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PubMed1990

[Relations of catecholamine and prostaglandin contents in the blood of rats exposed to acute stress and during adaptation to stress].

In Wistar male rats, 1-h acute immobilization stress resulted in the increased plasma adrenalin, noradrenaline and dopamine in approximately 13, 8 and 23 times, respectively. Plasma PGF2 alpha increased in 3.5 times while PGE remained unchanged; this resulted in the decreased PGE/PGF2 alpha relation in 2.8 times. The PGI2/TXA2 relation also decreased in 1.5 times due to a more pronounced growth of TXA2 than that of PGI2. In rats adapted to the repeated stress (12 sessions), the plasma catecholamine level was higher than that in control but 2-3 fold lower than in unadapted rats after acute single stress. In this situation, PGE was increased by 70% as compared to the control. This is why PGE/PGF2 alpha relation was similar to the control whereas the level of PGF2 alpha increased. PGI2 increased by 53% and TXA2--in two times as compared to the control. In these rats, acute stress induced neither plasma catecholamine enhancement nor PGE/PGF2 alpha relation decrease in comparison with the initial levels; the TXA2 content was increased but it was by 33% less than that in unadapted rats exposed to such stress. One can suggest that the decreased activation of adrenergic system respondent to acute stress in unadapted rats is associated with the increase in plasma PGE and PGI2 which are known to limit the catecholamine release from adrenergic terminals and their harmful effects.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Towards stress-resistant persons: a stress management approach to the treatment of anxiety.

With the reported increase in life stress in recent years, it is important to understand the relationship between such stress and health. It would be of further value if efficacious and time-limited approaches for coping with life stress were to be developed. This paper presents a brief history of the literature on stress, health, and illness. It focuses particular attention on persons who cope adequately with life stress--stress-resistant persons. It also outlines a four-step program to teach these effective copying skills to more vulnerable persons, and presents preliminary findings and the theoretical and clinical issues involved in its implementation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

[Genetical aspects of hormonal modification of the stress reactivity. II. Modification in early ontogenesis of the stress reactivity of adult gray rats selected for behavior toward man].

Inherited and modificational changes of the stress reactivity in two outbreed stocks of wild Norway rats trapped in nature and selected for behaviour were studied. During 18 generations the rats of one stock were selected for the lack of defensive behaviour in the glove test (tame), while in another stock the aggressiveness was maintained by the selection (aggressive). Interstock differences in the brain noradrenaline mechanisms were observed. The emotional stress reactivity of the tame animals was decreased, in comparison with the aggressive ones. Definitive stress reactivity of adult rats was modified by injections of hydrocortisone to their mothers on the 16 and 18 days of gestation. Hormonal treatment changed noradrenaline mechanisms and decreased the reaction to emotional stressor in aggressive rats. The modified level of the stress reactivity of aggressive rats was similar to the definitive level of the tame ones. Hormonal treatment did not modify stress reactivity in tame rats. Thus, the phenotype only emerging in aggressive rats, as a result of hormonal modification, is the inherited norm of the tame animals. However, due to rat selection for the lack of defensive behaviour towards the man, high corticosteroid level in the blood of pregnant females, an external developmental factor, in respect to the fetus, loses regulatory function during the development of the neuroendocrine mechanisms of the stress reaction.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1985

[Comparative evaluation of the effect of preliminary adaptation of the body to moderate physical loading and brief stress exposures on heart contractile function disorders in long-term stress].

The effect of repeated emotional-painful stress stimuli and repeated moderate exercise (swimming) on cardiac resistance to long-term emotional-painful stress (EPS) was studied in Wistar rats. Adaptation to repeated exercises was found to significantly increase tension developed by the myocardium of an isolated auricle and myocardial resistance to hypoxia and excessive calcium, but it could not prevent the EPS-induced depression of contractility. Adaptation to short-term stress on the contrary, did not significantly affect myocardial tension and cardiac resistance to hypoxia and excessive calcium, but it completely prevented the long-term EPS-induced depression and considerably reduced the stress-potentiating effect on the development of calcium and hypoxic contractures. Therefore, adaptation to stressful effects proper, rather than moderate exercise, can build up heart resistance to damaging stress effects.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1985

[Effect of stress-inducing factors on the behavior of monkeys. I. The behavior of monkeys under acute emotional stress].

