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PubMed2006

Preparing the work force for retirement--the role of occupational health nurses.

As baby boomers reach retirement, the need to develop realistic plans is pressing. Recent political and social developments involving Social Security, savings accounts, and pensions indicate a need for greater self-sufficiency. The greatest challenges facing retirees are maintenance of self-sufficiency, productivity, generativity, and social satisfaction. Employers can optimize the investment in their work force by implementing policies and work practices that take advantage of the improved cognitive functions of aging workers despite their declining physical abilities. Occupational health nurses have the skills in policy development, regulatory issues, and ergonomic principles to advise corporate leaders. Occupational health nurses can organize and present retirement planning skills to the work force in a variety of formats and with targeted content.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Retirement from orthodontic practice.

Retirement from orthodontic practice is discussed from the financial, practice, home, and personal aspects. The paper is a guide to planning for retirement and includes a list of the various agencies that should be contacted at the appropriate time. The recent changes made to the National Health Service Pension Scheme are outlined together with the various methods for disposal of the practice.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1981

Social, economic, and health aspects of mandatory retirement.

The issue of mandatory retirement could grow into one of the major domestic conflicts of the next few decades. It cannot be divorced from the availability and adequacy of pensions. Major arguments advanced in favor of mandatory retirement include: easier personnel management, advantages to younger and minority workers, economy for employers, greater productivity, and, in certain industries, greater public safety. Major arguments against include: adverse effect on physical and mental health of many employees, inordinate cost to society--both in terms of pensions and loss of productive labor--and the general positive value of individual performance evaluation. In the effort to resolve the conflict, three principles are suggested as a basis for future policy: (1) the individual benefits more from activity--physical and mental--than inactivity; (2) society benefits more from the maximum feasible productive employment of the adult population; (3) management requires adequate flexibility in the deployment of personnel, and a balance between youth and maturity and the values associated with each age group. Based on these principles, eight specific recommendations are suggested.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

An overview of work, retirement, and pensions in Japan.

Work to retirement in Japan is a sequential transition for the most part, and Japan permits mandatory retirement by firms at age 60. But many older people work beyond the age of 60, many more than in other industrialized countries. A number of hypotheses are examined, having to do with pensions, health, opportunity, interest in working, cultural attitudes (including the concept of ikigai), and public policy initiatives (such as employment policy and the Silver Human Resource Centers). Japan's cultural attitudes and existing policies appear to have set Japan on a unique course in considering the aging of its population. To what extent should other nations emulate Japan?

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Recent developments in the employment and retirement of older workers in Germany.

Against a background of an aging population, rising social security costs, and foreseeable labor and skill shortages, there have been public policy changes affecting older workers in Germany. Labor-market related initiatives aim at an increase of labor force participation among this group. Enterprise-related, active age-management strategies aim at improving occupational conditions of aging workers. In this context, prolonging the working life must be seen as one option of "active aging." Another view of the current retirement discussion is the question of how the unused potential of Germany's younger, early-retired seniors can be exploited. Active aging has become a social duty nowadays, with the intention that older persons contribute to society to avoid generational conflicts. In the future, active aging will preserve the competitiveness of enterprises and of the entire economy, despite an aging labor force. But gerontological research points out that different options to carry out individual life plans of active aging are also required. This article reviews the changes in public policies towards older workers and includes the findings of a project that illustrates good practice to combat age barriers in the labor world.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Planned retirement housing preferences of older homosexuals.

This preliminary study investigated interest in planned retirement housing among older homosexuals and their preferences for certain facility characteristics. A nonrandom, volunteer sample of 57 lesbians and 399 gay men with a mean age of 63.3 years completed an anonymous survey. There was no difference with regard to living arrangement, home ownership, relationship status, or annual income between those respondents 55 to 64 years old and those 65 and older within each sex. The respondents were more likely to live alone, to be still working, and to have a higher socioeconomic status than the general older population. A large majority indicated an interest in planned retirement housing specifically sensitive to the needs of gay men and lesbians, with support for a continuum of services. Many respondents expressed a willingness to relocate significant distances in order to live in such a community. Security and health services were the most preferred, while mandatory services were rejected.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The adoption and diffusion of ambulatory care retirement housing communities.

