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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

[Nutrition-related problems in pet birds].

The detection and correction of dietary errors plays an important role in avian medicine. Examples of diseases caused in part by a deficiency or abundance of a nutrient include hypovitaminosis A in birds of the parrot (Psittacidae) family, hypocalcemia in the African grey parrot, goitre in budgerigars, and iron storage diseases in the minah and toucan. Hypovitaminosis A can lead to metaplasia of mucous membranes, which in turn can lead to chronic rhinitis and respiratory fungal infections. Vitamin A deficiency is caused by feeding a seed based diet. Seed mixtures are often deficient in calcium, and nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism can develop if an additional source of calcium, in the form of ground shells, is not provided. Tetanic symptoms as a result of hypocalcemia are only seen in the African grey parrot and the timneh parrot. Over supplementation of vitamin D gives rise to poisoning with polyuria and polydipsia as common initial symptoms. The exact cause of iron storage diseases in toucans and minahs is not known. A diet low in iron and vitamin C is advised as therapy. Goitre can develop in budgerigars as a result of iodine-deficient drinking water and provision of a seed mixture based on millet. An unbalanced or multideficient diet can give rise to reproductive disorders, abnormal feathers, or infections as a result of diminished resistance. It is usually not possible to relate the cause of these diseases in a simple way to the composition of the diet. Obesity, which occurs in the galah, Amazon parrot, and budgerigars, can lead to fatty liver and lipoma. A gradual reduction in weight, by means of calorie restriction, is recommended. Commercially available nutritionally balanced bird food is often effective.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract?

The incidence of disorders of development of the male reproductive tract has more than doubled in the past 30-50 years while sperm counts have declined by about half. Similar abnormalities occur in the sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy and can be induced in animals by brief exposure to exogenous oestrogen/DES during pregnancy. We argue that the increasing incidence of reproductive abnormalities in the human male may be related to increased oestrogen exposure in utero, and identify mechanisms by which this exposure could occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Dysplastic nevi, cutaneous melanoma, and gynecologic disorders.

We compared the frequency of reproductive system diseases and disorders among 206 female patients with dysplastic nevi (DN), and/or melanoma, in comparison with random samples of women of comparable age without melanoma. The highest odds ratio (OR) for these age-related diseases and reproductive disorders occurs among the youngest age group of the patients with DN alone (mean age 35.1 +/- 1.2 yr): 44.2% of the DN subjects had one or more reproductive disorders compared with 19.8% of the random sample (OR 3.2, 95% CL (1.6, 6.5), P less than 0.001). The patients with melanoma and DN (mean age 41.5 +/- 1.4 yr) also had a significantly greater percentage of subjects with one or more reproductive disorders, though less so than the DN subjects: 49.4% compared to 33.7% (OR 1.9, 95% CL (1.1, 3.3), P = 0.02).

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2006

Bovine claw and limb disorders related to reproductive performance and production diseases.

As part of a cross-sectional study of Norwegian Red Cattle, associations of lameness, lesions at the tarsus, claw shapes, and claw lesions with reproductive performance and production diseases were examined. Fifty-five tiestall herds and 57 freestall herds were sampled by computerized systematic selection and 2,665 cows were trimmed and limb and claw disorders recorded by 13 specifically trained claw trimmers during the late winter and spring of 2002. After exclusions, 2,583 cows were included in this study. Most claw lesions were mild (score 1). Prevalence of moderate and severe lesions (score 2 + 3) did not exceed 5% for any of the lesions. Hazard ratios for independent variables were identified using Cox regression analyses incorporating herd as a random effect in a positive stable frailty model. Wounds and swellings at the tarsus were associated with more clinical mastitis [hazard ratio (HR) = 4.0] and teat injuries (HR = 2.5). Moderate and severe heel-horn erosions in first-lactation cows were associated with increased calving interval (HR = 0.60). Moderate and severe hemorrhages of the sole in first-lactation cows were associated with decreased interval from calving to first service (HR = 1.6) and moderate and severe hemorrhages of the sole were associated with more milk fever (HR = 8.6). All hemorrhages of the sole (scores = 1, 2, and 3) were associated with more reproductive hormonal treatments (HR = 2.3). All sole ulcers in first-lactation cows were associated with longer interval from calving to last service (HR = 0.59) and longer calving interval (HR = 0.61), whereas sole ulcers in older cows were associated with longer calving interval (HR = 0.62). All sole ulcers also were associated with more milk fever (HR = 4.8) in all cows. Moderate and severe sole ulcers in older cows were associated with increased interval from calving to first (HR = 0.35) and last (HR = 0.37) service. Moderate and severe white-line fissures in older cows were associated with increased return rate from previous insemination (HR = 2.4). Our study shows that claw disorders are associated with poorer reproductive performance and some production diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Possibilities of surgical treatment of lesions of the organs of the reproductive system and disorders of sexual development].

