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PubMed1993

Psychosocial factors in youth and at working age as predictors of blood pressure. A prospective study.

This prospective study focused on childhood and adult psychosocial determinants of blood pressure (BP) measured at working age, including work factors, individual characteristics and socioeconomic factors. Data had been collected over 20 years ago from a sample representative of Finnish children. For this follow-up, 150 subjects responded to a questionnaire and attended a personal examination at the mean age of 37 yr. Hierarchical regression analyses were made for women and men. A split half procedure was applied for the control of possible chance associations. Work conditions and perceived health were not associated with BP. Social conditions in youth were powerful predictors of high adult BP for men. Poor living conditions in youth explained 16% of their diastolic BP and 9% of their systolic BP. The result may be regarded as strong evidence for early determinants of hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Dietary and metabolic effects on rhesus social behavior: protein and protein-calorie malnutrition.

Forty-seven monkeys were fed 1 of 8 diets between the ages of 1 and 7 months containing full-, half-, or quarter-strength protein or protein and calories using either casein or soy protein. While on the diet, malnourished infants were inactive both socially and nonsocially. When returned to a normal diet, previously malnourished subjects were more agonistic towards familiar peers but more friendly and less agonistic when later paired with unfamiliar monkeys. The data suggest that short periods of early severe malnutrition may protect the individual against adverse social conditions (e.g., isolation) and delay the development of normal social skills.

Aggression↗
PubMed1992

Stereoselective R-(+) enantiomer of HA-966 displays anxiolytic effects in rodents.

Anxiolytic agents disinhibit suppressed behaviors in rodents in preclinical models of anxiety such as the non-conditioned social interaction and elevated plus maze assays and the conditioned conflict Cook and Davidson procedure. The (+) and (-) enantiomers of (+/-)-3-amino-1-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone (HA-966) have been resolved and revealed that R-(+)-HA-966 significantly disinhibits both non-conditioned and conditioned suppressed behavior similar to the benzodiazepine diazepam, while the S-(-) enantiomer was devoid of anxiolytic activity and only produced behavioral sedation. Furthermore, R-(+)-HA-966 lacked side-effects in rodents commonly associated with the administration of benzodiazepines such as motor incoordination and ataxia, significant interactions with ethanol, and amnesia. These data suggest that R-(+)-HA-966, an antagonist at the strychnine-insensitive glycine/NMDA receptor site, was anxioselective and lacked some of the side-effects associated with benzodiazepine anxiolytics.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The social diagnostics of stroke-like symptoms: healers, doctors and prophets in Agincourt, Limpopo Province, South Africa.

This paper focuses on the clinical and social diagnostics of stroke-like symptoms in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The research questions addressed here are: what are the lay understandings of stroke-like symptoms and what are the health-seeking behaviours of Tsongan Mozambican refugees and South Africans in this area? The study site is ten villages in the Agincourt sub-district of Limpopo Province which are within the health surveillance area of the Agincourt Health and Population Unit (AHPU) of the University of Witwatersrand. The population are Tsongan who speak Shangaan and comprise self-settled Mozambican refugees who fled to this area during the 1980s across the nearby border and displaced South African citizens. The latter were forcibly displaced from their villages to make way for game reserves or agricultural development and moved to this area when it was the former 'homeland' of Gazankulu. The team collected data using rapid ethnographic assessment and household interviews as part of the Southern Africa Stroke Prevention Initiative (SASPI). The main findings are that stroke-like symptoms are considered to be both a physical and social condition, and in consequence plural healing using clinical and social diagnostics is sought to address both these dimensions. People with stroke-like symptoms maintain their physical, mental and social well-being and deal with this affliction and misfortune by visiting doctors, healers, prophets and churches.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1979

[Activities in social gynaecology for prepartal - prenatal attention (author's transl)].

An account is given of what is being done in the GDR in the context of social gynaecology, with reference being made to the subject proper as well as to its position in society and the tasks relating to it. Prepartal attention is described as an example. An appraisal of various concepts of social gynaecology has shown that these have always depended on the social conditions under which they have come into being. Their potentials and outcome are in conformity with those conditions, as well. Attempts have been made to define social gynaecology by the ways it is practised in certain "charitable" institutions or with closer reference to certain groups of people. However, such attempts have proved to be unacceptable to practitioners in the GDR where social gynaecology is considered a discipline of research and education to provide a profound scientific basis for action in reality. It is a social component of public health and an integral element of gynaecology and obstetrics.

Female↗
PubMed1985

Social variables and patient acceptance of complete dentures. A study of patients attending a dental school.

