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PubMed1995

New television technique for natural head and body posture analysis.

A new television technique that proved to be faster than conventional photographic analysis has been developed and applied to the evaluation of the head and body natural standing posture in 303 healthy children, ages 6 to 11, and in 186 healthy young adults. In the lateral plane all subjects had extended head (soft tissue Frankfurt plane), with parallel Camper's and occlusal planes. The neck was halfway between the horizontal and vertical planes. Most angles significantly correlated with each other. The occlusal and neck angles showed a significant effect of age, being larger in children than in adults. In children the neck was more flexed, and the occlusal plane was more inclined downward. The results were in accord with previous photographic evaluations showing that the applied method was reliable and could be usefully employed in postural investigations. The results also confirmed that in healthy subjects, regardless of age, the soft tissue Frankfurt plane is extended, not horizontal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Use of alcohol, illicit drugs, and tobacco among characters on prime-time television.

Previous research of addictive substances suggests that use of alcohol, illicit drugs, and tobacco is overrepresented on prime-time television (TV). These studies, however, have relied on frequency counts of the substance, rather than the prevalence of use among characters. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare the prevalence of alcohol, illicit drug, and tobacco users among characters on prime-time TV during 1995 and 1996 with rates of use in the United States. In addition, we determined if the ratio of male to female, young to old, and white to minority addictive substance users on prime-time TV were similar to the equivalent U.S. ratios. Comparing results for prime-time TV characters versus the U.S. population (respectively), 11.0% (99% CI, 9.8-12.1) drank alcohol versus 51.0%; 0.8% (99% CI, 0.5-1.1) used illicit drugs versus 6.1%; and 2.5% (99% CI, 2.0-3.1) smoked tobacco versus 28.9%. In addition, no consistent pattern was evident in our analyses that assessed whether addictive substance users on prime-time TV were more frequently represented as men, young, or minority compared to the similar U.S. ratio. These results indicate that contrary to prevailing beliefs, alcohol, illicit drug, and tobacco users are uncommon on prime-time TV and are less prevalent than in the U.S. population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

U.S. federally funded television public service announcements (PSAs) to prevent HIV/AIDS: a content analysis.

This article reports a content analysis of 56 English-language public service announcements (PSAs) for HIV/AIDS prevention produced since 1987 by the U.S. federal government for television broadcast. These PSAs do not lead target audiences through a logical sequence from awareness to motivation, skill building, and maintenance. The PSAs underutilize a strategy of "strategic ambiguity" to craft individual PSAs that can address the needs of and appeal to multiple target audiences, thereby directing information not only to heterosexuals, the primary target of these PSAs, but also to homosexuals and bisexuals. The PSAs largely ignore issues related to injection drug use and needle sharing. What drug-related portrayals there are focus on African American street junkies, which perpetuates racial stereotypes and fails to address occasional injection drug use. The PSAs exploit fear of HIV/AIDS to discourage drug use but do not offer drug treatment or counseling information. PSAs produced by the Clinton administration to promote condom use do not fully address key reasons why people fail to use condoms: concern about sexual pleasure, embarrassment about obtaining condoms, and lack of skills to negotiate condom use with sexual partners. Implications of these conclusions for the future of U.S. HIV/AIDS prevention are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A content analysis of direct-to-consumer television prescription drug advertisements.

This article reports the results of a content analysis of 23 direct-to-consumer (DTC) product-specific television prescription drug advertisements broadcast during 2001. A majority of ads used both medical and lay terms to convey medical ideas. Most gave consumers somewhat more time to absorb facts about benefits than those about risks, which could have implications for the "fair balance" requirement. Complete references to additional product information were given only in text, casting doubt on whether these ads are making"adequate provision"for dissemination of detailed product information. Overall, our results call into question the potential of these ads to educate consumers.

Advertising↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comprehension of information in three direct-to-consumer television prescription drug advertisements among adults with limited literacy.

Direct-to-consumer (DTC) television advertisements present a number of facts about prescription drug risks and benefits in a brief time. This study assessed comprehension of information in three advertisements among 50 adults with limited literacy. Participants correctly answered an average of 59% of comprehension questions. The percentage of respondents correctly answering individual comprehension questions ranged from 26% to 92%. A multivariate analysis suggested that type of information (risk vs. other) and channel (text vs. audio) predicted comprehension. There was a significant interaction effect for literacy and place of birth. Our results suggest key areas for future research on comprehension of DTC advertising.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of an entertainment-education television drama on health knowledge and behavior in Bangladesh: an application of propensity score matching.