The authors describe the data on clinico-laboratory and instrumental examinations and surgical treatment of about 5,000 children with different reproductive organ injuries including complex patterns of abnormal sexual differentiation. The designed diagnostic programs made it possible to distribute patients into groups and according to the disease entities in conformity with the classification suggested. It is emphasized that in the developing science concerned with sex, it is necessary to distinguish an area pertaining to childhood, namely pediatric andrology, and to delineate its subject matter and tasks. Skilled assistance can be rendered by a specialized center. A broad spectrum of improved masculinizing (including the design of an artificial phallus) and feminizing (including the design of an artificial vagina from the rectosigmoid segment of the colon) is provided. The catamnestic data are evaluated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Therapeutic use of synthetic Gn-RH-Dirigestran in disorders of the reproductive cycle in cows from low-fertility herds].

Synthetic Gn-RH-Dirigestran Spofa was used for the treatment of 121 cows with functional ovarial disorders. Out of this total number, 41 cows showed no postpartal and no post-service symptoms of oestrus, 59 returned to oestrus with irregular cycles, and 21 cows showed an irregular course of oestrus. The treatment was made in herds with a low conception rate (32-37% conceptions after the first insemination, service period 108 to 142 days). On the whole, 80.1% of the treated cows got in calf, 53.7% conceived after the first insemination. The average time from treatment to successful insemination was 39 days. The treatment was started 148 days from parturition, on an average. The average insemination index of the treated cows was 1.44. As to cows out of heat, 70.7% got in calf on the whole and 51.2% after the first insemination, the therapeutic service period (TSP) being 44 days. Out of the cows returning to oestrus with an irregular cycle, 84.7% got in calf and 52.5% got in calf after the first insemination with the TSP of 37 days, and the cows with irregular cycle the conception was recorded in 85.7% (61.9% after the first insemination with the average TSP of 35 days). On the whole, 82% of treated cows showed clearly visible symptoms of oestrus after the application of Dirigestran. The pregnancy of the whole set (121 treated cows) was higher by 15 to 21% after the first insemination and by 41 to 49% after all inseminations, as compared with the pregnancy of normally inseminated cows in these herds. The results show that the treatment of the functional disorders of ovaries is also practicable in cows in herds with a decreased fertility if this treatment is not impaired by spermiotoxicity or embryotoxicity owing to the effects of inadequate secretions of sexual organs caused by incorrect nutrition or infections.

Anestrus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sex-change operations in disorders of the reproductive organs].

The authors analyze the experience gained in the surgical treatment of more than 5300 patients aged 2 days to 42 years, suffering from various abnormalities of the reproductive organs. They describe the surgical policy in sex-transforming surgery (masculinizing or feminizing plasty of the genitals) and give recommendations on rehabilitation of the patients with involvement of the reproductive system organs in the postoperative period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[New findings on the importance of the histocompatibility Y antigen for sex differentiation and its role in the origin of developmental disorders of the reproductive organs].

In the differentiation of the male reproductive organs the histocompatibility antigen Y plays an important role, which is formed under physiological conditions under the influence of a gene of the Y-chromosome in the most cell types of male mammals and occurs in the cell membranes. The H-Y is delivered by Sertoli's cells and furthers the development of the testicles. These cells moreover deliver testosterone-binding protein and an inhibiting factor for the development of Müller's ducts. For the effectiveness of testosterone the equipment of the in their function testosterone-depending cell types with androgen-receptor protein is necessary, the formation of which is conditioned by a gene lying on the X-chromosome. For the maturation and preservation of the viability of the oocytes two functioning X-chromosomes are necessary. Several disturbances of the development of the reproductive organs as well as the trans-sexuality are demonstrated taking into consideration recent realizations.

Disorders of Sex Development↗
PubMed1976

[Reproduction and cohabitation disorders from the andrological viewpoint].

