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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Characterization of temperature rise of the brain and the rectum following intracerebroventricular administration of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate and kainate in rats.

Intracerebroventricular administration of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) or kainate caused a rise of the temperature of the brain and the rectum in urethane-anesthetized rats. An AMPA-kainate receptor antagonist, 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), significantly suppressed the AMPA- and kainate-induced rises of brain and rectal temperatures. An N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, MK-801, also suppressed the rises of the brain and rectal temperatures induced by AMPA or kainate, but the profiles of the suppressive effects of MK-801 were different between rats treated with AMPA and kainate. An antipyretic agent, indomethacin, completely suppressed the AMPA-induced rises of brain and rectal temperatures. Although indomethacin completely suppressed the kainate-induced rise of the rectal temperature as well, the brain temperature was still raised. These findings suggest that distinct mechanisms may be involved in the temperature rise of the brain and the rectum mediated through AMPA and kainate receptor stimulation.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗
PubMed1987

Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the rectum: two cases treated by radiotherapy.

Two cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the rectum treated by radiotherapy are reported. In one patient local control of disease was achieved at 36 months. A second patient treated by a palliative course of radiotherapy had initial good local regression and control of symptoms at 3 months. In view of the radiosensitivity of this tumour, consideration should be given to treating extramedullary plasmacytoma of the rectum by primary radiotherapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Some properties of rectum and vagina as sites for basal body temperature measurement.

The choice of site for body temperature measurement and consistency in positioning the thermometer are important in achieving reliable and interpretable basal body temperature graphs in women. The distribution of temperatures in vagina (TV) and rectum (TR) were measured in women upon awakening. There were no significant differences between TR and TV at insertion depths of 5, 9, or 13 cm. Estimation of deep body temperature was not improved by inserting a thermojunction beyond 5 cm in vagina or rectum. Rates of change in TV following ingestion of a 300-ml iced drink were significantly greater than rates of change in TR.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Small flat cancer of the rectum: clinicopathologic and endoscopic features.

The clinicopathologic and endoscopic features of 15 patients with small flat cancer of the rectum were investigated. Whereas 4 patients had hematochezia, the remaining 11 patients were asymptomatic, and stool positive for occult blood was the only remarkable clinical feature in 8 of them. Endoscopic features were slight elevation with central depression in 8 lesions, flat-topped elevation in 4, and shallow depression with irregular margin in 3. The surface of the tumor was often faint red in color and frequently characterized by mucosal friability. Five flat rectal cancers were missed during initial endoscopy, and they were found by repeated endoscopic examination. Three flat cancers were not identified in the distal rectum until retroflexed colonoscopic observation was performed. Although all tumors were smaller than 2 cm in diameter and 6 of them were under 1 cm, 9 lesions had deeply invaded the submucosal layer and 7 tumors showed lymphovascular permeation. Two lesions of 1 cm or greater had metastasized to perirectal lymph nodes. These results suggest that careful observation during endoscopy is necessary to detect flat rectal cancers, and a U-turn to examine the anorectal junction should be routinely done in the appropriate age group.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1976

Electromyography of the rectum and colon in Hirschsprung's disease.

The electromyographic activity of the large bowel was studied in patients suffering from aganglionic megacolon and in comparable normal infants and children, using of an intraluminal electrode. Graphs obtained in control children showed a basic electrical rhythm of 4-6 waves/min with bursts of high frequency spikes, 3-4/sec, superimposed on the top of the slow waves. The recordings in Hirschprung's disease showed an irregular basic electrical rhythm with waves of variable duration and no high frequency potentials, as long as the electrode was positioned in the aganglionic zone. As soon as the electrode was introduced further up into the normally innervated colon the graph became identical to that seen in the normal bowel. Intraluminal electromyography of the rectum and colon seems to be a suitable procedure to diagnose aganglionosis of the rectum and the extent of the lesion.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Dysplastic nitrergic neurons in the rectum of a patient with rectal ectasia.

