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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

[Sense of smell in deaf and blind patients].

The olfactory performances of 10 visually-impaired and 9 hearing-impaired subjects were investigated by a psychophysical sniffing test (the Munich Olfaction Test). These subjects were compared with 21 control volunteers who completed the test with covered eyes, 20 control volunteers whose ears were plugged during the test and with 22 unimpaired controls. The test examined discrimination performances, detection and perception thresholds, identification abilities, olfactory memory, and hedonistic evaluations of all subjects. The present results showed that attention focusing on olfactory tasks by lowering of auditory or visual inputs did not enhance the olfactory performances of the control subjects. Also, the visually-impaired subjects did not perform better then the control subjects. The diminished olfactory abilities of the hearing-impaired were discussed against the background of delayed language acquisition.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Fluid flow through hair-bearing appendages: feeding, smelling and swimming at low and intermediate Reynolds numbers.

Many different types of animals use appendages bearing rows of hairs to capture food or molecules from the surrounding fluid, to locomote or to move fluids past themselves. The performance of these appendages, whose hairs operate at Reynolds numbers (Re) of 10(-5) to 10, depends on how much of the fluid that they encounter flows through the gaps between the hairs rather than around the perimeter of the whole array. We have employed mathematical modeling, microcinematography of hairy appendages on small aquatic animals and flow visualizations around dynamically scaled physical models to elucidate the factors that determine the leakiness of arrays of hairs. We found that rows of hairs operating at very low Re function as paddles, whereas those at Re near 1 operate like leaky sieves. The Re range through which the transition in leakiness occurs depends on the geometry of the appendage. We have discovered that different aspects of morphology and behavior are important in determining the leakiness of a hair-bearing appendage at different Re. Our study has revealed conditions under which morphological diversity of hairy appendages has little consequence for performance and other conditions under which simple changes in speed, size or mesh coarseness can lead to novel physical mechanisms of operation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Cross-modal correspondence between vision and olfaction: the color of smells.

Cross-modal sensory correspondences between vision and audition have been well described, but those between vision and olfaction have not. In Experiment 1, a method previously used to relate color names, mood names, and line elements was replicated and extended to describe odors by color. Significant color characterizations were found for all 20 test odors. Test-retest correlations showed color-odor correspondences to be as stable as nonodor measures after 2 years. In Experiment 2, new subjects matched Munsell color chips to the test odors. Thirteen odors had characteristic hues; there was significant variation in chroma and value. The selected Munsell hues corresponded to the color names endorsed in Experiment 1. Together, these experiments suggest the existence of robust correspondences between vision and olfaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical disorders of smell and taste.

Renewed attention to chemosensory dysfunction has revealed that a substantial portion of the population are affected during their lives, many simply as a result of aging. The authors discuss terminology, assessment, etiology, and prognosis and compare current understanding with that presented by Mackenzie in 1884.

Humans↗