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PubMed1991

More than mothers and whores: redefining the AIDS prevention needs of women.

Women are increasingly at risk for AIDS. At the root of this risk is women's relative lack of control over their bodies and their lives. Those women with least control, generally poor women of color, are at greatest risk in both developed and developing countries. To date, AIDS prevention programs have ignored most women, focusing almost exclusively on women in the sex industry and, more recently, prenatal women. We urgently need prevention programs for women that view women as more than "mothers and whores" and recognize that AIDS poses a real risk to many of us; programs that are sensitive to the complex realities of women's lives and offer realistic alternatives that will allow women to protect themselves from HIV infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

[Secular trends in postanal growth in the city of São Paulo, Brazil (1974-1996)].

OBJECTIVE: Data from three household surveys undertaken in the city of S. Paulo, Brazil, from mid-80s to mid-90s allow to characterize and analyse secular trends in infant and child linear growth. METHODS: In the three surveys, random population samples aged from zero to 59 months (1,008 children in the period of 1974-75; 1,016 in 1984-85 and 1,280 in 1995-96) were studied. Recumbent length was obtained from children up to 24 months of age and then stature was recorded. The international growth standard was used to evaluate the child's height according to age and sex. For the study of the social distribution of growth status, tertiles of the per capita family income was taken into account in each survey. For the study of the determinants of secular trends, hierarchical causal models, multivariate regression analyses and calculations analogous to the ones used to assess population attributable risks were applied. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: In the period of 22 years covered by the three surveys, the secular trend of child growth in S. Paulo City showed a positive, continuous and apparently uniform curve. It was equivalent to a total average gain of 0.650 z scores of the international growth reference, or near 2.3 cm at the age of 30 months. The higher gain was observed among the third poorest fraction of the population--3.3 cm--and the lower gain--1.7 cm--among the third richest. Positive changes in distal determinants (family income and maternal schooling) and intermediate determinants (housing, sanitation, access to health services and reproductive past history) of child growth explained substantially part of the improvements seen from the mid-80s to mid-90s.

Anthropometry↗