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PubMed1998

The nature and fate of categorical surgical residents who "drop out".

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the fate of categorical surgical residents who leave a program or if they differ from those who successfully complete a program. METHODS: Matching into separate categorical and preliminary categories with elimination of the pyramid began in 1982. The files of all categorical residents matched between 1982 and 1995 were reviewed for demographic and scholastic data. Drop-outs were compared with the residents who completed the program and with the current house staff. All residents have been followed up to the present. RESULTS: Between 1982 and 1996, 19 of 88 (22%) categorical residents who matched into the program left voluntarily. Eleven of 63 (17%) were male and 8 of 25 (32%) female (P = 0.12; test of proportions-Z = -1.55). They entered both surgical and nonsurgical fields. The major reasons for leaving were related to life-style issues. Their academic credentials are very similar to those who remained. CONCLUSIONS: The drop-out rate of categorical surgical residents is significant, and replacing them is not easy. We have not identified any characteristics that might predict attrition.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Association between behavioral and school problems and fatherhood in a national sample of adolescent youths.

The relation between fatherhood and behavioral and school problems was studied in a nationally representative sample of adolescent youths. Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Work Experience of Youth (NLSY). Of the 6400 youths interviewed in 1980, 367 (5.7%) reported that they had fathered a child before the age of 19 years. This group was compared with 1000 non-fathers selected at random from the same data set. The groups differed by race and family socioeconomic characteristics. Academic, drug, and conduct problems were significantly more common among adolescent fathers than among non-fathers. Race and family income, and fatherhood status were independently related to various problem behaviors. These results confirm previous findings demonstrating a relation between delinquency and adolescent fatherhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The role of father involvement in children's later mental health.

Data on 8441 cohort members of the National Child Development Study were used to explore links between father involvement at age 7 and emotional and behavioural problems at age 16, and between father involvement at age 16 and psychological distress at age 33, controlling for mother involvement and known confounds. Father involvement at age 7 protected against psychological maladjustment in adolescents from non-intact families, and father involvement at age 16 protected against adult psychological distress in women. There was no evidence suggesting that the impact of father involvement in adolescence on children's later mental health in adult life varies with the level of mother involvement.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Youth unemployment: a review of the literature.

This paper sets out to review the studies on youth unemployment conducted in a range of English speaking countries: America, Australia and Great Britain. The studies have been divided into six sections: psychological adjustment, attributions and expectations, education about unemployment, job choice and work experience, values, and job interview training. The paucity of good studies in this area partly explains the lack of clear replicated findings or coherent theories for the causes, correlates and consequences of unemployment among young people, though this is an area of relevance to social policy. Furthermore, it was concluded that various factors such as individual differences, salient demographic variables and previous work experience have been neglected. Nevertheless, many of the studies seem to indicate the presence of a destructive vicious circle which young people experience when failing to get a job: stress and disappointment, leading to lowered self-esteem, a change in expectations, and minor psychiatric illnesses which handicap the job search and application process so making unemployment all the more likely.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Images of adolescence: an investigation into the accuracy of the image of adolescence constructed by British newspapers.

The aims of the present study were to determine any changes in the representation of adolescents by the British press since the beginning of the decade, and to examine the relationship of the media image to facts and figures concerning the age group. Twenty-one daily and Sunday newspapers were monitored, and items involving adolescents (defined as people aged between 11 and 19 years of age) were noted and subjected to a content analysis. The four most frequently occurring categories (victims, crime, sport and unemployment) were further investigated, and such information as was appropriate to the evaluation of these categories collected. It was found that the emphasis in the reporting of adolescence bore little relationship to the importance or relevance of each area of study. Victimization and criminal activity were overemphasized by the newspapers, whilst sport and unemployment were underemphasized. Furthermore, details of coverage within some categories (e.g. crime) were misleading. The typical adolescent in 1985, according to the newspapers, is a criminally inclined, sporting youngster who is likely to become victim of a wide variety of crimes and accidents. She or he is also very likely to be unemployed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The effects of neglect on academic achievement and disciplinary problems: a developmental perspective.

The present study examines the effect of child neglect, alone and in combination with abuse, on academic achievement and school disciplinary problems for elementary, junior high, and senior high students. The sample included 324 neglected children and adolescents, and a matched nonmaltreated sample of 420 children and adolescents. All subjects were in grades K through 12 in a small city in New York state. The results revealed that neglected children did perform more poorly than their nonmaltreated counterparts, having lower grades, more suspensions, more disciplinary referrals, and more grade repetitions, even when controlling for gender of child and SES. Neglect alone and neglect in combination with physical or sexual abuse was related to lower grades and more suspensions. The combination of abuse and neglect had a particularly strong effect on the number of disciplinary referrals and grade repetitions. Abused/neglected students in junior high had the highest number of grade repetitions. The number of disciplinary referrals continued to increase through senior high for both neglected and abused/neglected students. Interestingly, the academic performance of all subjects dropped during junior high. Neglect and neglect in combination with abuse appeared to exacerbate a decline in academic performance that occurs as children enter junior high school.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Responding to the mental health needs of Latino children and families through school-based services.

This article highlights the value and utility of school-based mental health services in addressing the unmet mental health needs of Latino children and families in the United States. To better understand our nation's rapidly growing Latino population, such critical factors as demographic characteristics, cultural values, and family structure are examined. Special attention is devoted to the daunting challenges and resultant trauma experienced by many of these children and families who have recently immigrated to this country from war-torn home-lands in Central America. The mental health status of Latino children is addressed, along with various service delivery issues and psychotherapeutic modalities to facilitate their personal adjustment and social adaptation in a culturally sensitive manner. The article concludes with the presentation of an innovative school-based mental health program that offers a range of services of demonstrated effectiveness in aiding Latino children and their families. Specific strategies for replicating the program model in other culturally diverse settings are also discussed.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2001

Morbidity and Irish Catholic descent in Britain. Relating health disadvantage to socio-economic position.

In common with some other ethnic and religious minorities whose forebears migrated from their country of origin, Irish Catholics in Britain are less well off than the host population in terms of socio-economic position and health. Results are presented from a Scottish study, where Catholic religion of origin mainly indicates Irish ancestry, and it is estimated that about one-third of the population is of significant Irish descent. In this study, excess of physical and mental health problems and disability have previously been reported for those of Catholic background, particularly in the eldest cohort (aged 56 in 1988), and have not been fully explained by health-related behaviour. In this paper, we examine a number of key health measures, namely self-assessed health, number of symptoms in the month prior to interview, sadness or depression, disability and lung function, and various indicators of socio-economic position (head of household social class, main source of income, car ownership, housing tenure and school-leaving age), which all show Catholic disadvantage. Using longitudinal results from the 723 respondents who completed interviews both at sweeps one (1988) and three (1995), it is estimated that about half of the morbidity excess amongst middle-aged Catholics in Glasgow can be explained by socio-economic disadvantage. The health and socio-economic position of white minorities and disadvantaged religious minorities like Catholics in Scotland should be monitored by a co-ordinated information strategy.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term trends in cigarette smoking among young U.S. adults.

Retrospective examination of a national probability sample revealed that young women, particularly those who dropped out of high school, have reached smoking rates as high or higher than subgroups of young men. These results suggest that surveillance, research, and public health programs are needed to address the rapid increase in smoking among young women.

Achievement↗