Shabuj Chaya is a weekly television drama broadcast during a 13-week period in Bangladesh in 2000. It used an entertainment-education format to increase health knowledge and to promote visits to health clinic and modern contraceptive use. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how a relatively new statistical technique, propensity score matching in conjunction with structural equation modeling, can be used to obtain an unbiased estimate of changes in health outcomes that can be attributed to exposure to the drama. The analysis is conducted with data from an after-only, cross-sectional survey of 4,492 men and women from the intended audience. The results from propensity score matching approximate what would be expected from a randomized control group design.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Confronting cancer on thirtysomething: audience response to health content on entertainment television.

This study addresses the potential of entertainment television to educate about serious subject matter, such as health content. Through the use of open-ended, in-depth interviews of regular viewers in two metropolitan sites, this study explores audience response to a fictionalized, serialized portrayal of ovarian cancer on thirtysomething. Our questions were directed to the audience's (a) viewing process, including interpersonal contact, identification with characters, and prior experience with cancer, (b) understanding of content, especially illness imagery and coping strategies, and (c) applications to real life, including questions, insights, knowledge, and actions. The details of this exploration indicate the complexity of audience response to this kind of content and suggest guidelines for health communicators as they work with the entertainment industry to embed health-promoting messages in the media.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of television public service announcements on the rate of bystander CPR.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether televised public service announcements (PSAs) demonstrating the fundamentals of CPR were effective in increasing the rate of layperson bystander-initiated CPR. METHODS: Two 30-second PSAs were shown 597 times from September 8, 1996, through April 12, 1997. In each, CPR was given to one member of an older couple by the other in the home. The authors measured rates of bystander CPR in communities that were exposed to the PSA and in communities that were not exposed in two time periods, a before-airing period, January 1, 1993, through September 7, 1996, and a during-airing period, September 8, 1996, through April 12, 1997. A case was defined as a patient with a nontraumatic cardiac arrest that occurred before arrival of EMS personnel, and for whom CPR was initiated by EMS personnel or lay bystanders. RESULTS: There were 1,786 cardiac arrests in the "before" period and 289 in the "during" period. The rate of bystander CPR increased from 43% to 55% (p<0.05) in the intervention community and remained the same in the comparison community (33%). CONCLUSION: Airing of the PSA was accompanied by an increase in the rate of bystander CPR, though the increase may be attributable to a secular trend.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Teaching fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation with and without closed circuit television.

We have compared the progress of anaesthetists taught fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation with the aid of a closed circuit television (CCTV) system with that of anaesthetists taught by traditional methods. Twenty anaesthetists were allocated randomly to either the video or traditional training group. A graduated training programme was used in which the first stage was an introduction to techniques and apparatus and the second stage was practice on an airway model. During the third stage, rhinoscopy, pharyngoscopy and laryngoscopy were performed on anaesthetized patients whose lungs were ventilated via an orotracheal tube. A maximum time of 6 min was allowed for completion of laryngoscopy. Trainees aimed to perform five endoscopies in less than 60 s before moving on to the next stage. During the fourth stage, they carried out five traditional nasotracheal intubations (plus two video-controlled intubations for the video group) on apnoeic, anaesthetized patients. The mean number of endoscopies required (11.7 vs 21.8), mean total endoscopy time (21.5 vs 63.1 min) and mean number of failed endoscopies (0.8 vs 3.9) were significantly less in the video group. All the video-controlled intubations were successful. There was no significant difference between the number of successful traditional intubations in the two groups (90% video, 92% traditional). CCTV appears to enhance substantially the rate of acquisition of fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation skills.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Nonverbatim captioning in Dutch television programs: a text linguistic approach.