Analogous to gynecological fertility diagnostics as applied to women, the andrological methodology for the examination of men has been expanded into a simple and extended method of fertility diagnostics. Generally, the examination of a male patient begins with simple fertility diagnostics and is followed-up individually by detailed diagnostic procedures only when a certain suspicion exists. As a rule extended diagnostic procedures are not applied to a husband before the wife's ability to conceive has not first been determined at least by a simple gynecological examination. This proceeding sequence is rational and satisfying particularly since some fertility diagnostic interventions can only be imposed upon a patient after all other possibilities are exhausted. Primarily in cases of cohabitational disorders caused by male impotence, a similar diagnostic method is applied. As in the case of fertility examinations, all other possibilities, such as endocrinological malfunctions, metabolic disorders, disease symptoms and neurological defeciencies are thoroughly investigated. After all pathological findings are ruled out, psychoanalytical tests are advised. In most cases, behavioural disorders can be left to the guidance of the andrologist within the framework of minor sexual-psychological psychiatry. In more severe cases, specialized psychiatric diagnostic procedures are recommended. Although the classic spermiogram is still the focal point of diagnostics, normo-zoospermia is no longer necessarily synonymous with reproductive ability. Under given circumstances, differential diagnostic considerations are sometimes necessary taking the entire equipment of extended diagnostic procedures for granted.

Cytodiagnosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ghrelin: a link between eating disorders, obesity and reproduction.

Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid acylated peptide predominantly produced by the stomach, displays strong GH-releasing activity mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary GH secretagogues (GHS) receptors (GHS-R) which had been shown specific for a family of synthetic, orally active molecules known as GHS. However, ghrelin and GHS, acting on central and peripheral receptors, also exert other actions. These include influence on pituitary functions, orexigenic action, influence on exocrine and endocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic functions, cardiovascular and anti-proliferative effects. In particular, the effect of ghrelin in promoting food intake and modulating energy metabolism strongly suggested that ghrelin has a key role in managing the neuroendocrine and metabolic response to starvation and that could be involved in the pathogenesis and/or in the metabolic and neuro-hormonal alterations of obesity and eating disorders. Although specific alterations in ghrelin secretion and/or action in obesity and anorexia nervosa (AN) have already been reported, the possibility that ghrelin analogues acting as agonists or antagonists has clinical perspectives for treatment of eating disorders presently remains a dream.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1997

[Thyroid disease and reproduction dysfunction].

Thyroid disorders have been implicated in a broad spectrum of reproductive disorders ranging from abnormal sexual development to menstrual irregularities and infertility. Hyperthyroidism in the male is thought to cause gynecomastia. In the female hypo and hyperthyroidism results in changes in cycles length and amount of bleeding. The hypothyroidism in the male has less clear-cut effect on the reproductive system. Long-standing, untreated hypothyroidism is associated with galactorrhea. These abnormalities are reversible with adequate thyroid supplementation or collection of hyperthyroidism. Thus during the investigation of hirsurism, menstrual irregularity, infertility, galactorrhea, and gynecomastia, the possibility of thyroid dysfunction must always be considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Cytogenetic study in disorders of human reproduction].

We reviewed 1347 cytogenetic studies performed in a period of eight years to analyze chromosomal translocations and their relation with reproductive failure. Twenty nine index cases were detected representing a global incidence of 2.2% thirteen (45%) were balanced reciprocal translocations between autosomes, thirteen (45%) were robertsonian translocations and three (10%) were X; autosomal translocations. The most frequent indication for the study were, for each group, respectively, recurrent abortion, a child with congenital malformations and ovarian dysfunction. Our results are compared with those of other authors and the mechanisms and figure risks for unbalanced offspring are discussed.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2005

Effects of internal clock and memory disorders on duration reproductions and duration productions in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibit deficits in perceptual and motor timing as well as impairments in memory and attentional processes that are related to dysfunction of dopaminergic systems in the basal ganglia. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationships existing between impaired duration judgments and defective memory and attention in PD patients. We compared time performance of medicated PD patients and control subjects on a duration reproduction task that is highly memory-dependent, and on a duration production task that could reveal effects of changes in the speed of internal time-keeping mechanisms. Each task was performed in a control counting condition and in a condition requiring divided attention between the temporal task and a concurrent reading task. Moreover, PD patients and control subjects were assessed on memory and attention using a battery of neuropsychological tests. The results revealed that in the concurrent reading condition of the reproduction task, duration judgments tended to be more variable in PD patients than in control subjects. Moreover, variability of duration reproductions was correlated with both measures of memory and of disease severity. In the concurrent reading condition of the production task, duration judgments were significantly shorter in PD patients than in control subjects, and accuracy of duration productions was correlated with scores on sub-tests of short-term memory. The findings suggest that the administration of dopamine did not entirely remove the memory deficits in PD patients. Moreover, DA treatment would have abnormally accelerated the rate of the internal clock leading to shorter duration productions in PD patients. The whole results indicate that dopamine administration in patients might have overshadowed the slowing rate of the internal clock usually reported in non medicated PD patients, without entirely restoring all of the memory functions.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Relationship of lead, mercury, mirex, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls to timing of menarche among Akwesasne Mohawk girls.

