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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

A radioreceptor assay for mass measurement of inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate using saponin-permeabilized outdated human platelets.

The binding of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] to saponin-permeabilized blood-bank-outdated human platelets, 6 days old, has been characterized (Kd = 3.8 nM; Bmax = 1.7 pmol/mg protein) and used to develop a novel radioreceptor assay which allows the measurement of the Ins(1,4,5)P3 content in resting or agonist-stimulated cells. This assay is as sensitive (0.25 pmol in a 0.25 ml volume), specific, and reproducible as previously proposed methods. In addition, obtaining large batches of the Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding protein by treating outdated platelets with saponin is simple and quick and uses otherwise discarded material. Moreover, the assay is considerably cheaper than commercially available kits. Using this method we confirmed that thrombin evokes a rapid, transient, and dose-dependent increase in the platelet concentration of Ins(1,4,5)P3.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1999

Effect of steroidal saponins of Anemarrhenae rhizoma on superoxide generation in human neutrophils.

Effect of six steroidal saponins isolated from Anemarrhenae rhizoma on superoxide generation in human neutrophils was investigated. The steroidal saponins examined were anemarrhenasaponin-I (An-I), anemarrhenasaponin-Ia (An-Ia), timosaponin B-I (TB-I), timosaponin B-II (TB-II), timosaponin B-III (TB-III) and timosaponin A-III (TA-III). An-I, An-Ia, and TB-III suppressed the superoxide generations induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and arachidonic acid (AA) in a concentration-dependent manner, but enhanced that induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). While TB-II also suppressed and enhanced the superoxide generations induced by fMLP and PMA, respectively, the compound significantly enhanced the AA-induced superoxide generation. TB-I enhanced the fMLP-induced superoxide generation in a low concentration range (peak at 40 microM), gave no effect on the PMA-induced superoxide generation and weakly enhanced the AA-induced superoxide generation. TA-III enhanced the fMLP-induced superoxide generation more than twice as much as that by TB-I in the same concentration range. However, TA-III enhanced the PMA-induced superoxide generation and most significantly suppressed the AA-induced superoxide generation.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMed1994

Accessory cell requirements for saponin adjuvant-induced class I MHC antigen-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

The in vivo and in vitro accessory cell requirements of class I major histocompatability complex (MHC) antigen-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses were determined using cell-depletion experiments coupled with active immunizations using ovalbumin (OVA) as the immunogen and saponin adjuvant (QS-21). To paralyze macrophage activity in vivo, C57BL/6 mice were treated with particulate silica or carrageenan. In vivo depletion of helper T-lymphocytes was accomplished by treatment with GK1.5 rat monoclonal antibody, which is specific for the murine CD4 antigen, and by genetic depletion of class II MHC antigens. Following treatments, the mice were immunized with formulations containing OVA alone or mixed with QS-21 saponin adjuvant, which induces MHC class I antigen-restricted CTL responses. In vivo treatment to paralyze macrophages abrogated these CTL responses but not antigen-specific antibody or lymphocyte proliferative responses. Depletion of CD4+ T-lymphocytes had no effect on CTL responses but significantly reduced proliferation and antibody responses. In vitro depletion and reconstitution experiments were done to compare the contributions of different antigen-presenting cells (APC), specifically dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages. Again, the requirement for macrophages was absolute but there was no indication that DC were involved. These data suggest that antigen processing and presentation functions are critical to the induction of CTL and that they are a function of macrophages but that CD4+ helper T-lymphocyte functions are not required.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1991

A purified saponin acts as an adjuvant for a T-independent antigen.

Three strains of mice were injected with a T-independent antigen, Escherichia coli 055:B5 polysaccharide (PS) combined with purified saponin, QS-21, isolated from Quillaja saponaria bank. PS was prepared by hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nine week old mice were injected intradermally with 60 micrograms PS, as determined by an anthrone assay, with or without 15 micrograms QS-21 on days 0 and 14. On day 22 sera were assayed by EIA for PS specific antibodies. Titers were 11-fold higher in CD-1 mice with QS-21. C3H/HeJ (Ipsd) and C3H/HeSnJ (Ipsr) mice also showed an adjuvant associated increase in titer with saponin. Therefore, LPS responsiveness was not required for the adjuvant effect. PS vaccinated C3H and CD-1 mice with and without QS-21 had similar antibody isotype profiles. IgG2b titers accounted for more than half of the total Ig response. IgG2a was next highest followed by IgG3, IgM, IgG1, and IgA. In comparison, CD-1 mice injected with 0.1 microgram intact LPS had a different LPS specific isotype profile. IgG3 was the highest followed by IgG1, IgG2b, IgM, IgG2a, and IgA.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1996

Specificity of elementary composition of plants in synthesizing saponins.