In the Netherlands, as in most other European countries, closed captions for the deaf summarize texts rather than render them verbatim. Caption editors argue that in this way television viewers have enough time to both read the text and watch the program. They also claim that the meaning of the original message is properly conveyed. However, many deaf people demand verbatim subtitles so that they have full access to all original information. They claim that vital information is withheld from them as a result of the summarizing process. Linguistic research was conducted in order (a) to identify the type of information that is left out of captioned texts and (b) to determine the effects of nonverbatim captioning on the meaning of the text. The differences between spoken and captioned texts were analyzed on the basis of on a model of coherence relations in discourse. One prominent finding is that summarizing affects coherence relations, making them less explicit and altering the implied meaning.

Humans↗
PubMed1983

Comprehension and retention of television programs by 20- and 60-year olds.

Two experiments were conducted to examine age differences in adults' comprehension and retention of television programs; in both studies content (level of information) and learner (vocabulary level) variables were explored. Fifty older and 50 younger adults participated in each study. Results from Experiment I measures of free recall, probe recall, and recognition showed a significant age by vocabulary interaction; only older low-verbal adults were consistently poorer than their younger counterparts. Experiment II demonstrated that the locus of this interaction may be at initial program comprehension rather than solely at retrieval. The results were interpreted as demonstrating the importance of considering learner characteristics in adult cognitive developmental research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Health education in television entertainment--Medisch Centrum West: a Dutch drama serial.

World-wide a number of groups have sought ways to incorporate health messages into television entertainment like popular drama and soap serials. In the Netherlands, the Heart Foundation incorporated its cardiovascular health message in several episodes of a popular Dutch hospital serial called Medisch Centrum West. To obtain greater insight into the impact of this so-called 'entertainment-education (E & E) strategy', an evaluation study was carried out. Medisch Centrum West was both entertaining and informative at the same time. Although viewers were well aware that the programme included a health message, they did not find it intrusive to their enjoyment of the storyline. It was interesting to learn that fans were more tolerant and positive towards the E & E strategy than non-fans. Age, sex and education level explained only 5% of the variance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

"Pssst . . . the really useful guide to alcohol": evaluation of an alcohol education television series.

The paper reports on the effectiveness of a six-part television series ("Pssst . . . the really useful guide to alcohol") in changing viewers' knowledge and alcohol-related behaviours and attitudes. Comparisons between viewers and matched controls indicated significant increases in knowledge relating to alcohol. No changes in attitudes were found, although some behavioural change was indicated. These results are discussed in the context of wider-ranging alcohol-related health promotion initiatives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The effects of live music groups versus an educational children's television program on the emergent literacy of young children.

Research suggests that music is beneficial in teaching both social and academic skills to young children. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a music therapy program designed to teach reading skills versus the "Between the Lions" television program on the early literacy behaviors of Kindergarten children from a low socioeconomic background. Subjects (n = 86) were children, aged 5-7 years, enrolled in one of four different Kindergarten classes at a public elementary school in Northwest Florida. Each class was assigned one of four treatment conditions: Music/Video (sequential presentation of each condition), Music-Only, Video-Only, and no contact Control group. Growth in early literacy skills was measured using the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) and 3 subtests of the Test of Early reading Ability-3rd edition (TERA-3). Teachers' perceptions of classroom literacy behaviors were measured using a pre and poststudy survey. This study also compared on- and off-task behavior of students during video versus music conditions. Results of the 7 subtests measuring early literacy were varied. The Music/Video and Music-Only groups achieved the highest increases in mean scores from pre to posttest on 4 of the 7 subtests. Students in the Video-Only group scored significantly better on the phonemic segmentation portion of the DIBELS than peers in the Music/Video condition. Furthermore, strong correlations were found between the Letter Naming, Initial Sounds Fluency tests, and total raw score of the TERA-3 tests for both pre and posttesting. Additionally, graphic analysis of mean off-task behavior per session indicated that students were more off-task during both video conditions (video alone and video portion of Music/Video condition) than during the music conditions. Off-task behavior was consistently lower during music sessions for the duration of the study. This study confirmed that music increases the on-task behavior of students. Additionally, the combination of music and video enrichment showed gains in 4 of the 8 tests used to measure students' progress. This pattern supports the need for further investigation regarding benefits of enrichment programs specifically designed to enhance curricula for students from low socioeconomic backgrounds, particularly programs that incorporate music activities.

Child↗
PubMed1996

A content analysis of safety behaviors of television characters: implications for children's safety and injury.