We present a histochemical study of resected colon from a 13-year-old boy diagnosed with rectal ectasia. Laminar preparations and sectioned tissue of rectum were assayed histochemically for nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity by reducing nitro blue tetrazolium salt in the presence of the cofactor NADPH. Tissue preparations displayed intensely labelled neurons and fibers throughout the gut wall. Laminar preparations of Meissner's plexus showed a hyperplasia of ganglia and NO-related neurons throughout the length of the resected rectum compared with normal bowel. Sectioned tissue of the Auerbach's plexus demonstrated a normal number of ganglia and NO-related neurons. As well, the ectatic bowel showed a proliferation of nerve fibers in keeping with the degree of circular smooth muscle hypertrophy. This proliferation may represent a reactive phenomenon secondary to the functional obstruction. The NO histochemical technique may form the basis of further investigations in defining the cause of this functional obstruction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Urinary diversion to the augmented and valved rectum: preliminary results with a novel surgical procedure.

A new method for urinary diversion to the rectum was elaborated in animal experiments and currently has been used in 19 patients. Reflux of the rectal content to the colon and to the upper urinary tract is prevented by the fashioning of an intussusception valve at the rectosigmoid junction. The rectum is augmented by anastomosing an ileal patch to the anterior rectal wall. A transverse colostomy protects the construction for 6 to 8 weeks. Of the 19 patients 3 had local recurrence or metastasis within 6 months. Thus, 16 patients with a followup of 3 to 14 months are evaluable. All patients are continent during the daytime with an emptying frequency of 3 to 5 times and dry at night with a frequency of 0 to 2. In 3 patients partial sliding of the sigmoid intussusception valve occurred causing reflux of rectal contents to the sigmoid and to the right ureter in 1. Reflux to the upper urinary tract has not been revealed in any of the other patients. With 1 exception excretory urography has demonstrated either improvement or stabilization of the upper urinary tract post-operatively. The rectal capacity increased from 200 to 700 ml. after 6 months. With the reservoir full the mean basal pressure was 17 cm. water and the mean maximum pressure was 24 cm. water.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Tubular duplication of the rectum with a rectourethral fistula.

An infant with pneumaturia and fecaluria was found to have a rectal duplicatation with a fistula between the duplicated rectum and the urethra. Rectal duplication, although rare, should be considered in cases of bizarre lower bowel symptoms in children. Correction in our case was effected by exclusion of the duplicated segment along with removal of its mucosal lining and division of its urethral fistula. The termination of the duplicated rectum in the urinary tract, as in cases of imperforate anus, suggests a related embryologic mechanism for the 2 types of anomalies.

Colon↗
PubMed1997

Chances of cure are not compromised with sphincter-saving procedures for cancer of the lower third of the rectum.

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to compare patterns of recurrence and long-term outcome after sphincter-saving procedures (SSPs) and abdominoperineal resection (APR) in patients with tumors located in the lower third of the rectum. METHODS: We reviewed the charts of 1001 patients operated on for primary rectal adenocarcinoma between 1980 and 1991. All patients with tumors located between 5 and 7 cm from the anal verge and treated with curative intent were included. RESULTS: Of the 261 patients who met our criteria, 162 had undergone SSP and 99 had undergone APR. The local recurrence rates for SSP and APR were 8% and 11%, respectively (p = 0.41), and the distant metastases rates were 23% and 28%, respectively (p = 0.35). Recurrence and distant metastases rates for SSP and APR, respectively, did not differ by TNM classification: state I, 10% versus 9% (p = 0.9); stage II, 25% versus 43% (p = 0.13); and stage III, 56% versus 57% (p = 0.92). Five-year disease-free survival rates for SSP and APR patients were 70.5% and 62.3%, respectively (p = 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: Tumors in the lower third of the rectum can be treated with sphincter-saving procedures without compromising the chance of cure.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Cancer of the rectum--sphincter-saving operation. A new technique of coloanal anastomosis.