The behavior of Papio hamadryas pubertal males under the immobilizational stress conditions has been studied. It has been established that this very type of stress appeared to be a powerful irritant for the individuals of this species and age leading them into the depression state. The process of normalization of behavior after the 2-hour immobilization lasted for about 72 h. The main consequences of the stress were the violation of locomotion, the reception by individuals of unnatural postures, the trembling of limbs and the violation of coordination. The reaction of stress was greatly influenced by the position of individual in the hierarchic system. The dominant (alpha) and the most subdominant (z) males bore the stress easier. The intensification of food activity was marked within the male z. In certain period after the immobilization the tendency of the growth of friendly contacts between the individuals was found. The frequency of aggressive behavior after the stress lowered. The violation of manipulation activity was also marked. These regularities are of great importance for the reconstruction of group social behavior models of protohominid's societies.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Stress-induced sensitization and glucocorticoids. I. Sensitization of dopamine-dependent locomotor effects of amphetamine and morphine depends on stress-induced corticosterone secretion.

Repeated exposures to stress sensitize motor and addictive effects of drugs of abuse. Recently, it has been shown that stress-induced behavioral sensitization depends on the secretion of glucocorticoids. We investigated if sensitization of dopamine-dependent effects of psychostimulants and opioids was influenced by glucocorticoid. Sensitization of the dopaminergic response to drugs is considered the neural substrate of behavioral sensitization and has been implicated in vulnerability to drug abuse. Dopamine-dependent effects of psychostimulants and opioids were evaluated by injecting either amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens (10 micrograms/side) or morphine into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (1 microgram/side). The locomotor response to psychostimulants and opioids injected in these brain areas depends on the mesencephalic dopaminergic transmission. Drug-induced locomotion was compared in male rats in which corticosterone secretion was either in +tct or experimentally suppressed by an adrenalectomy associated with a substitutive treatment reproducing basal levels of the hormone. Eight days of food restriction (80% of the initial body weight) were used as a stressor. Suppression of stress-induced corticosterone secretion abolished food restriction-induced sensitization of the locomotor effects of intra-accumbens amphetamine and intra-VTA morphine. This effect was corticosterone dependent since the restoration of corticosterone levels in the range of those induced by stress totally reinstates sensitization. Our results suggest that glucocorticoids control stress-induced sensitization by changing the sensitivity of the mesencephalic dopaminergic transmission to drugs of abuse. Since dopaminergic effects of drugs are related to their addictive properties, secretion of glucocorticoids may be one of the factors determining the enhanced vulnerability to drugs observed in stressed subjects.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1993

A comparison of the cough stress test and single-channel cystometry with multichannel urodynamic evaluation in genuine stress incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the predictability and accuracy of a simplified approach--the cough stress test and single-channel cystometry--in the diagnosis of genuine stress incontinence (GSI) by comparing these tests to the more complex multichannel cough urethral pressure profile and urethrocystometry. Conversely, we assessed the predictability and accuracy of the multichannel approach--the cough urethral pressure profile and urethrocystometry--in GSI by comparing these tests to the cough stress test and single-channel cystometry. METHODS: Prospectively, 145 women with complaints of urinary incontinence underwent a complete urogynecologic evaluation. All patients underwent single-channel cystometry with cough stress test and multichannel urethrocystometry with cough urethral pressure profiles in the erect position. Genuine stress incontinence was diagnosed if 1) the patient was seen to spurt urine per urethra with cough at full cystometric capacity in the absence of vesical instability as determined by single-channel cystometry, or 2) the cough urethral pressure profile demonstrated pressure equalization in the absence of vesical instability as determined by multichannel urethrocystometry. Statistical values were calculated for both the simplified and the multichannel methods, and measures of validity were compared statistically. RESULTS: For the diagnosis of GSI, the simplified method had a positive predictive rate of 87.2% and a negative predictive rate of 80.6%. The multichannel method had a positive predictive rate of 84.0% and a negative predictive rate of 84.4%. CONCLUSION: For the diagnosis of GSI, the simplified method of the cough stress test and single-channel cystometry is as accurate and predictive as the multichannel method.

Cough↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of stress-limiting systems in the pathogenesis of stress-induced myocardial damage].

The role of GABAergic and serotoninergic system (stress-limiting systems) in the changes occurring in the activity of blood and myocardial pro- and antioxidative systems, as well as in stress-induced cardiac structure damages was studied in 103 rabbits by using a model of long-term emotional stress induced by 24-hour hour electrostimulation of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus during 12 days. The experiment alternated with relaxations of the same duration. A total of 5 sessions were conducted within 120 days. During early emotional stress, the increased activity of the hypothalamic stress-limiting systems was demonstrated to be followed by higher lipid peroxidation rates along with the activation of antioxidative enzymes. From electrostimulation cycle 3, there was exhaustion of the functional activity of the stress-limiting systems, followed by intensive increases in blood and myocardial primary and secondary lipid peroxidation products. After termination of the investigation, myocardial necrotic and ischemic changes were detected in all the animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Psychological stress and neuronal plasticity. An expanded model of the stress reaction process as the basis for understand central nervous system adaptation processes].