The pharmaceutical action of medicinal plants depends on the presence of natural compounds and biologically important microelements. The accumulation of some microelements in saponin-synthesizing plants, the small dispersion of their contents, and finally, the high coefficient of correlation between accumulated elements provides the basis to draw conclusions about specificity of the mineral metabolism in these species. The synthesis of sapoins, and the specificity of the elementary composition suggest that some elements fulfill a definite regulative role as co-factors or activators of enzymes participating in the synthesis and accumulation of these natural compounds. Correlating the effects of saponins and other natural compounds with microelements on the human organism is exciting this will open new prospects of application of medicinal plants in health protection.

Cations↗
PubMed1996

Influence of phytogenic surfactants (quillaya saponin and soya lecithin) on bio-elimination of phenanthrene and fluoranthene by three bacteria.

The influence of two phytogenic surfactants on the elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was studied in shaken-batch cultures of three soil bacteria under axenic conditions. At sufficiently high concentrations, quillaya saponin and soybean lecithin solubilized phenanthrene or fluoranthene efficiently. However, complete solubilization of the PAH by lecithin only doubled the maximal rate of elimination of the two PAH compounds by Pseudomonas 0259, strain MKm (Rhizomonas ?) and Mycobacterium EMI 2. By contrast, quillaya saponin did not improve PAH bioavailability, and in strain MKm it caused significant growth lags above 2.5 g/l. Simultaneously with the elimination of the PAH the bacteria utilized the surfactants as substrates for growth. Intermediate formation of PAH metabolites was noted. The results suggest that some phytogenic surfactants might improve PAH bioavailability in rhizospheres.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1981

Erythrocyte membrane stabilization by plant saponins and sapogenins.

Effects of saponins extracted from Bupleuri Radix (saikosaponin) and the corresponding aglycones on hypotonic or hyperthermic hemolysis were investigated. Low concentrations of saikosaponins protect or stabilize rat erythrocytes against both hypotonic and heat-induced hemolysis. Minor modifications of the aglyconic part of the saikosaponin have enormous effects on the membrane stabilizing potency. Saikogenins also protect erythrocytes from hypotonic hemolysis but do not show any prevention of heat-induced hemolysis. It is suggested that saikogenins react with erythrocyte membranes in a quite different manner from saponins and that the existence of the sugar moiety plays an important role in the reaction with membranes as does a slight modification of the molecular structure in the aglyconic part.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A preliminary study on the effect of germination on saponin content and composition of lentils and chick peas.

Two cultivars of chick peas (Cicer arietinum) and one cultivar of lentils (Lens culinaris) were subjected to germination in the dark for 6 days at 20 degrees C. Soyasaponin VI, also known as soyasaponin beta g, a DDMP- (2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one-) conjugated form of soyasaponin I, was the only saponin detected in both the unprocessed and germinated seed. No significant changes in saponin content were observed for chick peas or lentils after a 6-day germination.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Improved recovery of antibiotic-stressed microorganisms on inclusion of saponin in aerobic blood culture media.

The recovery rates and times to detection of microorganisms isolated from two similar blood culture media, one containing saponin, were compared. A total of 2117 blood cultures were analysed in a prototype automated blood culture system. Significantly more gram-positive organisms (P<0.05) and gram-negative organisms (P<0.05), including Enterobacteriaceae (P<0.05) were recovered from the lytic medium. Average time to detection in the lytic medium was 15.8 h, compared to 22.7 h in the other medium (P<0.001). The improved recovery of microorganisms was most pronounced in blood samples obtained from patients being treated with antibiotics at the time of venesection. In vitro experiments on antibiotic affected bacteria confirmed the protective effect of saponin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1986

Histamine release from saponin-permeabilized rat mast cells by calcium.

The first effect of receptor activation on the mast cell surface, initiating histamine secretion, is an increase in the cytosol Ca2+ concentration. It should then be possible to induce histamine secretion by calcium alone, if the calcium permeability of the cell membrane could be increased without any significant interference with the physiological cell functions. This was achieved in the present study by adding low concentrations of saponin (0.0005% and 0.001% w/v) to the medium. When calcium was added to the saponin-permeabilized cells, around 40% histamine release occurred with 0.25 mM extracellular calcium (free Ca2+ 0.15 mM). The release was inhibited by antimycin A (1 microM). Transmission electron microscopy showed formation of vacuoles containing granules stripped of their membranes, which characterize a secretory response. The observations are consistent with a limited increase in the calcium permeability of the cell membrane for a brief period. There was apparently an increase in the cytoplasmic calcium concentration, which acted through calmodulin, since the histamine release induced by calcium from the permeabilized mast cells could be inhibited by a calmodulin-antagonist, mepacrine (10-30 microM).

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Enhancement of vasoconstrictor responses to thiopental and barium chloride by intraluminal treatment with saponin in isolated canine mesenteric arteries.

