TSH-screening of all enlarged thyroid glands obligatory. Moreover, SDm allows the estimation of a lack of thyroid mass as the most common cause of hypothyroidism. CONCLUSION: We recommend that an approximate ultrasound exploration of the thyroid gland including measuring of SDm should be part of every diagnostic procedure for thyroid disease, as it is precise and not time consuming.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Cyclic AMP as the second hormonal messenger in the in vitro folliculogenesis of the foetal thyroid gland of the rat.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone, the catecholamine isoproterenol, and prostaglandins E1 and E2, all substances known to increase cAMP concentration in thyroid tissue, accelerate the formation of follicular cavities in explanted thyroid of 15-day-old rat foetuses. Dibutyryl-cAMP added to the medium, but not sodium fluoride, also stimulates the folliculogenesis. Since fluoride stimulates membrane adenylate cyclase but does not increase the intracellular cAMP level, these results show that cAMP is involved as a second messenger in the activation of foetal thyroid morphogenesis induced by hormones. They indicate also that the thyroid gland of the foetal rat is capable of responding to hormonal stimulation as early as the 15th day of pregnancy; this implies that on day 15, the foetal thyroid possesses receptors not only for the thyroid-stimulating hormone, but also for catecholamines and prostaglandins.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Langerhans cell histiocytosis isolated to the thyroid gland.

Isolated Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the thyroid is an extremely rare occurrence, with only one case previously reported. A case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis isolated to the thyroid gland associated with lymphocytic thyroiditis is presented and clinical implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Increase in the rough endoplasmic reticulum in capillary endothelial cells and pericytes in hyperplastic rat thyroid glands.

Observatios were made on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of the blood capillary endothelium, pericytes, and lymphatic endothelium in the course of studies of changes occurring in the thryoid gland during the development of thyroid hyperplasia. To induce the hyperplasia, Fischer rats were fed a goitrogen (thiouracil) an a low iodine diet for various time intervals from 3-100 days. Thyroid glands were fixed by perfusion with glutaryldehyde and embedded in Epon. A noticeable increase in the RER in the capillary endothelium was seen by 3 days. This increase was very pronounced by 7 days and persisted in many cells at 100 days. The RER response was also pronounced in pericytes. In the lymphatic endothelium, however, the increase in RER was barely perceptible. These results suggest that capillary endothelium and pericytes have protein synthetic and secretory functions of an unknown nature that become strongly activated in stimulated thyroid glands.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of thyroidectomy and administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) or thyrotropin (TSH) to pregnant rats on the functional development of the fetal thyroid gland an immunohistochemical study.

In order to elucidate the maternal factors influencing the functional development of the fetal rat thyroid gland, pregnant rats were subjected to either thyroidectomy or administration of PTU or TSH and the thyroid glands of the fetuses were examined chronologically by immunohistochemistry to detect thyroglobulin (Tg), T4 and T3. In the group undergoing thyroidectomy, the occurrence of immunoreactive Tg, T4 and T3 was the same as in the control group in spite of slight retardation of the development of the thyroid gland. On the other hand, PTU administration caused remarkable degeneration of the hyperplastic epithelium of the follicles, where immunoreactivity of T4 and T3 was barely detectable, suggesting a transplacental effect of PTU on the fetal thyroid gland. However, Tg remained unaffected and was stained as well as in the controls. Injection of TSH led to a delay in the occurrence of T4 and T3 by one day, probably due to increased levels of thyroid hormone from the stimulated thyroid gland of the mother rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Phospholipids of human thyroid gland.

The phospholipids from human thyroid have been identified and determined by two-dimensional chromatography. The total amount of lipid phosphorus was higher in pathological thyroids (especially in thyroid with Graves' disease) as compared to postmortem tissue. Insignificant differences in percentage distribution of phospholipids between normal tissue and from patients with Graves' disease and nodular goiter were noted. An increase of phosphatidylcholine and a decrease of phosphatidylinositol and sphingomyelin in pathological thyroids were observed. Physiological role of phospholipids in thyroid gland is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The effect of supraclavicular lymph node irradiation upon the thyroid gland in the post-operative breast carcinoma patients.

To identify the effect of post-operative irradiation to the thyroid gland in patients with breast carcinoma. Seventy seven patients with partial or total mastectomized breast carcinoma who received routine irradiation therapy (Hockey stick method: supraclavicular, internal mammary lymph nodes, and chest wall irradiation with 5,040 rads, divided into 30 treatments) were reviewed in terms of their ipsilateral thyroid gland response. All patients had the bilateral thyroid sizes measured annually by ultrasonography before and after radiation therapy. In the one-year follow-up group (n=77), 32 patients (41.5%) demonstrated decreased ipsilateral thyroid gland size after Hockey Stick irradiation therapy (p=0.428), in the two-year follow-up group (n=37), 26 patients (70.3%) demonstrated decreased gland size after Hockey Stick irradiation (p=0.001), and in the three-year follow-up group (n=21), 15 patients (71.4%) showed a decreased thyroid gland size (p=0.005). Most the patients with breast carcinoma (32/77 at the one-year follow-up, 26/37 at the two-year follow-up, and 15/21 at the three-year follow-up) after post-operative Hockey Stick irradiation therapy showed reduced ipsilateral thyroid gland size. Routine en face treatment of the supraclavicular lymph nodes, using the Hockey Stick method, should be reconsidered.

Breast Neoplasms↗