It has been suggested that the social conditions under which patients live may influence their acceptance of dentures. In this paper a sample of 74 complete-denture wearers has been interviewed with regard to several social variables. These variables include the patients' marital status, occupation, interests, social activities, economy, housing conditions, relationship to neighbors, and other people's opinion of their new dentures. The last factor appeared to influence denture acceptance strongly. The other social variables tested showed no significant or only minimal effects in this respect.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Asthma from childhood to adulthood: asthma severity, allergies, sensitization, living conditions, gender influence and social consequences.

The course of asthma severity, clinical allergies, allergic sensitization, changes in living conditions and social outcome were studied prospectively over five follow-up visits from the mean age of 9 to 30 years in a cohort of 28 boys and 27 girls, selected randomly among asthmatic children attending a paediatric outpatient unit. Asthma severity improved from childhood to adulthood, judged by symptom and medication scores and by the number of hospital admissions, but only nine subjects (16%) had been free from symptoms and medication over the last year of follow-up. After adolescence, asthma continued to improve among the males but not among the females. This difference could not be explained by gender differences in the course of clinical allergies or sensitization (skin-prick-tests and RAST) to common inhaled allergens, or by differences in environmental or social conditions. Sensitization to relevant perennial inhaled allergens correlated with asthma severity during adulthood. In general, clinical allergies and sensitization to inhaled allergens adopted during childhood persisted into adulthood. Approximately 10% of the subjects never adopted a clinical allergy or a positive allergy test. The social outcome was good.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Analysis of cardiovascular mortality in the population of three cities].

From public health perspective cardiovascular diseases are the major challenge in Poland. Monitoring the risk of death and its spatial variation is important tool in the assessment of environmental determinants of health. Crude and age-standardized cardiovascular mortality in the period of 1999-2001 in TriCity (Gdansk, Sopot, Gdynia) was assessed in this work. The source of information was the official death registry that provides complete records of all deaths in Pomeranian province. These records contain detailed specification of the cause of death and place of residence. A cause of death was coded according to International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (Tenth Revision). Overall cardiovascular mortality (I00-I99) and four disease-specific mortality rates were analysed in this study. The following specific causes of death were included into the study: coronary artery disease (I20-I25), myocardial infarction (I21), sudden cardiac death (I46) and stroke (I60-I69). The highest crude mortality from cardiovascular diseases was observed for Sopot city. However, after standardization the difference has diminished or even reversed. There were spatial differences in cardiovascular mortality in those three cities. Demography and social conditions could be the explanations for observed differentiations. Differences in age distribution that is the biggest proportion of elderly people in Sopot may reflect social patterns of environmental conditions observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Oral conditions and their social impact among HIV dental patients.

This study aimed to assess oral health status and the social impact of oral conditions among dental patients with HIV infection in comparison with general dental patients receiving public-funded care in Adelaide, South Australia. DMFT and CPITN indices were recorded by one dentist at a clinic for HIV dental patients. The data were compared with information from an existing survey of general dental patients. Social impact was assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire and responses from HIV dental patients were compared with responses from a telephone interview survey of Adelaide residents. HIV patients were aged 21 to 49 years (median = 34), 90.7 percent were male and 29.6 percent had stage 4 HIV infection. Oral candida was present among 32.0 percent, hairy leukoplakia among 24.1 percent, HIV gingivitis among 18.5 percent, and HIV periodontitis among 33.3 percent. The DMFT index and its components did not differ significantly between HIV and general dental patients, while CPITN scores were lower among HIV patients (p = 0.01). However social impact among HIV patients was frequent: 64.6 percent reported toothache, 43.7 percent avoided foods, and 16.7 percent avoided going out because of dental problems. HIV patients reported significantly greater levels of social impact than the Adelaide sample (p < 0.01). Patients to this clinic frequently presented with severe and disabling oral conditions which were not adequately captured using standard clinical indices.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Comorbidity and social phobia: evidence from clinical, epidemiologic, and genetic studies.

