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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Increased periodontal bone loss in temporarily B lymphocyte-deficient rats.

In order to study the role of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in the development of marginal periodontitis, experiments were performed on specific-pathogen-free (SPF) rats with various immunologic profiles. The study comprised nude (congenitally T lymphocyte-deficient), thymus-grafted nude (T-lymphocyte reconstituted), anti-mu treated (temporarily B lymphocyte-deficient), and normal rats. When they were 5 to 9 weeks old, some of the rats were inoculated with Actinomyces viscosus. Bacteroides gingivalis and a strain of oral spirochetes; 90 days later they were killed. A. viscosus and B. gingivalis colonized readily, but the spirochete strain could not be established permanently in the oral cavity of the rats, 95% of the inoculated rats raised serum IgG or IgM antibody against one or more of the microorganisms; nude rats tended to raise less antibody than the three other experimental groups. Inoculated rats had significantly less periodontal bone support than controls. Anti-mu treated inoculated rats had significantly less periodontal bone support than nude and normal rats, whereas no difference was found between normal, nude, and thymus-grafted rats. It is concluded that permanent T-lymphocyte deficiency did not interfere with the development of periodontal disease in this model, whereas a temporary and moderate reduction in B-lymphocyte numbers seemed to predispose for aggravation of periodontal bone loss.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1993

Sub-gingival microflora in Macaca mulatta species of rhesus monkey.

The Macaca mulatta species of rhesus monkey is one of several non-human primate (nhp) models for periodontal disease. This report presents the bacteriology of the gingival sulci in M. mulatta monkeys. Three sub-gingival sites (maxillary right central incisor, the disto-buccal of the mandibular left second molar and mesio-buccal of the mandibular right second molar) of 9 monkeys were evaluated clinically before scaling and 7 days after scaling. Plaque samples were obtained from sub-gingival sites before clinical examination and studied bacteriologically by dark field microscopy, selective and non-selective culture, and by primary phenotypic characterizations of culture isolates. Several gingival sites presented with mild gingival inflammation. Anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria were the predominant flora colonizing the gingival sulci. The major microbial groups were Haemophilus species (100% of sites; percentage of total anaerobic count (TAC): 21-51), Peptostreptococcus micros (89%, 7.5-29.5), Actinomyces sp. (85%, 7-27), Fusobacterium nucleatum (90%, 5-8), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (73%, 1.3-12), black-pigmented anaerobic rods (BPAR) (80%, 0.6-6.5) and oral streptococci (80%, 0.2-1.0). Microbial groups detected less often were Wolinella sp. (66%, 0-2.6), Capnocytophaga sp. (30%), Eikenella corrodens (4.7%, 0), Campylobacter sp. (28%, 0-0.1) and spirochetes (4.7%, 0-0.07). Seven days after gingival sites were scaled, the plaque score and indices for gingival inflammation declined significantly. The gingival flora after scaling were characterized by lower proportions of the Actinomyces sp., P. micros and BPAR; and increased proportions of the oral streptococci, relative to pre-scaling levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1995

Succession of putative peri-implant pathogens after root-form and plate-form implant placement in partially dentate adult monkeys.

This report describes the succession of putative peri-implant pathogens in partially dentate monkeys after dental implantation and prosthetic reconstruction. Tooth and implant (6 root-end form, 4 blade-vent implants) sites in eight monkeys were monitored microbiologically and clinically during the pre-implant stage, abutment connection stage, bridge placement stage, and three and six months after the bridge placement stage. Tooth and implant sites were cleaned monthly post-extraction. Microbiological studies included dark field microscopy, selective and non-selective culture, and primary phenotypic characterization of culture isolates. After implant surgery, the median proportion of several putative peri-implant pathogens studied were significantly elevated. Following fixture placement, P. intermedia replaced P. melaninogenica as the predominant Black Pigmented Anaerobic Bacilli (BPAB) in the mouth. After abutment connection stage, levels of P. intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatun, Haemophilus sp. and spirochetes were significantly elevated at implant and tooth sites. Three months after bridge installations, P. intermedia and A. actinomycetemcomitans remained significantly elevated at implant sites. At six months after bridge installation, levels of P. intermedia, F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans declined significantly relative to levels at three months. Porphyromonas sp. and spirochetes were not significantly elevated although their levels correlated with gingival redness. P. intermedia, Porphyromonas sp. and spirochetes levels correlated significantly with probing depth. Correlation was detected between P. gingivalis and spirochetes; and between A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. nucleatum. Our studies show a transitional increase in levels of several organisms resembling putative pathogens of human peri-implant infection, associated with implant placements in partially edentulous mouths and supports early prophylactic interventions to control their levels.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗
PubMed1995

A feasibility study on the use of direct light silver stain compared with dark field microscopy for differential counting of subgingival plaque.