The authors describe their technique providing total excision of the rectum and its muscular wall with an anastomosis between the colon and the anal canal at the level of the pectinate line for cancer of the low rectum. Of 20 patients, 17 had good functional results, two required later abdominoperineal resection for local recurrence, and one died of diffuse metastatic spread.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Early and late damage in the mouse rectum after irradiation and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II).

The effects of radiation and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (c-DDP) in the mouse rectum were assessed using two functional endpoints (anal discharge/diarrhoea and body weight changes), one lethal endpoint (obstructive rectal stenosis) and a microscopic endpoint (semiquantitative histological scoring). After irradiation, anal discharge, diarrhoea and lethal rectal stenosis were found to be the result of submucosal fibrosis with a secondary mucosal ulcer due to mechanical damage by the faeces. Weight loss at both early and late times after irradiation seemed to be related to epithelial cellular depletion. c-DDP, when given in combination with X-rays, did not enhance the incidence of late anal discharge, diarrhoea or rectal stenosis. Using an arbitrary semiquantitative scale for measuring the degree and extent of late rectal injury, c-DDP sometimes seemed to postpone the expression of radiation damage in the rectum. This effect, however, might also be the result only of interexperimental variation. An increase by c-DDP in the early body weight loss after irradiation was also observed which could be explained by an additive effect in the rectal epithelium.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Variations of tumor control and rectum complication probabilities due to random set-up errors during conformal radiation therapy of prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The effect of random set-up errors on tumor control probability (TCP) and rectum complication probability (NTCP) on 3D conformal treatment planning of prostate cancer has been investigated by applying the convolution method originally proposed by Leong (Leong, J. Implementation of random positioning error in computerized radiation treatment planning systems as a result of fractionation. Phys. Med. Biol. 32: 327-334, 1987). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The combined influence of the standard deviation of the random shifts probability distribution (sigma) of the dose and of the Beam's-eye-view margin (M) between the clinical target volume (CTV) and the edge of the blocks have been investigated in two patients. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Random set-up error has been found to decrease TCP (for a typical 70 Gy CTV mean dose) by up to 6% for a 1 cm margin (sigma = 7 mm). When M is equal to or larger than 1.5 cm, no relevant effects on TCP are obtained. Maximum acceptable TCP values (corresponding to a rectum NTCP equal to 5%) have been derived and the dependence on sigma and M has been investigated.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Increased bioavailability of propranolol in rats by retaining thermally gelling liquid suppositories in the rectum.

Mucoadhesive liquid suppositories were prepared by adding mucoadhesive polymers (0.6%) to a formulation of thermally gelling suppositories that contained poloxamer 407 (15%), poloxamer 188 (15%) and propranolol HCl (2%). Hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), carbopol, polycarbophil and sodium alginate were examined as mucoadhesive polymers. The characteristics of the suppositories differed depending on the choice of mucoadhesive polymer. For example, the gelation temperature was between 30 and 36 degrees C, the mucoadhesive force was between 430 and 5800 dyne/cm2, the apparent first-order release rate constant in phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, was between 0.399 and 0.271 h-1, the migration distance of the suppository in the rectum 4 h after administration was between 1 and 5 cm, and the bioavailability of propranolol was between 60.9 and 84.7%. Rectal bioavailability increased as the mucoadhesive force increased (r=0.984, p<0.0005), and the migration distance decreased (r=-0.951, p<0.005). No relationship was found between the bioavailability and the gelation temperature, drug release or irritation of the rectal mucosal membrane by the suppository. Therefore, retaining propranolol at the dosed site in the rectum by the addition of appropriate mucoadhesives to the formulation of liquid suppositories appears to be a very important factor in avoiding first-pass hepatic elimination and thereby increasing the bioavailability of the drug. Among the mucoadhesive polymers examined, sodium alginate and polycarbophil exhibited the largest mucoadhesive force and the smallest intrarectal migration resulting in the largest bioavailability of propranolol (84.7 and 82.3%, respectively). In contrast to other polymers, sodium alginate alone caused no irritation of the rectal mucosal membrane. Thus, poloxamer liquid suppositories containing sodium alginate appears to be a preferred formulation for drugs that are sensitive to extensive first-pass metabolism.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1998

Electrical stimulation of the lower midbrain around retrorubral field decreases temperatures of brown fat and rectum in anesthetized Wistar rats.