This paper reviews evidence from clinical, epidemiologic, and family studies regarding the association between social phobia and other syndromes. Social phobia is strongly associated with other anxiety disorders, substance abuse, and affective disorders in both clinical and community samples. An average of 80% of social phobics identified in community samples meet diagnostic criteria for another lifetime condition. Social phobia is most strongly associated with other subtypes of anxiety disorders, with an average of 50% of social phobics in the community reporting a concomitant anxiety disorder including another phobic disorder, generalized anxiety, or panic disorder. Approximately 20% of subjects in the community meet lifetime criteria for a major depressive disorder. The onset of social phobia generally precedes that of all other disorders, with the exception of simple phobia. Both clinical severity and treated prevalence are consistently greater among social phobics with comorbid disorders. The results of family and twin studies reveal that shared etiologic factors explain a substantial proportion of the comorbidity between social phobia and depression, whereas the association between social phobia and alcoholism derives from a nonfamilial causal relationship between the two conditions. Clinical and phenomenologic implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Chronic stressors, social support, and depression during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the relationships between stressful life conditions, social support, and depressive symptomatology during pregnancy in women of low socioeconomic status and a comparison group of women of higher socioeconomic status. METHODS: Study participants were recruited from four hospital prenatal care clinics. Low socioeconomic status was defined as no more than 11 years of education and a household income below the poverty level. Higher socioeconomic status was defined as at least 12 years of education and a household income at least one and one-half times the poverty level. All subjects were nulliparous, over 18 years of age, and French-speaking. Questionnaires were administered verbally at the participants' homes during the 30th week of pregnancy, approximately. The Beck Depression Inventory was used to measure depressive symptomatology during the preceding 7 days. RESULTS: Approximately 47% of the low socioeconomic status women and 20% of the higher socioeconomic status women scored 10 or more on the Beck Depression Inventory, indicating a depressive state. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that chronic stressors (eg, financial and housing problems), negative life events, and inadequate social support were all linked to high depressive symptomatology during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: During pregnancy, depressive symptoms are common, especially in women of low socioeconomic status, and are strongly related to socioenvironmental factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effects of enriched environments with different durations and starting times on learning capacity during aging in rats assessed by a refined procedure of the Hebb-Williams maze task.

Cognitive function as measured by the Hebb-Williams maze task was examined in Fischer 344 male rats that had been exposed to an enriched environment for periods of variable duration and at different starting ages. In one experiment, rats were exposed to environmental enrichment from weaning until the age of 2.5, 15, or 25 months. The results of 12 problems of the Hebb-Williams maze task showed that the enriched rearing condition improved the learning ability in all the age groups; however, factor analysis and ANOVA demonstrated that four of the 12 maze problems were not suitable for detecting the effect of age under different environmental conditions. Reanalysis of the results obtained with the other eight maze problems more clearly revealed both the effects of rearing condition and aging. The latter analysis demonstrated that the learning rate of rats reared under enriched conditions was faster than that of rats reared under standard social conditions. Short-term (3-month) exposure also had positive effects on cognitive function in both adult (11-month-old) and aged (22-month-old) animals. The effect of long-term exposure to an enriched environment starting at weaning was much greater than that of short-term exposure in aged rats, whereas the effects of both long-term and short-term exposure were almost the same in adult rats. These results show that aged animals still have appreciable plasticity in cognitive function, and suggest that environmental stimulation could benefit aging humans as well.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The death of children following negligence: social aspects.

Although the figure of unreported cases of neglected children is much higher than that of physical ill-treatment of children, neglect has rarely received attention, in most cases only when traces of physical ill-treatment were proven at the same time. Symptomatic are in the first place intense emaciation as well as dry puckered, scaly and extremely dirty skin, lack of subcutaneous fatty tissue and of Bichat's fat pad, matted hair, aged face, sunken eyes, and eczema from urine with ulcerations in the buttock and thigh regions. In addition one finds signs of localized hypothermia or rickets. My own observations cover 54 cases in which neglect and malnutrition have caused the death of the children involved. All the children had been living in extremely bad social conditions. The backgrounds of the children's mothers were also socially poor. Most of the mothers were too young to fulfill their duties. The fathers, where known, were alcoholics, unwilling to work and seldom cared for their family. They too were often too young to cope with their role as father. In this day and age, which has provided us with a much better understanding of the importance of the early development of the child for its later social attitude, mothers with all their problems and difficulties should not be left on their own. Motherlike behaviour is not necessarily programmed with the birth of a child. Mother duties must be learned as early as possible. This process should begin during pregnancy at the latest. A few proposals will be made.

Child Welfare↗
PubMed2003

Adult cortisol response to immature offspring play in captive squirrel monkeys.