This article is the result of an exploratory study into the factors slowing the adoption of a retirement housing community. Through research, we have identified a list of primary issues which are impeding the movement of the retirement housing community concept from the introductory stage of the product life cycle into its growth stage. We have then related each of the issues to the general factors which serve to accelerate the adoption rate and provided suggestions concerning specific strategies that will overcome each of the factors slowing the adoption rate.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Paying for health care in retirement: workers' knowledge of benefits and expenses.

Anecdotal evidence of retirees returning to the workforce to obtain health coverage has appeared against a backdrop of rising health insurance premiums and cutbacks in employer health benefit offerings to both current and future retirees. We present findings from a survey of workers ages forty-five to sixty-four concerning their attitudes toward and plans for health care coverage and expenses during retirement. We find a mismatch between workers' expectations about the benefits that are likely to be available to them and their planning as to how they will pay for health care in retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Alternate roles for the elderly: an example from a Midwestern retirement community.

Increasing numbers of individuals are surviving to retirement age in relatively good health. With the loss of the work role and other roles typically associated with middle age, they are faced with the dilemma of the "roleless role," an absence of well-articulated, age-appropriate expectations and standards of behavior by which to structure everyday life. Recent anthropological, sociological, and psychological studies indicate the possibility of the development of alternate roles and age-appropriate normative systems in age-homogeneous environments. An example of one such alternate behavioral system is provided from data collected on a small retirement community in the Midwest. A normative system seems to have developed in which personal qualities such as trust, friendliness, and concern for others are more highly valued than former achievements or occupational status. Residents most frequently cited as having made a good adjustment to aging were not necessarily those who were most active, but rather those individuals who showed a determination to "keep going," lacked self-pity, kept mentally alert and aware, were willing to help others, and showed a sense of responsibility to the community. Various roles were developed and were expected to be assumed by incoming residents: alternate "work roles," represented by committee memberships and volunteer activity; "family roles," represented by the supportive or helping relations adopted toward other residents; and leisure-type roles. These behavioral standards and expectations helped to structure the relationships and everyday life of residents within the community.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Healthy naturally occurring retirement communities: a low-cost approach to facilitating healthy aging.

Naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs) are broadly defined as communities where individuals either remain or move when they retire. Using the determinants of health model as a base, we hypothesize that some environmental determinants have a different impact on people at different ages. Health benefits to living within NORCs have been observed and likely vary depending upon where the specific NORC exists on the NORC to healthy-NORC spectrum. Some NORC environments are healthier than others for seniors, because the NORC environment has characteristics associated with better health for seniors. Health benefits within healthy NORCs are higher where physical and social environments facilitate greater activity and promote feelings of well-being. Compared to the provision of additional medical or social services, healthy NORCs are a low-cost community-level approach to facilitating healthy aging. Municipal governments should pursue policies that stimulate and support the development of healthy NORCs.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Respiratory impairment and symptoms as predictors of early retirement with disability in US underground coal miners.

A five-year prospective study of 1,394 United States underground coal miners was undertaken to study the effects of respiratory impairment on the rate of early retirement with disability (ERD). Using a logistic regression analysis, ERD was found to be related to reported persistent phlegm after adjustment was made for other respiratory symptoms, respiratory function measurements, cigarette smoking, and some demographic characteristics. No prediction of ERD occurred for spirometrically determined measures of respiratory function. The data thus give limited support to the hypothesis that early retirement with disability in underground coal miners can be predicted prospectively by measures of respiratory symptoms.

Coal Mining↗
PubMed1975

Primary group interaction of residents in a retirement hotel.

The interaction patterns of sixty-three residents age 55 and over living in a retirement hotel for three types of primary groups-kin, friends, and neighbors-were studied. Almost all residents voiced high housing satisfaction and were involved to various degrees in their primary group network. The relative with whom visited the most, usually the adult child, influences the primary group interaction the most, but at the same time may contribute to feelings of uselessness on the part of the retired residents of the apartment complex.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Survival after retirement.

