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PubMed2000

Self-concepts of hospitalized and day-care psychiatric patients.

The authors administered questionnaires to 44 hospitalized and 55 day-care psychiatric patients in Hong Kong. The groups were similar in sex, age, and education. The hospitalized participants, compared with the day-care participants, showed significantly higher self-concepts in general as well as in the particular aspects of social and personal aspirations. The findings indicate that support at the community level is important to help the psychiatric patients' transition from hospital care to day care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Maltreated children's self-concept: effects of a comprehensive treatment program.

Perceived competence and social acceptance scores of 17 maltreated children enrolled in therapeutic day treatment were compared to those of 17 maltreated children who had not received the program services. Multivariate and follow-up univariate analyses indicated developmental gains and enhancement of self-concept among the treatment group when compared to controls and to their own pretreatment levels.

Child Abuse↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physical self-concept changes in a mildly, facially disfigured neurofibromatosis patient following communication skill training.

The authors discuss the case of a mildly disfigured patient with Neurofibromatosis from the perspectives of his distorted body image, need to attribute problems in his social and work lives to unrealistic assessment of his disfigurement, changes in his self-concept following communication training, and the need for physicians and others working with these persons to treat their emotional, as well as physical, pain.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The patient in a halo brace: striving for normalcy in body image and self-concept.

This retroactive descriptive study identified specific psychologic concerns and needs of halo patients related to the halo experience. Thirty-eight subjects who had a halo brace applied in the previous 8 years completed the questionnaire. Responses were categorized and analyzed using nursing diagnoses. Results showed that distortion of body image, distortion of self-concept, grieving for losses, and striving for normalcy are among the phenomena experienced by halo patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

[Self concept and need for social approval in bulimia patients].

The present work concerns the relation between the need for social approval (assessed as social desirability) and bulimia with respect to gender-differences. Since bulimia is mainly a female issue, a relationship was predicted between the development of bulimia and the internalization of a socially desired feminine sex-stereotype with respect to the self-concept. The need for approval was assessed for male subjects, female subjects not suffering from eating-disorders, and female bulimic subjects. The results show that bulimic women have significant higher self-ratings concerning the need for approval. Without neglecting multicausal explications, the results suggest that social desirability as an expression of social approval should receive more attention as a facilitating factor in the development of bulimia.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Shyness, group dependence and self-concept: attributes of the imaginary audience.

The imaginary audience of 328 early and late adolescents was studied from the viewpoint of providing educators and clinicians with insight into its attributes--those which both facilitate and hinder youths' development. Early adolescents (about 14 or 15 years of age) displayed a greater awareness of an imaginary audience which probably contributed to their observed, elevated group dependence. Unexpectedly, the shyness of adolescents highly sensitive to an imaginary audience increased with age, possibly because they are unwilling to provide themselves with the social experiences necessary for decentering. Likewise, those highly sensitive to an imaginary audience projected low self-concepts and thus imply that their audience is relatively critical; thus, they probably validate a self-fulfilling prophecy, oblivious to a possible contradictory external reality. The anticipated fact that females appeared to be less socially bold and more group dependent than males might account, in part, for females' greater responsiveness to an imaginary audience. It is suggested that educators and clinicians encourage youth to validate social hypotheses in order to promote the dissolution of the imaginary audience, especially of those who are shy and display self-deprecatory tendencies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The effects of videotape feedback on self-concept, role-playing ability, and growth in a leaderless therapy group.

Thirty-two male and female college students participated in six 90-minute leaderless encounter groups in which they received videotape feedback, leader-facilitated videotape feedback, or verbal feedback. Statistical analysis indicated that feedback through a visual medium had no effect on self-concept, role-playing ability, or group coherence. Groups within the experimental conditions were initially different in their ratings on the dependent measures. These differences were maintained throughout the experiment.

Feedback↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Training-induced changes in performance self concept and cognitive abilities in the aged].

204 healthy elderly subjects (age range 65-85) participated in a training and retest programme leading to marked performance increases in two types of fluid intelligence tests (figural relations and inductive thinking). Effects of testing and training on self-perceived abilities and competence beliefs were measured on a battery of more and less situation-specific, task-related self-report instruments. The strongest and most consistent positive changes in self-concept of abilities attributable to training were found on judgements of task-related self-efficacy and beliefs in personal utility of acquired competence. Judgements of ability as causes for success and failure in future tests were also affected. The results support the view that fluid ability training is a valuable instrument to increase subjective as well as objective efficacy in thinking related to fluid intelligence. Training can therefore be considered helpful in supporting compensatory efforts to counteract age-related losses in perceived as well as actual ability.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

Assessment of implicit personality self-concept using the implicit association test (IAT): concurrent assessment of anxiousness and angriness.

This study explored the psychometric properties of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) when it is employed for the assessment of two personality traits within one sample. The sequence of an anxiousness and an angriness IAT was counterbalanced across 100 participants and the IATs' predictive validity for anxious versus angry behaviour after emotion inductions was examined and compared to direct self-report measures. The anxiousness IAT added incremental validity over direct measures for the prediction of anxious behaviour. The angriness IAT was affected by an order effect. When the angriness IAT was completed after the anxiousness IAT both tests correlated with r=.46 whereas they were not significantly correlated when the angriness IAT was completed first. Direct anxiousness and angriness measures were uncorrelated. Implications for the assessment of multiple implicit personality self-concept dimensions are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Improvements in self-concept after treatment of nocturnal enuresis: randomized controlled trial.