Examined frequency and characteristics of safety behaviors in television programs popular with child audiences. A sample of 52 programs was coded for safety event location, demographic characteristics of safety models, social and physical contexts of safety events, and successful or unsuccessful outcomes of safety behaviors. Results indicate an overall rate of 13 safety behaviors per hour, with hour half of all safety behaviors located in commercial advertisements. Most safety behaviors were performed by made adult characters, had limited relevance for children, and were not associated with either positive or negative outcomes. Findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for observational learning of safety behaviors by child viewers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Cancer incidence near radio and television transmitters in Great Britain. II. All high power transmitters.

A small area study of cancer incidence, 1974-1986, near 20 high power television (TV) and frequency modulation (FM) radio transmitters in Great Britain was carried out to place in context the findings of an earlier study around the Sutton Coldfield transmitter. The national database of postcoded cancer registrations was used with population and socioeconomic data from the 1981 census. Cancers examined were adult leukemias, skin melanoma, and bladder cancer, following the findings in the earlier study of significant declines in risk of these cancers with distance from the Sutton Coldfield transmitter. Childhood leukemia and brain cancer were also examined. Statistical analysis was performed for all transmitters combined, four overlapping groups of transmitters defined by their transmission characteristics, and for all transmitters separately. There were 3,305 adult leukemia cases from 0-10 km (observed/expected (O/E) ratio = 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00-1.07). A decline in risk of adult leukemia was found for all transmitters combined (p = 0.05), two of the transmitter groups, and three of the single transmitters; for all transmitters combined, observed excess risk was no more than 15% at any distance up to 10 km, and there was no observed excess within 2 km of transmitters (O/E ratio = 0.97, 95% CI 0.78-1.21). For childhood leukemia and brain cancer, and adult skin melanoma and bladder cancer, results were not indicative of a decline in risk with distance from transmitters. The magnitude and pattern of risk found in the Sutton Coldfield study did not appear to be replicated. The authors conclude that the results at most give no more than very weak support to the Sutton Coldfield findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The impact of a television soap opera on the NHS Cervical Screening Programme in the North West of England.

BACKGROUND: Mass media interventions can influence health care utilization but the effect of televised fictional accounts of illness upon national screening programmes is unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of a Coronation Street story line, in which one of the characters died from cervical cancer, on the National Health Service (NHS) Cervical Screening Programme. METHODS: The study involved a retrospective analysis of information held on cervical screening databases ('Exeter' computer systems) of the nine Health Authorities constituting the Lancashire and Greater Manchester zones of the North West Region of the NHS. The number of cervical smears performed in the community, in women over 25 years of age, whose previous smear was normal and who were on routine recall, during a 6 month period that included the story line, was compared with those taken over the same period in the previous year. The proportions of smears classified by a screening interval of 'unscheduled', 'on time', 'overdue' or 'no previous smear' were compared. RESULTS: The number of smears performed increased from 65,714 in 2000 to 79,712 in 2001, an increase of 13,998 (21.3 percent; 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 21.0-21.6 per cent) in the 19 weeks after the story line. The increase in the number of smears occurred in all categories of screening interval, with the largest increase seen in those attending 'on-time' (26 per cent). CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated a large impact of a soap opera story line on the cervical screening programme although the benefit to health is not clear. Further research will determine the long-term effect of the story.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Television programming and disability: a ten year span.

Television programming covering disability over a ten year span, 1967-68 and 1977-78, was studied to determine similarities and differences. Variables identified for comparisons included network, program type, disability, time slot, and length of programming. The largest frequency of programs occurred on NBC in 1968. However, in 1978 the largest frequency occurred on the Public Broadcasting System. This can be partially explained by the increased numbers of programs on PBS overall and their traditional concern with public interest and service programming. The commercial networks historically have been in the business of entertaining and portray disability more so in that fashion. Movies head the list in 1968. However, in 1978, dramatic series and children's programming head the list followed by news documentaries and telethon. Paraplegia was the most frequent disability portrayed in 1968 followed by mental illness, drug addiction and emotional disability. In 1978 mental illness headed the list followed by alcoholism, emotional disability and physically handicapped. Paraplegia in 1968 can be accounted for by the program "Ironside" that featured a paraplegic detective. Mental illness and emotional disturbance seem to be consistent targets over the decade for popular programming in prime time.

Persons with Disabilities↗