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PubMed2002

The presumption of sociality: social learning in diverse contexts in brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater).

Data are presented on social and vocal learning in cowbirds (Molothrus ater) housed in large aviaries and given more degrees of freedom than in conventional experimental studies. The studies show that social and vocal outcomes are facultative responses to social contexts. Several findings are reviewed: First, cowbirds quickly self-organize into groups by age and sex; second, opportunities to interact across age and sex do exist and affect courtship competence; third, female cowbirds organize themselves differently in the presence and absence of male competition; and fourth, young, naive cowbirds show rapid and differential sensitivity to group dynamics. Taken as a whole, the data show that social Umwelten are dynamic, developmental ecologies.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Social determinants, political contexts and civil society action: a historical perspective on the Commission on Social Determinants of Health.

ISSUES ADDRESSED: To evaluate opportunities for action on social determinants of health (SDH) requires a historical perspective. Plans for addressing SDH should be developed with an awareness of past similar efforts and factors that contributed to their success or failure. METHODS: Review of published historical literature on analysis and action on SDH, in particular from the Latin American social medicine movement. RESULTS: In the period since World War II, global public health has oscillated between a social vision of health and a more individualistic, technological and medicalised model. Action on SDH was central to comprehensive primary health care as promulgated at the 1978 Alma-Ata conference and championed by the movement for 'Health for All by the Year 2000'. Subsequently, commitment to addressing SDH declined under the impact of restrictive interpretations of 'selective primary health care' and the pressure of neo-liberal economic and health policies. CONCLUSIONS: Through its critique of politically naive medical and public health approaches and of neo-liberal ideology, the Latin American social medicine tradition offers important lessons for today's efforts to advance action on SDH. Key lessons concern: (1) the model of praxis, consciously uniting reflection and action for political change; and (2) the importance of civil society and community participation in action on SDH.

Africa↗

PubMed1994

Social problem solving, social behavior, and children's peer popularity.

This study examined social problem-solving ability and peer social behavior in popular and unpopular 5-6-year-old children. The 4 most popular and 4 least popular individuals in a school class of 26 children were identified. Responses to a series of four social dilemmas were obtained, and the children were videotaped during free class activities. Popular children gave significantly more effective (p < .01) and relationship oriented (p < .05) strategies for resolving social dilemmas than unpopular children, and they were involved in more peer interactions (p < .05), were more positively reinforcing (p < .01), and showed more positive activity when alone (p < .01).

Child↗

PubMed2001

Social context and "natural recovery": the role of social capital in the resolution of drug-associated problems.

This paper explores the social context of "natural recovery" from problems associated with the misuse of intoxicants. Using data collected from in-depth interviews with 46 former alcohol- and drug-dependent persons, this paper examines how the social capital that these respondents had accumulated prior to their addiction and maintained during it aided in their recovery without treatment. We specifically explore how the relations within their lives and the actual and virtual resources available to subjects through their social capital aided in our respondents' "natural recovery" from drug-use related problems. We conclude with a discussion of the implications an analysis of social capital has for the treatment of drug-associated problems as well as for drug policy.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Social class differences in social support among older adults.

The purpose of this study is to test for social class differences in social support among older adults. Data on a comprehensive range of social support measures provided by a nationwide sample of elderly people suggests that social class differences emerge when measures of contact with friends, support provided to others, and satisfaction with support are examined. However, significant differences fail to emerge with indicators of contact with family, support received from others, and negative interaction.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Social participation and health in a community rich in stock of social capital.

In Finland, members of the Swedish-speaking minority, many of whom live in the province of Ostrobothnia, intermingle with the Finnish-speaking majority. Although the two language communities are quite similar to each other in most societal respects, including socioeconomic status, education and use of health services, significant disparities have been reported in the morbidity, disability and mortality between the Swedish-speaking minority and the Finnish-speaking majority. Since the population genetic, ecological and socioeconomic circumstances are equal, Swedish speakers' longer active life is difficult to explain by conventional health-related risk factors. A great deal of health inequality (between the language groups) seems to derive from uneven distribution of social capital, i.e. the Swedish-speaking community holds a higher amount of social capital that is associated with their well-being and health. Factor analysis revealed four patterns of social capital measures, i.e. voluntary associational activity, friendship network, religious involvement and hobby club activity, of which associational activity, friendship network and religious involvement were significantly associated with good self-rated health. Also, trustful friendship network, hobby club activity and religious involvement as well as avoidance of intoxication-prone drinking behavior were significantly more frequent among the individuals of the Swedish-speaking community. We suggest that health promotion should seek ways of working which would encourage social participation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Barriers to medical care of Mexican-Americans: the role of social class, acculturation, and social isolation.