The purpose of the present study was to compare direct light microscopy using a silver stain, with dark field microscopy for differential counting of subgingival plaque samples from patients with periodontitis. The feasibility of using the staining method was assessed on subgingival plaque samples which were collected at 34 sites from patients with untreated adult periodontitis. Differential counts of plaque morphotypes assessed by both methods showed close agreement. The proportions of spirochaetes assessed by both methods were significantly associated with probing depth. The silver stain proved a simple, rapid and inexpensive method for differential counting of plaque composition. This method is suitable for possible use in general dental practice where smears could be made at the chair-side and allowed to dry ready for staining and counting at the dentist's convenience using a simple light microscope. A permanent record is also produced which could allow for comparison of samples from before and after treatment and could be used as an aid to patient motivation in suitable cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Microbiological understandings and mysteries of noma (cancrum oris).

The microbiologic history of noma was reviewed. Studies have associated the disease process with large numbers of fusiform bacilli and spirochetal organisms. In order to study the microbiology of the staging and infection periods of noma 62 Nigerian children, aged 3-14 years, 22 children had acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) and were also malnourished, 20 exhibited no acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis but were malnourished and 20 were free of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and in good nutritional state) were evaluated for the presence of viruses and oral microorganisms. The ANUG cases in the malnourished children had a higher incidence of Herpesviridae, the main virus being detected was cytomegalovirus. There were more anaerobic microorganisms recovered, with Prevotella intermedia as the predominant isolate, in the malnourished children as compared to the healthy children. A study of the predominant microflora in active sites of noma lesions was carried out in eight noma patients, 3-15 years of age, in Sokoto State, northwestern Nigeria. Fusobacterium necrophorum was recovered from 87.5% of the noma lesions. Oral microorganisms isolated included Prevotella intermedia, alpha-hemolytic streptococci and Actinomyces spp. which were isolated from 75.0, 50.0 and 37.5% of the patients, respectively. Peptostreptococcus micros, Veillonella parvula, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas spp. were each recovered from one lesion. All strains were observed to be sensitive to all of the antibiotics tested with the exception of one strain of P. intermedia which showed resistance to penicillin. The pathogenic mechanisms of F. necrophorum as a trigger organism were discussed. The isolation from human noma lesions of F. necrophorum, a pathogen primarily associated with animal diseases, may have important etiologic and animal transmission implications.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

Morphological distribution of spirochetes in subgingival plaque from advanced marginal periodontitis in humans.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the distribution of spirochetes (SP), on the basis of ultrastructural criteria in subgingival plaque from patients with advanced marginal periodontitis. Samples were obtained by a paperpoint technique from 18 pockets 6-10 mm in depth from 12 individuals. On grids with negatively stained material, more than 50 SP were photographed from each sample. The SP were primarily grouped according to the number of endoflagella from each cell-end, with the exception of SP with more than eight endoflagella, which were pooled in one group. The diameter, the length, the wavelength and the amplitude of the SP were measured and related to the number of the endoflagella. The 95 per cent and 99 per cent confidence intervals were estimated. Owing to the number of endoflagella, the distribution of SP varied in the separate samples and no relationship to pocket depth was found. SP containing two endoflagella were the pre-dominating type. On the basis of the dimensions of the diameter, the length, the wavelength and the amplitude, the SP fell into four significantly different morphological groups characterized by 1, 2, 3-8, and more than 8 endoflagella, as the values in general increased from group to group.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed1987

Biochemical characterization of nine oral small-sized spirochete strains containing one endoflagellum from each cell-end.

The purpose of the present investigation was to establish a biochemical characterization of oral spirochetes containing one endoflagellum from each cell-end. Nine spirochete strains were isolated from subgingival plaque with pocket depth greater than 6 mm. The following metabolic capabilities were examined: fermentation of 16 different carbohydrates, hydrolysis of urea, gelatin and esculin, and production of indol and H2S. Furthermore activities of the following categories of enzymes were examined: proteases, peptidases, lipases, glycosidases, phosphatases, and mucopolysaccharadases. The tests and analyses were routinely carried out with cultures in the early stationary phase of growth. Of the examined metabolic capabilities eleven of the 21 characters were identical for all strains. Only the fermentation of some of the carbohydrates varied between the strains. All strains were identical regarding the examined enzymes. The following enzyme activities were found: acid and alkaline phosphatase, C-4 (butyrate)-, and C-8 (caprylate)-lipases, peptidases, hyaluronidase, and chondroitinsulfatase. The findings are compared with earlier observations for the same spirochete morphotype and with small-sized spirochetes containing two endoflagella from each cell-end.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed1989

Nutrient and environmental growth factors for nine oral small-sized spirochete strains containing one endoflagellum from each cell end.