A short survey on results and theories in psychosomatic and neurobiologic stress research is presented. Based on a comprehensive definition of the stress-reaction process, the biological and psychological consequences are described which are elicited by either controllable or uncontrollable stress. We conclude that controllable stress triggers the stabilization and facilitation of neuronal networks involved in the generation of appropriate patterns of appraisal and coping, whereas uncontrollable stress favours the extinction of inappropriate patterns and the reorganisation of neuronal connections underlying certain inappropriate behaviors. Both, controllable an uncontrollable stress-reaction-processes are therefore essential prerequisites of, and inherent challenges to, the development and adaptation of an individual in an ever changing external world but may also lead to psychodevelopmental failures and psychosomatic diseases.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Black women, work, stress, and perceived discrimination: the focused support group model as an intervention for stress reduction.

This exploratory study examined the use of two components (small and large groups) of a community-based intervention, the Focused Support Group (FSG) model, to alleviate employment-related stressors in Black women. Participants were assigned to small groups based on occupational status. Groups met for five weekly 3-hr sessions in didactic or small- and large-group formats. Two evaluations following the didactic session and the small and large group sessions elicited information on satisfaction with each of the formats, self-reported change in stress, awareness of interpersonal and sociopolitical issues affecting Black women in the labor force, assessing support networks, and usefulness of specific discussion topics to stress reduction. Results indicated the usefulness of the small- and large-group formats in reduction of self-reported stress and increases in personal and professional sources of support. Discussions on race and sex discrimination in the workplace were effective in overall stress reduction. The study highlights labor force participation as a potential source of stress for Black women, and supports the development of culture- and gender-appropriate community interventions as viable and cost-effective methods for stress reduction.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Finite element stress analysis of stress distribution endodontic posts at shoulder].

The objective of the present resarch is the comparative stress distribution of various design for post-core at shoulder. The purpose of this study was to analyse the stress distribution and concentration in the dentin of paralled-sided and taped posts by different shoulder designs with finite elements stress analysis method. It was found that stress tended to concentrate under the core shoulder with vertical force. When the force applied from the linqual side. The stress concentrated at the buccal side. The 90 degrees shoulder angles exhibited more even stress distribution than sharp shoulder angles. The analysis revealed that sharp angle should be avoided as occlusal shoulder in clinical practice because this design are less resistant to forces applied on them and are susceptible to fractures in the dentin.

Models, Biological↗
PubMed1997

[Relevance of the stress-coping paradigm in the elaboration of a stress management model for schizophrenics].

Studies having used the stress-vulnerability model of schizophrenia as a conceptual framework demonstrate from different perspectives the contribution of stress when symptoms and deteriorations associated with this illness appear. The stress-coping paradigm provides an explanation of the effects of stress on health according to a contextual approach underlining how the coping process allows to diminish the negative effects of stress and favour adaptation in difficult or conflicting situations. This article proposes the integration of these two dominant currents and presents the Stress management model for schizophrenics. This new model provides the opportunity to favour the comprehension of the process of rehabilitation for schizophrenics and the development of new methods of intervention in rehabilitation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

The structure of work-related stress and coping among oncology nurses in high-stress medical settings: a transactional analysis.

A transactional approach was used to examine stress and coping among 59 oncology nurses. Nine work stress clusters were identified: Physician-Related Stress, Organizational Factors, Observing Suffering, Ethical Concerns, Death and Dying, Carryover Stress, Negative Self-Thoughts, Inadequate Resources, and Coworker Stress, with the first 3 rated as most frequent and most intense. Ten coping clusters were also identified: Coworker Support, Positive Reappraisal, Developing a Growth Perspective, Positive Involvement in Treatment, Affective Regulation, Balancing Work Stress, Negative Coping, Apathy, Withdrawal, and Catharsis, with the first 3 rated as most frequently used and most effective. The relationships among the clusters, as well as the theoretical and clinical implications of these results, were discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2026

Twenty-Five Years of the Environmental Stress Response and the Enduring Power of Yeast in Stress Biology.