To investigate a neuronal mechanism controlling heat production of brown adipose tissue (BAT), ventral regions of the lower midbrain was stimulated by rectangular electric current (0.1 ms, 1 mA, 5-50 Hz) while recording temperatures of the interscapular BAT (IBAT), rectum and arterial blood pressure in urethane-anesthetized Wistar rats at room temperature of 24-26 degrees C. Unilateral stimulation (10 Hz) for 5 min to the midbrain around the retrorubral field decreased temperatures of IBAT (0.33 +/- 0.03 degrees C, n = 33) and rectum (0.10 +/- 0.01 degrees C). The response was reversed when procaine (10%, 800 nl) was injected into the same locus. The results support the hypothesis that a tonic inhibitory mechanism for metabolic heat production locates around the retrorubral field.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1984

Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the rectum.

A case of inflammatory fibroid polyp of the rectum in an 8 years old boy is reported. This lesion is not infrequently found in the gastro-intestinal tract, is very rare in childhood and has never been reported in the rectum. The pathogenetical hypothesis that fibroid represents a dynamic response to recurrent small injuries with possible different histological patterns is prospected.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Modeling volume effects of experimental brachytherapy in the rat rectum: uncovering the limitations of a radiobiologic concept.

PURPOSE: To analyze the significance of volume effects in experimental brachytherapy, based on modeling normal tissue complication probability. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Experimental brachytherapy in the rat rectum was based on an eight-step 2.5-mm step size source configuration for 192Ir, afterloaded into an unshielded polystyrene applicator. Volume effects were studied using a half-circumferential lead-shielded applicator and a shorter (two-step) source configuration. The main end point was rectal stenosis. RESULTS: Rectal stenosis was always caused by a radiation ulcer. With the shielded configuration, single-dose ED50 (50% incidence of rectal stenosis) increased from 23 Gy to 36.5 Gy. Single-dose ED50 for the short configuration was 77.9 Gy. The data showed a reasonable fit to a three-parameter version of the biophysical model described by Jackson et al. (1995). This model assumes that organs consist of a large number of radiobiologically independent subunits and that radiation causes a complication if the fraction of the organ damaged is greater than its functional reserve. The fraction of the organ damaged is calculated summing over fractions of the organ damaged at each dose level. The calculated mean functional reserve (nu50) of the rat rectum, assuming a cumulative functional reserve distribution in the group of experimental rats, was 0.53. CONCLUSIONS: The volume effect observed within small brachytherapy volumes agreed well with clinical experience of large tolerance doses in contact X-ray therapy. However, the nu50 value was comparable to the high functional reserve value reported for liver. Experimental volume effects probably reflect repair processes originating in the areas adjacent to small radiation fields of brachytherapy more than the radiobiologic characteristics of the cells in the irradiated volume.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Multiple foreign bodies (fish bones) in the esophagus and rectum.

Multiple foreign bodies (fish bones) in the esophagus and rectum, seen in a 64-year-old man, are reported. This patient suffered from severe pain on swallowing after he had eaten fried fish. Five days later, he was referred to us, and underwent removal of a piece of fish bone under direct metal esophagoscopy. After surgery, fever and leukocytosis still continued, even though pain on swallowing disappeared. Periesophageal abscess was suspected; but no leakage or abnormal shadow was found by esophagography. Since the patient complained of severe anal pain five days after the endoscopic procedure, a romanoscopy was performed: a fish bone in the rectum and periproctal abscess were detected. Removal of the foreign body and incision of the periproctal abscess caused fever and leukocytosis to subside. A review of the literature revealed only a very few cases of multiple foreign bodies in the esophagus and lower digestive tract.

Endoscopy↗