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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Coordination between respiration and deglutition in a preterm infant mammal, Sus scrofa.

In adult mammals, the path of a swallowed bolus of solid food crosses the laryngeal opening, so that coordination between respiration and deglutition is critical for airway protection. The nature of such coordination in preterm, low-birth-weight infants with immature nervous systems, is not clear. Using preterm pigs as a model, two measures of respiration were recorded and then coordinated with a high-resolution cineradiographic record of swallowing. Swallows, divided into three distinct events, began before inhalation ended, but expiration did not start until after the milk had passed around the laryngeal opening. These results support the idea that a high degree of coordination between swallowing and respiration exists in preterm infant pigs, although other aspects of the nervous system have not fully matured.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Structural organization of 'callosal' OBg in human corpus callosum agenesis.

The structural organization of the 'callosal' OBg was studied in Nissl and Weil stained sections of two human brains completely lacking in the corpus callosum. OBg of the normal brain contains a set of distinctive large pyramidal cells in layer III. By contrast, in the brains with absence of the corpus callosum, layer III of OBg contained a slightly reduced number of smaller pyramidal cells than normal, and the characteristic large pyramidal cells were scarsely detectable. Other layers of OBg were not definitely changed. Furthermore, 'acallosal' striate cortex revealed no specific changes. From these observations, it was suggested that the large layer III pyramids of OBg might be closely related to callosal connections.

Agenesis of Corpus Callosum↗
PubMed1979

Reflex oral activity in decerebrate rats of different age.

Rats decerebrated at different ages (4 days to greater than 100 days) were tested for a rhythmic reflex 'suckling' response and for a simple digastric reflex. The ease with which the 'suckling' response could be elicited decreased with increasing age; the time course of this change approximated to that of changing characteristics of the digastric reflex. The mean latency of the simple reflex response decreased non-linearly from 70 msec in the 4 day postpartum animal to 5 msec in the adult animal; the duration of the response also decreased from 25 msec to 10 msec but this change took place mainly between 8 and 15 days postpartum. The latency of the digastric response also shortened in animals decerebrated on day 4 and kept for 2 days. It was concluded that the observed changes in the digastric reflex occurred independently of encephalic structures.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

Decreased dopamine turnover in the median eminence in response to suckling in the lactating rat.

The effects of suckling on the turnover of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) were studied in terminal projection fields of the tuberoinfundibular (median eminence, ME), nigrostriatal (caudate nucleus, CN), incertohypothalamic (medial preoptic nucleus, MPN) and mesolimbic (nucleus accumbens, NA) dopaminergic neurons. Decreased dopamine turnover in the median eminence was found in suckled compared with nonsuckled rats at 10 days postpartum. This effect was specific as dopamine turnover in the CN, NA and MPN and norepinephrine turnover in the ME, NA and MPN were not affected by suckling. The suckling-induced prolactin response is markedly blunted in rats 20 days postpartum. In these rats, median eminence dopamine turnover did not decrease significantly in response to suckling. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that median eminence dopamine is a physiological prolactin inhibitory factor mediating suckling-induced prolactin release.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Vaginal distension induces milk ejection-related burst of oxytocin neurones interacting with suckling stimuli in lactating rats.

Milk ejection-related bursts of action potentials recurred at fairly regular intervals during suckling in oxytocin cells of anesthetized lactating rats. Additional milk ejection-related bursts were frequently induced in response to vaginal distension. The latency for the induced response was 2.9 +/- 0.2 s and the size of the induced bursts was similar to that of spontaneous ones. When animals were not suckled, the burst was in no case induced by the stimulus. The findings indicate that the two afferent stimuli arising from the mammary gland and vagina can interact with each other in generating milk ejection-related bursts of oxytocin cells.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1994

Does sentential prosody help infants organize and remember speech information?

Theories that propose a mapping between prosodic and syntactic structures require that prosodic units in fluent speech be perceptually salient for infants. Although previous studies have demonstrated that infants are sensitive to prosodic markers of syntactic units, they do not show that prosodic information really has an impact on how infants encode the speech they hear. Two experiments were conducted to examine whether infants as young as 2 months old might actually use the prosody afforded by sentences to organize and remember spoken information. The results suggest that infants better remember the phonetic properties of (1) words that are prosodically linked together within a single clause as opposed to individual items in a list (Experiment 1); and (2) words that are prosodically linked within a single clausal unit as opposed to spanning two contiguous fragments (Experiment 2). Taken together, the evidence from both experiments suggests that the prosodic organization of speech into clausal units enhances infants' memory for spoken information. These findings are discussed with regard to their implications for theories of language acquisition.

Female↗