Literature on medical care utilization by Mexican-Americans suggests that patterns of utilization can be explained, in part, by acculturation, social class and social isolation. The relative importance of these variables is explored in a survey of a rural Mexican-American community in Southern Texas. Data on 152 families are analyzed using a logit analysis, with utilization as the outcome variable. The results suggest that acculturation has a direct effect, while social class and social isolation interact to have a weak effect independent of acculturation. These results confirm the importance of understanding all three variables in planning and implementing medical care programs in Mexican-American communities.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Social support in social interaction: a moderator of cardiovascular reactivity.

This study examines the possibility that social support operates as a moderator of cardiovascular reactivity, which may be a factor in the development of heart disease and hypertension. An experiment was performed in which each of 40 subjects was the object of verbal attack in a discussion of a controversial issue. In each session, one subject and three confederates participated. Two of the confederates argued with the subject; in half the groups, a third confederate defended the subject's position (social support condition); in the other half, the third confederate sat quietly (no support condition). The subject's blood pressure and heart rate were continuously monitored. Subjects in the social support condition showed significantly smaller increases in cardiovascular measures than subjects in the no support condition. The results are discussed in terms of small group dynamics and Social Comparison Theory.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1988

Social networks, social support, and elderly institutionalized people.

This article shows how social network studies contribute to development of knowledge about social support and describes research on the social networks of elderly institutionalized people. Network patterns emerged from data obtained through an anthropological fieldwork approach to network analysis. They are discussed in connection with a conceptualization of support as esteem enhancement and coping assistance. Residents' points of view are reported in their own words as much as possible to preserve active images that confront stereotypes of elderly people as passive and dependent. Their responses illustrate important aspects of social support in institutional settings that have implications for scientific nursing practice.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Relationships between social support, social coping and life events in the relapse of schizophrenic patients.

The vulnerability-stress model for schizophrenia posits that relapses are at least partly determined by interacting triggering and protecting psychosocial factors. This study examined social support and general coping style in 42 consecutively admitted DSM:III schizophrenic patients, who were followed prospectively for up to four years. In a second part of the study, a subgroup of the patients were interviewed using the Life Event and Difficulty Schedule 9 months after discharge or at relapse. Patients contented with low social integration had a higher relapse rate over four years than patients lacking of social provisions, but wanting more. We found an excess of life events three weeks before relapse compared to events reported in the non-relapsing group. Suggesting a buffering effect of social factors, time between life event and relapse was significantly extended among patients with a high availability of attachment and a coping strategy characterised of active support seeking.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Social class, social support and obesity risk in children.

Selected characteristics of the social environment are tested as predictors of children's risk for obesity. Data were collected during the summer of 1991 at the University of South Alabama Springhill Paediatric Clinic (Mobile, AL, USA). Data were collected on 77 children, aged 2.5-5 years, and their primary caretaker. Obesity risk was measured by the child's weight for height score and calorie intake. Caretaker's socio-economic status, marital status, and social support predict children's obesity risk for this sample. Lower social class position, lower expressive social support, and unmarried status of the caretaker are associated with a higher calorie intake and a higher weight for height score in the child.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Trait and social processes in the link between social support and affect: an experimental, laboratory investigation.

This study investigated the extent to which the link between perceived social support and affect reflected support recipients' trait perceived support as well as three distinct social processes: the objective supportiveness of providers, the unique relationships among recipients and providers that were stable over occasions, as well as the unique relationships that varied across occasions. Ten recipients interacted with each of the same four providers on five separate occasions, for a total of 200 interactions. Recipients and independent observers rated recipient affect and provider support. Greater perceived support was related to greater positive affect for recipients' trait perceived support, as well as for relationships that were stable over occasions and relationships that varied across occasions. No social support effects were found for negative affect. Perceived similarity was a consistent predictor of recipients' support perceptions. Implications for social support models and interventions were discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Social capital and social support on the web: the case of an internet mother site.