The present investigation was carried out in order to obtain better information about the growth requirements of small-sized spirochetes containing one endoflagellum from each cell end. Nine strains of such spirochetes were isolated from subgingival plaque in patients suffering from advanced marginal periodontitis. The strains were maintained in fluid NOS medium with 0.07% Noble Agar. The following environmental factors were studied: Oxygen in the incubation atmosphere and the pH value of the medium. The following nutrient factors were studied: Rabbit serum, heart infusion and trypticase, bovine albumin, human globulin, long-chain fatty acids, volatile fatty acids, steroids, amino acids, carbohydrates, and Na-bicarbonate. Growth was normally determined after 3 days' incubation at 35 degrees C by counting numbers of spirochete cells in a Petroff-Hausser counting chamber. All strains tolerated 3% oxygen in the atmosphere and the pH-optimum was 7.5. Rabbit serum was found not to be an essential nutrient factor. Human globulin stimulated growth, while bovine albumin inhibited growth. Heart infusion and trypticase influenced growth moderately. Of the remaining nutrient factors the long-chain fatty acids inhibited growth and the volatile fatty acids did not affect growth, while certain carbohydrates, especially glucose, stimulated growth. Na-bicarbonate in low concentrations stimulated growth, while higher concentrations inhibited growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Multivariate analyses of cellular fatty acids and carbohydrates of 1:2:1 and 2:4:2 spirochetes.

Delimitation of small-sized spirochetes of the oral cavity can be difficult. The endoflagella pattern has long served as the main criterion for taxonomic distinction. For approved species, e.g. Treponema denticola, several endoflagella patterns are observed, which indicates that this criterion is inadequate. The present study with GC and GC-MS used fatty acids and carbohydrates of whole-cell methanolysates to distinguish 1:2:1 and 2:4:2 subgingival spirochetes. Thirteen fatty acids: C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, Ciso-14:0, C2-OH-14:0, C15:0, Cante-15:0, C16:0, Ciso-16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2, and three carbohydrates: rhamnose, glucose, and glucosamine, were detected. The carbohydrate contents did not differ between the two groups. While 1:2:1 spirochetes contained Ciso-14:0 and Cante-15:0 acid, 2:4:2 spirochetes did not. Also multivariate analyses of quantitative fatty acid data distinguished between these groups.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1994

Immunoglobulin-containing cells in the colonic mucosa in patients with human intestinal spirochaetosis.

The relative proportions of cells containing the various classes of immunoglobulins in the colonic mucosa were determined in eight patients with human intestinal spirochaetosis (HIS) and in eight controls. All specimens were taken from colonic resections performed because of adenocarcinoma. None of the cases with HIS showed an inflammatory reaction in the mucosa as judged subjectively by light microscopy. Cases with HIS had smaller proportions of IgD- and IgE-positive cells and a larger proportion of IgA cells as compared with the controls, whereas the proportions of IgG and IgM cells were similar in the two groups. Taking into account the large individual variations in the proportions of immunoglobulins in both groups, our findings must be interpreted with caution. However, our results do not support the previous demonstration of increased percentages of IgE-positive cells in patients with HIS.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2000

A clinical, radiographic, and microbiologic comparison of Astra Tech and Brånemark single tooth implants.

BACKGROUND: The soft tissues around single tooth implants differ fundamentally from the gingiva around natural teeth. There are very limited data comparing soft tissues around different implant systems. AIM: To assess whether the design characteristics of dental implants, particularly the implant-abutment junction, may affect the dimensions and health of the peri-implant soft tissues and radiographic bone levels. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Fifteen Astra Tech and 15 Brånemark single tooth implants that had been in function for a minimum of 2 years in 30 partially dentate subjects were examined for plaque accumulation, probing depth, and bleeding on probing and compared to contralateral healthy teeth. Standardized radiographs were taken to measure the most coronal bone to implant contact on the mesial and distal surfaces. In addition, samples of subgingival plaque were taken on paper points and examined by darkfield microscopy. RESULTS: Significantly higher mean probing depths (p < .001) and higher mean percentage of spirochetes (p = .003) were found at implants compared to teeth. In this sample, the Brånemark implants had significantly higher probing depths than the Astra Tech implants (median and interquartile range: Astra Tech 2.7 mm [2-3], Brånemark 3.3 mm [3-3.7] p = .026) and the most coronal bone to implant contact was closer to the implant-abutment junction in the Astra Tech implants (Astra Tech 0.6 mm [0.2-0.9], Brånemark 1.6 mm [1.4-2.0]. p < .001). CONCLUSION: Although there were statistically significant differences between the two implant systems, the clinical differences were small and probably reflect differences in the biologic width in relation to the location and design of the implant-abutment junction.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Caecal decomposition of uric acid in captive and free ranging willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus lagopus).

Urine entering the caeca of birds contains significant amounts of uric acid. The discovery of great numbers of bacteria utilizing uric acid in the caeca has encouraged the discussion about nitrogen recycling in birds. In this work caecal decomposition of uric acid in wild and captive willow ptarmigan has been investigated using radioactively labelled uric acid injected directly into one of the caeca. The appearance of radioactive CO2 in the expired air was taken as an indication of uric acid breakdown. The decomposition occurred at a rate corresponding to a half-life of 26 min (11-36 min). The results are in accordance with the previously reported observations of huge numbers of uric acid utilizing bacteria in the caeca of a variety of birds, and also with the nitrogen recycling theory. However, no conclusion concerning the nitrogen recycling can be drawn.

Amoeba↗