BACKGROUND: Children are commonly exposed at background levels to several ubiquitous environmental pollutants, such as lead and persistent organic pollutants, that have been linked to neurologic and endocrine effects. These effects have prompted concern about alterations in human reproductive development. Few studies have examined the effects of these toxicants on human sexual maturation at levels commonly found in the general population, and none has been able to examine multiple toxicant exposures. The aim of the current investigation was to examine the relationship between attainment of menarche and levels of 6 environmental pollutants to which children are commonly exposed at low levels, ie, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), mirex, lead, and mercury. METHODS: This study was conducted with residents of the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation, a sovereign territory that spans the St Lawrence River and the boundaries of New York State and Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Since the 1950s, the St Lawrence River has been a site of substantial industrial development, and the Nation is currently adjacent to a US National Priority Superfund site. PCB, p,p'-DDE, HCB, and mirex levels exceeding the US Food and Drug Administration recommended tolerance limits for human consumption have been found in local animal species. The present analysis included 138 Akwesasne Mohawk Nation girls 10 to 16.9 years of age. Blood samples and sociodemographic data were collected by Akwesasne community members, without prior knowledge of participants' exposure status. Attainment of menses (menarche) was assessed as present or absent at the time of the interview. Congener-specific PCB analysis was available, and all 16 PCB congeners detected in >50% of the sample were included in analyses (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry numbers 52, 70, 74, 84, 87, 95, 99, 101 [+90], 105, 110, 118, 138 [+163 and 164], 149 [+123], 153, 180, and 187). Probit analysis was used to determine the median age at menarche for the sample. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictors of menarcheal status. Six toxicants (p,p'-DDE, HCB, PCBs, mirex, lead, and mercury) were entered into the logistic regression model. Age, socioeconomic status (SES), and BMI were tested as potential cofounders and were included in the model at P < .05. Interactions among toxicants were also evaluated. RESULTS: Toxicant levels were measured in blood for this sample and were consistent with long-term exposure to a variety of toxicants in multiple media. Mercury levels were at or below background levels, all lead levels were well below the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention action limit of 10 microg/dL, and PCB levels were consistent with a cumulative, continuing exposure pattern. The median age at menarche for the total sample was 12.2 years. The predicted age at menarche for girls with lead levels above the median (1.2 microg/dL) was 10.5 months later than that for girls with lead levels below the median. In the logistic regression analysis, age was the strongest predictor of menarcheal status and SES was also a significant predictor but BMI was not. The logistic regression analysis that corrected for age, SES, and other pollutants (p,p'-DDE, HCB, mirex, and mercury) indicated that, at their respective geometric means, lead (geometric mean: 0.49 microg/dL) was associated with a significantly lower probability of having reached menarche (beta = -1.29) and a group of 4 potentially estrogenic PCB congeners (E-PCB) (geometric mean: 0.12 ppb; International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry numbers 52, 70, 101 [+90], and 187) was associated with a significantly greater probability of having reached menarche (beta = 2.13). Predicted probabilities at different levels of lead and PCBs were calculated on the basis of the logistic regression model. At the respective means of all toxicants and SES, 69% of 12-year-old girls were predicted to have reached menarche. However, at the 75th percentile of lead levels, only 10% of 12-year-old Mohawk girls were predicted to have reached menarche; at the 75th percentile of E-PCB levels, 86% of 12-year-old Mohawk girls were predicted to have reached menarche. No association was observed between mirex, p,p'-DDE, or HCB and menarcheal status. Although BMI was not a significant predictor, we tested BMI in the logistic regression model; it had little effect on the relationships between menarcheal status and either lead or E-PCB. In models testing toxicant interactions, age, SES, lead levels, and PCB levels continued to be significant predictors of menarcheal status. When each toxicant was tested in a logistic regression model correcting only for age and SES, we observed little change in the effects of lead or E-PCB on menarcheal status. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of multichemical exposure among Akwesasne Mohawk Nation adolescent girls suggests that the attainment of menarche may be sensitive to relatively low levels of lead and certain PCB congeners. This study is distinguished by the ability to test many toxicants simultaneously and thus to exclude effects from unmeasured but coexisting exposures. By testing several PCB congener groupings, we were able to determine that specifically a group of potentially estrogenic PCB congeners affected the odds of reaching menarche. The lead and PCB findings are consistent with the literature and are biologically plausible. The sample size, cross-sectional study design, and possible occurrence of confounders beyond those tested suggest that results should be interpreted cautiously. Additional investigation to determine whether such low toxicant levels may affect reproduction and disorders of the reproductive system is warranted.

Adolescent↗