Do virtual communities in cyberspace foster social capital and social support? Using participant observation and discourse analysis, we examine a mothering board on a parent's website and investigate whether social capital was present, and if so, how it was developed and used. We find three main types of communication emerge from our analysis: emotional support, instrumental support--both formal and informal, and community building/protection, all of which contribute to the creation and maintenance of social capital. Additionally, using sampling with replacement, we created a final data set of 180 mothers and report descriptive statistics to identify characteristics of those on the board.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

The etiology of schizophrenia: a replication test of the social selection vs. the social causation hypotheses.

A quasi-experimental design was used to test the social causation-social selection hypotheses for the etiology of schizophrenic disorders. It was based on first admissions to psychiatric in-patient facilities for Jerusalem Jewish residents aged 15 years and over. Data were extracted from hospital charts; diagnoses were made based on the NHSI, DSM III and RDC classificatory systems. The results showed that among the lower class the ethnically advantaged had higher rates of schizophrenic disorders than the ethnically disadvantaged. The results were statistically significant when the ethnic contrast was maximized. Though the results support the social selection hypothesis, social stress factors are not entirely ruled out.

Educational Status↗

PubMed2006

Parental anti-smoking socialization. associations between parental anti-smoking socialization practices and early adolescent smoking initiation.

This longitudinal study of 600 families concentrates on the influence of parental anti-smoking socialization by examining both (a) the effects of eight indicators of anti-smoking socialization on adolescent smoking and (b) the influence of parental smoking on the effectiveness of their anti-smoking socialization. Robust differences between smoking and non-smoking parents demonstrated that both kinds of families hold different norms and attitudes about adolescent smoking and how to deal with it. In terms of effective anti-smoking socialization, it appeared that parental involvement on a more abstract level, such as feeling confident one has influence on the smoking behaviour of one's child and having knowledge whether one's child and his or her friends smoke, seemed important in preventing early adolescent smoking, while concrete communication or house rules about smoking were not.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

A social skills training program for preschoolers with developmental delays. Generalization and social validity.

This investigation was designed to assess a social skills training program with 32 developmentally delayed preschoolers. Subjects were evaluated in an unstructured play session, matched for levels of appropriate and inappropriate social behaviors, and assigned to either a treatment or control condition. The treatment group (N = 16) was presented with a 6-week protocol involving positive reinforcement, modeling, rehearsal, feedback, and time out. Controls (N = 16) received no instruction beyond regular classroom activities during the 6 weeks. The two groups were reevaluated in a posttest session and again in a generalization setting where two peers with developmental delays (not included in either experimental condition) were included. Prosocial behaviors were successfully taught and maintained in generalization settings. Efforts to reduce inappropriate behaviors were less successful. A test of social validity via teachers' ratings of videotapes of pretest and posttest assessments was also conducted. Implications for generalization and social validity research are discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1999

Social reintegration after stroke: the first stages in the development of the Subjective Index of Physical and Social Outcome (SIPSO).

OBJECTIVE: To ensure at outset the content validity of a measure (to be developed) of social integration following stroke. DESIGN: Qualitative study, using in-depth interviews with patients at least six months following stroke. SETTING: Community setting, Bristol, UK. SUBJECTS: Thirty survivors of stroke, discharged at least six months previously from a neurological rehabilitation unit in a district general hospital. RESULTS: Patients reported a change, usually for the worse, in their levels of integration following stroke. More specifically they alluded to a decrease in both the quantity and quality of activities, especially with regard to leisure and those activities occurring outside the home. Social interaction was reduced in most patients, in terms of frequency and quality of contact. From the data, six dimensions of change in quality of interaction emerged. Finally, changes in patients' physical and financial environments were reported. Based on the findings, four diagrams were developed, providing a structure for questionnaire development. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study confirm the findings of previously reported research. An individual's level of social integration can be affected by stroke in a wide variety of areas and along many different dimensions. Data from this study have highlighted the importance of the patient's subjective impression of the quality of both functional and social performance. This has provided the opportunity to develop a questionnaire based on the patient's perspective, rather than that of health professionals.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1988

Towards a network of social health services: redefining discharge planning and expanding the social work domain.

Hospitalization for most people occurs episodically in an individual's lifetime, when the patient, someone with a past and future, is acutely ill. Particularly in the present health care climate "discharge planning" in hospitals will need to be redefined to address the real needs of people at health transitions. Programmatic initiatives by hospital social work departments are suggested as a strategy of moving toward the new concept of "social health care management." This paper discusses the background and a model of expanding social work domain in providing such a viable network of social health services.

Community-Institutional Relations↗