Variable environmental and social conditions influence hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in captive animals. Socially separated and individually housed animals generally experience increased cortisol secretion compared to animals housed with conspecifics, and social companionship can buffer the stress response when exposed to challenges such as introduction to novel environments. Nevertheless, the presence of conspecifics may also be the cause of stress because social dynamics impact individuals. Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) readily form same-sex affiliative social relationships, but in captivity, the presence of immature offspring severely disrupts affiliative associations among adults. We examined behavioral and physiological effects of the presence of immature offspring on adults by comparing two groups of adults with immature offspring to an all-adult group. We conducted behavioral observations and collected urine from adult members, and urine was assayed for cortisol at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center. Adults in groups with immature offspring received an average of 18 play attempts per hour from the offspring, experienced a fivefold decrease in adult affiliation, and showed higher urinary cortisol levels compared to the all-adult group. A principal components analysis showed that adults characterized by receiving play attempts, rejecting play attempts, and lacking affiliative contact with other adults showed the highest mean urinary cortisol levels. Further analyses demonstrated that the persistent play attempts by immature offspring, not the resulting lack of adult huddling, were primarily responsible for the observed increase in urinary cortisol levels. Taken together, these data suggest that the disruptive effect of immature offspring produces a chronic cortisol increase in captive adult squirrel monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Factors associated with schoolchildren's general subjective well-being.

Based on a conceptual model of well-being in school, this study was aimed at exploring factors associated with schoolchildren's general subjective well-being. Classroom data for the School Health Promotion Survey were gathered in 1998 (n = 39 886) and in 1999 (n = 47 455) among eighth and ninth graders (aged 14.3-16.2 years) from 458 secondary schools in different parts of Finland. The dependent variable was the General Subjective Well-being Indicator (GSWI), based on the Raitasalo-modified 13-item Beck Depression Inventory. The independent variables (total 56) included background (grade, socioeconomic status, social cohesion, recreation and health behaviors) and school context (school conditions, social relationships, means for self-fulfillment and health status). The analysis utilized multivariate linear regression modeling. The final model accounted for 22% of boys' and 25% of girls' GSW variation. 'Means for self-fulfillment' (R2 = 0.11 boys, R2 = 0.15 girls), and social relationships in school (R2 = 0.09 boys, R2 = 0.10 girls) and outside school (R2 = 0.09 boys, R2 = 0.11 girls) were the categories showing the strongest correlations with GSW. Grade and socioeconomic status showed only a weak correlation with GSW (R2 = 0.01) among both genders. The study indicated that the school context has a major influence on pupils' general subjective well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Whooping-cough vaccination: historical, social and political controversies.

New acellular whooping cough vaccines may have the effect of leading us to forget that infectious diseases such as whooping cough have declined in the context of particular historical, social conditions and persist in the context of particular types of social inequalities. The debates over the existence of damage from whole-cell whooping cough vaccine, and the respective risks of the vaccine and the disease are still unresolved owing to methodological limitations of studies on both sides of the argument. One-sided health 'education' campaigns on whooping cough vaccine have questionable ethics, and suppression of dissenting views is counterproductive. Health professionals and parents have a right to know the political context of the debate.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1986

[The neglected child].

Although the figure for unreported cases of neglected children is much higher than that of physical ill-treatment of children, neglect has rarely received attention, in most cases only when traces of physical ill-treatment were proven at the same time. Symptomatic are in the first place intense emaciation as well as dry puckered, scaly and extremely dirty skin, lack of subcutaneous fatty tissue and of Bichat's fat pad, matted hair, aged face, sunken eyes, and eczema from urine with ulcerations in the buttock and thigh regions. In addition one finds signs of localized hypothermia or rickets. My own observations cover 80 cases in which neglect and malnutrition have caused the death of the children involved. All the children had been living in extremely bad social conditions. The backgrounds of the children's mothers were also socially poor. Most of the mothers were too young to fulfill their duties. The fathers, where known, were alcoholics, unwilling to work and seldom cared for their family. They too were often too young to cope with their role as father. In this day and age, which has provided us with a much better understanding of the importance of the early development of children for their later social adaptation, mothers with all their problems and difficulties should not be left on their own. Mothering behaviour is not necessarily programmed with the birth of a child. Mothering duties must be learned as early as possible. This process should begin during pregnancy at the latest. A few proposals will be made.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

[The alcoholic patient in general practice. From initial contact to implementing therapy].

General practitioners play an important role in the treatment of alcoholism. It is their task to come in contact with patients to assess the severity of their alcohol-related problems and to encourage them to stop drinking. As a rule, detoxification can be completed in less than two weeks. Slight withdrawal symptoms do not require drug treatment. However, alcoholics with heavy long-term continuous drinking need in-patient withdrawal treatment. After detoxification, out-patient treatment conditions are sufficient for highly motivated patients living under stable social conditions. In German facilities, short-term therapies of 4-6 weeks are adapted to the less disabled, long-term therapies of 2-6 months to physically and mentally more disabled patients. In Germany, in-patient treatment in specialized clinics is paid for under the pension insurance scheme. The results of alcoholism treatment are better than generally expected. Four years after treatment in specialized units, up to 61% of patients are abstinent.

Alcoholism↗