A study of survival rates after retirement was conducted for a large corporation in the petroleum industry. A regression analysis was performed to control for age, sex, job status, and type of work differences that may influence longevity. Examination of the residuals showed a bimodal distribution: one group died (on the average) six and a half years after retirement, while the second group survived (on the average) nineteen years. Implications for health care management are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Transition to retirement: gender differences.

The present investigation consisted of two studies which attempted: 1) to assess the replicability of the investigation by Wapner and Hornstein [1] and Hornstein and Wapner [2,3] that uncovered four distinct modes of experiencing the transition to retirement, and 2) to advance that work by focusing on gender differences. The preliminary study, based on analyses of twenty-four case studies reported by Wapner and Hornstein suggested it would be profitable to study gender differences in a more systematic manner [1]. Toward this end, the major study involved construction of four appropriate instruments which were administered to ninety-four (48 women, 46 men) recent retirees. The four retirement categories (I. Transition to Old Age; II. New Beginning; III. Continuation; IV. Imposed Disruption) described in those investigations was replicated. Moreover, striking gender differences emerged. Theoretical and practical implications of the study were explored.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1975

Voluntary and involuntary retirement of aged males and their effect of emotional satisfaction, usefulness, self-image, emotional stability, and interpersonal relationships.

There is an ever-growing number of male retirees in the American society. The present study was conducted to try to determine the effect of the voluntary and involuntary retirement on emotional satisfaction, usefulness, self-image, emotional stability, and interpersonal relationships in aged males. Significant differences were found among the participants in each of the areas. Voluntary retirement tends to have a more positive influence on the retiree along each dimension.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Determinants of self-perceived changes in health status among pre- and early-retirement populations.

Using data from the 1992 and 1994 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), this study described reasons reported by pre- and early-retirement populations for perceived changes in global health status over a 2-year period. It then analyzed the association between self-perceptions of change and the actual changes in objective health conditions, controlling for demographics, emotional health status, and the changes in work status and health-affecting habits. The results were compared to the determinants of self-ratings of health at wave 2. Existing or increasing impairments in functional abilities were found to contribute to self-perceptions of decline. However, a diagnosis of new chronic disease and the experience of a major medical event per se did not universally contribute to self-perception of decline. The relationship between cross-sectional self-ratings of health and objective health conditions was more straightforward. Self-perception of improvement among people with serious health problems most likely owed to medical interventions and improvement in symptoms, the most frequently mentioned reasons for perceived improvement, and reflected the subjects' selective optimization and resiliency.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

Psychometric properties of the Self-perceived Stress in Retirement Scale.

A 14-item self-report scale, Self-perceived Stress in Retirement Scale, was developed from retirees' lists of factors which caused them stress in everyday living, and then administered to 348 men and 385 women who had been retired from between six months to over five years. Analysis indicated that the scale showed satisfactory internal consistency, was sensitive to a range of scores representing participants' stress, correlated significantly with standardised measures of anxiety and depression, and showed a structure with three factors of missing work, personal health, and relationship issues. Suggestions for the use of the scale in further research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Clinical and radiological prevalence of skeletal fluorosis among retired employees of Wonji-Shoa sugar estate in Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and radiological prevalence of skeletal fluorosis among the retired employees of Wonji-Shoa sugar estate. DESIGN: Retrospective and cross-sectional study. SETTING: Wonji-Shoa sugar estate, an agro-industrial estate located in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and sixty three employees of the estate who retired between 1995 and 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical evidence of impaired squatting, neck and lumbar mobility, kyphosis, and X-ray evidence of fluorosis. RESULTS: Skeletal fluorosis was more evident among the males (p<0.05), and the prevalence was higher among the factory and the agricultural workers than among the administrative workers (p<0.05). Clinical prevalence was 20% versus the radiological prevalence of 70.3%, indicating that many cases were asymptomatic. Impaired neck and lumbar mobility and impaired squatting significantly agreed with the radiological diagnosis (p<0.05) while kyphosis was not. CONCLUSION: Further clinical and epidemiological studies are suggested and strengthening of the existing defluoridation programmes within the area is recommended.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