All organisms must be able to sense and respond to adverse environments, especially those that threaten cellular integrity. The age of genomics clarified the breadth and specificity of cellular stress responses, including in free-living microbes directly exposed to a changing environment. The environmental stress response (ESR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was among the first responses defined at the transcriptome-wide level as a common program triggered by diverse types of stress. Since its original publication over 25 years ago, many studies have explored the role, regulation, and evolution of the ESR and underlying principles of stress defense. This perspective reviews the history of the ESR, recent insights and perspectives into its purpose and regulation, and remaining questions in stress biology primed for the power of yeast experimentation.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae↗
PubMed1998

Calreticulin associates with stress proteins: implications for chaperone function during heat stress.

Acute heat stress leads to the glycosylation of a "prompt" stress glycoprotein, P-SG67/64, identified as calreticulin. In the present study, we used immunoprecipitation to investigate the interactions of P-SG/calreticulin with other proteins during cellular recovery from heat stress. In heat-stressed CHO and M21 cells, both glycosylated and unglycosylated P-SGs interact with HSP90, GRP94, GRP78, and the other prompt stress glycoprotein, P-SG50, in an ATP-independent manner. Specificity of HSP-P-SG interactions was determined by chemical cross-linking with the homo-bifunctional agent DSP (3,3'-dithiobis[succinimidyl propionate]). Characterization of the cross-linked complexes involving calreticulin and heat shock proteins (HSPs) showed an average mass of 400-600 kDa by gel filtration chromatography. Overall, the consistent association of glycosylated and unglycosylated calreticulin with P-SG50 and unglycosylated HSPs suggests that P-SG/calreticulin is an active member of the cast of glycone/aglycone chaperones that cooperate to achieve cellular recovery from acute heat stress.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1993

Putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) as an indicator of pollution-induced stress in higher plants: barley and rape stressed with Cr(III) or Cr(VI).

The performance of the free polyamines as plant stress indicators is studied in barley and rape plants grown in nutrient culture, by exposure to Cr(VI) or Cr(III) in concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 ppm. Putrescine levels are elevated up to 10 times in the leaves of stressed plants compared to those of control plants, but neither spermidine nor spermine show any consistent reactions on the stress. Cr(VI) is more toxic than Cr(III) and induces putrescine accumulation quicker than Cr(III). Chromium concentrations in leaves reach 3000-5000 ppm (dry wt) after exposure to 100 ppm Cr(VI) and 300-400 ppm (dry wt) following exposure to 100 ppm Cr(III). Simultaneously with, or following shortly after the putrescine induction, reductions in root growth, chlorosis, induction of leaf chitinase activity, and, later, reduced shoot growth and lowered water content in leaves are observed. The pattern of the effects indicates that the basal toxicity mechanism of the two chromium species is connected to disturbance of the normal function of the root. Putrescine induction is an integrated part of the response mechanism of the stressed plants, appearing as an early sign of stress. However, the chromium concentration of the leaves as a warning of chromium-induced stress is judged to be an even more sensitive indicator.

Brassica↗
PubMed1999

A p85 subunit-independent p110alpha PI 3-kinase colocalizes with p70 S6 kinase on actin stress fibers and regulates thrombin-stimulated stress fiber formation in swiss 3T3 cells.

The signaling pathways linking receptor activation to actin stress fiber rearrangements during growth factor-induced cell shape change are still to be determined. Recently our laboratory demonstrated the involvement of p70 S6 kinase (p70(s6k)) activation in thrombin-induced stress fiber formation in Swiss 3T3 cells. The present work shows that thrombin-induced p70(s6k) activation is inhibited by the PI 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY-294002. These inhibitors also significantly reduced thrombin-induced stress fiber formation, demonstrating a role for PI 3-kinase activity in this process, most likely upstream of p70(s6k). Furthermore, the p110alpha form of PI 3-kinase was localized to actin stress fibers, as was previously shown for p70(s6k), as well as to a golgi-like distribution. In contrast, PI 3-kinase p110gamma colocalized with microtubules. The PI 3-kinase p85 subunit, known to be capable of association with p110alpha, was present in a predominantly golgi-like distribution with no presence on actin filaments, suggesting the existence of distinctly localized PI 3-kinase pools. Immunodepletion of p85 from cell lysates resulted in only partial depletion of p110alpha and p110alpha-associated PI 3-kinase activity, confirming the presence of a p85-free p110alpha pool located on the actin stress fibers. Our data, therefore, point to the importance of subcellular localization of PI 3-kinase in signal transduction and to a novel action of p85 subunit-independent PI 3-kinase p110alpha in the stimulation by thrombin of p70(s6k) activation and actin stress fiber formation.

3T3 Cells↗