To determine whether changes in attitude and behavior occur after treatment of nocturnal enuresis, we randomly assigned 121 children aged 8 to 14 years to receive conditioning therapy (n = 66) or a 3-month waiting period (n = 55). All children completed the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale (P-H), the State-Trait Anxiety Scale (STAIC), and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control test (NSLC) at entry and after treatment or delay. Parents completed the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). There were no significant group differences in background demographic variables. Significant improvements in the P-H Scale (P = 0.04) and three of its subscales occurred in children in the treatment group compared with those in whom treatment was delayed. The changes were greatest for those who had the largest decreases in wetting frequency. Changes in CBCL, STAIC, and NSLC scores were not statistically significant. We conclude that there may be mental health benefits in children helped to master the symptom of enuresis, which in this age group is probably a chronic stressor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Birth order, self-concept, and participation in dangerous sports.

We examined the effect of birth order on participation in dangerous sports, using data from a mail survey of 841 members of the United States Parachute Association drawn from the membership list of over 18,000; 52% (N = 436) responded. The questionnaires included detailed information on participation in leisure activities, background characteristics, reasons for parachuting, and self-concept; answers were obtained from an overwhelmingly middle-class, White, male, young, and college educated sample. The findings (based on descriptive statistics, correlations, and regression analysis) did not support our expectations regarding birth order and participation in dangerous sports. Several were even in opposite direction to our expectations. We did find some support for our expectation that self-efficacy would be positively related to participation in dangerous sports, but not for our expectation that self-efficacy would be related to birth order. We concluded that birth order continues to be a frustrating variable in studies of socialization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Self-concept correlates in academic placement of secondary school students.

In a large school system in the Southeastern United States 26% of the eighth grade students in the lower distribution of scores on a standardized test in reading and mathematics were assigned to vocational education courses and a career education program. One of the school counselors administered a self-concept inventory, the Me Scale (Yeatts & Morrison, 1974), to a randomized group of 43 students who were in the lower 26% of scores. The same inventory was administered to 91 randomly selected students in the upper distribution of scores. Significant differences were noted for one of five factors in the Me Scale. Lower achieving students perceived themselves as more capable in manual dexterity than higher achieving students.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

The effects of family configuration and support system failures during childhood and adolescence on college students' self-concepts and social skills.

This study examined the differential effects of familial configuration and support system failures in a sample of 256 college students. Regarding familial configuration, the results indicated that individuals who had experienced parental divorce were significantly more likely to have encountered parental hostility and/or lack of care, inadequate supervision when not in school, lack of concern by teachers, and more financial hardship. In turn, lower self-concepts and/or social skills were found to be associated with these kinds of life experiences (i.e., support system failures).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Self-concepts and illness attitudes in chronic pain. A repertory grid study of a pain management programme.

Four patients completed a 10-session out-patient pain management programme which included didactic information, relaxation training and cognitive-behavioural techniques. At the beginning and completion of the programme a number of measures were taken, including symptom inventories and a repertory grid designed to tap the patients' self-concepts and attitudes towards illness. These two sets of before and after measures were compared. No changes in the symptom inventories nor in daily visual analogue measurements of pain were shown. Despite this, the repertory grids showed a significant increase in the distance between 'as I would like to be' and 'like a physically ill person;' suggesting that physical illness had become less desirable. At the same time the distance between 'like a physically ill person' and 'like a hypochondriac' decreased, suggesting that these two concepts were less clearly distinguished in the patients' minds. Analysis of the raw data suggested that emotional factors were considered more relevant to physical illness at the completion of the programme. It would seem, therefore, that the main impact of our programme was on the patients' attitudes towards illness rather than on symptoms. Since attitudes may partly determine subsequent illness behaviour, it is encouraging to note changes here which suggest that our patients have adopted a more healthy view of physical illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Symptoms, self concept and developmental delay in healthy and chronically ill adolescents with type I diabetes].

In a prospective four-year longitudinal study 108 adolescents with diabetes and 107 healthy adolescents are being compared. In this paper data are presented from the initial assessment, in which psychopathology in the two groups was compared. In addition, the effect of diabetes on psychosocial development was examined. Several questionnaires were administered to assess symptomatology, self-concept and progress on certain developmental tasks. Regarding symptomatology, diabetic youths described themselves as more normal, i.e. having fewer clinical symptoms, than did the healthy controls. In addition, they had remarkably high scores on a scale of social desirability. This latter result points to a defence mechanism. Only the group of males with poorly controlled diabetes openly acknowledged that they had problems. All of the diabetics showed clear delays in psychosocial development compared with their healthy agemates. There were significant delays in developmental areas involving achievement of autonomy from parents and orientation towards member of one's own age group (regardless of sex), and the subjects with diabetes put less emphasis than the healthy controls on the importance of being successful in these areas in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-concept in male and female adolescents with congenital heart disease.

Cognitive achievement, behavioural problems, and various dimensions of personality were assessed in 48 male and female patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) aged from 12 to 16 years in comparison to a control group. The CHD group showed a lower speed of cognitive processing but seemed to have less state-anxiety and to possess a higher superego strength. Male adolescents with CHD presented with a reduced perceived capacity and self-esteem. This was not true for adolescent girls with CHD. The negative self-concept of boys with CHD may be partly explained by reduced physical ability interfering with peer relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Effect of selected movement skills on positive self-concept.

36 boys and 36 girls in 4 fourth grades were exposed to basketball movement conditions which included the skills of dribble, chest pass, lay-up, pivot, guarding, and two-hand set shot. Eight 1/2-hr. treatment periods were spread evenly over 4 wk. and took place within the regularly assigned school physical education period. Two class groups, which included 9 boys and 9 girls each, were randomly assigned by class to an experimental group which received treatment while two class groups were assigned by class to the control group. No differences between changes in self-concept as estimated by the Piers-Harris scale for treatment and control conditions were significant.

Child↗