Using a cannula-insertion method for isolated arteries, the effects of thiopental, barium chloride, and prostaglandin F2 alpha were investigated on isolated canine mesenteric arteries with and without saponin treatment. Thiopental caused a vasoconstriction in a dose-related manner. The observed vasoconstriction was not influenced by phentolamine in doses which inhibited norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction. After intraluminal saponin treatment, thiopental- and barium chloride-induced constrictions were significantly enhanced, but prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced constriction was not potentiated. It is suggested that vasoconstrictor responses to thiopental and barium chloride may be enhanced by an increase in calcium influx after disrupting the endothelium of the artery.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Saponins from the stem bark of Kalopanax pictum var. magnificum (I).

Three triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the methanol extract of the stem bark of Kalopanax pictum Nakai var. magnificum (Araliaceae). The structures of these saponins were identified as hederagenin 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside, hederagenin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinop yranoside and 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->4)-beta-D- glucopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Chemopreventive effect of saponins derived from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice.

This study examined the chemopreventive effect of saponins that were isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (Campanulaceae), Changkil saponins (CKS), against the tobacco-specific carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), -on lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. The mice were treated with a single NNK dose (100 mg/kg b.w., i.p.). CKS (0.5, 1,4 mg/kg body wt.) was administered orally daily for 3 days/week beginning 1 day after the NNK treatment and was maintained throughout the experiment. The administration of CKS suppressed the NNK-induced increase in the level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, which are a marker of cell proliferation, in the lungs of the mice 4 weeks after the NNK injection. Twenty-five weeks after the NNK treatment, the mice were sacrificed and the number of surface lung tumors was measured. CKS significantly reduced the number of lung tumors induced by NNK in a dose dependent manner. These results suggest that CKS suppresses the development of lung tumors and has a chemopreventive effect against NNK-induced mouse lung tumorigenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Pulsatilla saponin D: the antitumor principle from Pulsatilla koreana.

By bioassay-guided separation, an already known saponin, Pulsatilla saponin D was isolated from the root of Pulsatilla koreana Nakai as a antitumor component when evaluated by in vivo antitumor activity as well as in vitro cytotoxic activity test. It showed potent inhibition rate of tumor growth (IR, 82%) at the dose of 6.4 mg/kg on the BDF1 mice bearing LLC cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Identification and quantification of steroidal saponins in Polygonatum species by HPLC/ESI/MS.

An HPLC/ESI/MS method has been developed to identify and quantify the spirostanol glycosides in the rhizomes of five Polygonatum species. The relative distribution of two steroidal saponins in each extract was established using the selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode via an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. It was found that there were significant differences in the amount of spirostanol glycosides among the Polygonatum species. The results showed that this method could be used to identify the steroidal saponins in the extracts and differentiate Polygonatum species with high sensitivity and reproducibility in a short time. Fragmentation patterns of the two reference compounds were also discussed with the electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectroscopy (ESI-MSn).

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2004

Triterpenoid saponin from Viola hondoensis W. Becker et H Boss. and their effect on MMP-1 and type I procollagen expression.

Bioassay-guided fractionation has led to the isolation of triterpenoid saponins such as Acutoside A (3-omicron-[omicron-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-omicron-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] oleanolic acid) from the whole plants of Viola hondoensis. Among them, Saponin 1 exhibited potent inhibitory activity against matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and prevented the UV-induced changes in the MMP-1 expression. In addition, compound was isolated from this plant for the first time.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed2000

Localization of saponin-sterol complexes and lectin-binding sites during interaction of Toxoplasma gondii with host cells.

The attachment of tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii to the surface of host cells induces the formation of a vacuole known as the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). In the present study we used lectins labeled with either fluorescein or colloidal gold particles to follow the fate of lectin-binding sites on the host-cell surface during the process of parasite/host-cell interaction. The results obtained indicate that few, if any, lectin-binding sites are internalized together with the tachyzoites to make part of the PV membrane. However, these sites are internalized and observed in small vesicles that are seen close to the PV. We also used the freeze-fracture technique in cells treated with saponin, which reveals cholesterol-containing sites as easily identifiable elongated sulculi and depressions. Intramembranous particles, which represent membrane integral proteins, were seen in the membrane lining the PV. However, saponin-cholesterol complexes were not observed in the membrane lining the PV, although they were seen in the parasite membranes. These observations, in association with data from previous studies, show that some, but not all, membrane components of the host cell contribute to the formation of the PV membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Saponin-induced release of single cells from filaments and rhizoid differentiation in Spirogyra.

Some species of Spirogyra living in streams can anchor to the substratum by differentiating a rhizoid from a terminal cell of a filament. Rhizoid differentiation occurs in the light but not in the dark. When a filament of Spirogyra sp. competent for rhizoid differentiation was incubated in a medium containing 0.1% saponin, terminal cells were released one by one, forming single cells. Single cells effectively differentiated to be rhizoids when saponin in the incubation medium was removed. The single-cell system developed in the present study seems suitable for analysis of gene expression during rhizoid differentiation of Spirogyra.

Cell Differentiation↗