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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Evaluation of novel diagnostic tools for peste des petits ruminants virus in naturally infected goat herds.

A survey was carried out in two goat herds during a single peste des petits ruminant (PPR) outbreak. Clinical examination showed that animals belonging to the West African Dwarf species had severe symptoms while those belonging to the West African long-legged species had mild symptoms. To confirm and to monitor the disease in each species, the study required specific monoclonal antibody-based diagnostic tools. An association of shedding of PPR virus (PPRV) and acute or mild clinical signs of the disease could be demonstrated by the rinderpest virus (RPV)/PPRV immunocapture ELISA assay. Between 85 and 100% of nasal secretions obtained from clinically diseased goats during the PPR outbreak reacted positively. Parallel serological surveillance for specific measurement of PPR antibodies revealed that between 34.4 and 88.5% of animals with no detectable virus were, however, able to seroconvert and therefore seemed to demonstrate that PPR subclinical infections do occur. Antibodies were shown to impair the RP heterologous vaccination. This evaluation offers new prospects for diagnosis and management of PPRV infection as well as for RPV control.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A leucine zipper motif in the ectodomain of Sendai virus fusion protein assembles in solution and in membranes and specifically binds biologically-active peptides and the virus.

We have detected a leucine zipper-like motif in the ectodomain of the Sendai virus fusion protein (aa 269-307) which is extremely conserved in the family of Sendai viruses. To find a possible role for this motif, we synthesized SV-269, a 39 amino acid peptide corresponding to this domain, and a mutant peptide, MuSV-269, with an amino acid pair interchanged their positions. The peptides were labeled with fluorescent probes at their N-terminal amino acid and functionally and structurally characterized. The data show that SV-269, but not MuSV-269, specifically binds Sendai virus. Expectedly, SV-269 is more active than the mutant MuSV-269 in inhibiting Sendai virus-mediated hemolysis. Fluorescence studies reveal that SV-269 assembles in aqueous solution, binds to zwitterionic PC and negatively-charged PS/PC vesicles, and assembles therein. Although MuSV-269 similarly binds to both types of vesicles, it only slightly assembles in solution and not at all in membranes. Moreover, SV-269, but not MuSV-269, coassembles with the biologically-active heptad repeats SV-150 and SV-473 (Rapaport et al. , 1995) in solution as revealed by fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and with SV-150 within negatively-charged PS/PC and zwitterionic PC vesicles. Despite these differences, both SV-269 and MuSV-269 adopt similar secondary structures in 40% TFE and 1% SDS as revealed by CD spectroscopy, and disrupt the packing of the lipid bilayers to the same extent, as shown by the dissipation of diffusion potential. The role of this leucine zipper motif is discussed in terms of the assembly of the Sendai virus fusion protein in solution and within membranes. Since most of the heptadic leucines are also conserved in the corresponding domains of other paramyxoviruses such as rinderpest, measles, SV5, and parainfluenza, it may indicate a similar role of this domain in these viruses as well.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

The extent and impact of sheep pox and goat pox in the state of Maharashtra, India.

A survey of sheep and goat producers in the state of Maharashtra, India, was undertaken to ascertain the extent and economic impact of sheep pox and goat pox (SGP). One thousand one hundred and sixteen owners were interviewed. Eighty owners (7.2%) reported that they had experienced an outbreak of the disease in the previous 6 years. The results showed that, while producers ranked SGP below other infectious diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest and enterotoxaemia, when SGP occurred it had a major impact, with average morbidity and mortality rates of 63.5% and 49.5%, respectively. Modelling studies suggested it would take about 6 years for a flock or herd to recover from an outbreak, with average annual losses in income of 30-43%, depending on flock type and the owner's actions. Statewide, it is estimated that around 5000 flocks and herds are affected by SGP annually in Maharashtra, costing up to INR 107.5 million. The highest losses occurred in the Aurangabad region.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2001

Complete genome sequence of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus PUR46-MAD clone and evolution of the purdue virus cluster.

The complete sequence (28580 nt) of the PUR46-MAD clone of the Purdue cluster of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) has been determined and compared with members of this cluster and other coronaviruses. The computing distances among their S gene sequences resulted in the grouping of these coronaviruses into four clusters, one of them exclusively formed by the Purdue viruses. Three new potential sequence motifs with homology to the alpha-subunit of the polymerase-associated nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of rinderpest virus, the Bowman-Birk type of proteinase inhibitors, and the metallothionein superfamily of cysteine rich chelating proteins have been identified. Comparison of the TGEV polymerase sequence with that of other RNA viruses revealed high sequence homology with the A-E domains of the palm subdomain of nucleic acid polymerases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Genetic differentiation of Glossina morsitans centralis populations.

Variation at mitochondrial and microsatellite loci was used to study the breeding and dispersal structure of Glossina morsitans centralis, in six natural populations from Botswana, the Caprivi Strip (Namibia), Zambia, and in a laboratory culture derived from Singida, Tanzania. Only seven mitochondrial haplotypes were found. Mean diversity averaged over the six natural populations was 0.216 +/- 0.085. The fixation index FST = 0.866 indicated a high degree of genetic differentiation among populations. Fifty-three alleles were detected among six microsatellite loci and six natural populations. Mean microsatellite diversity was 0.702 +/- 0.091. Depending on the estimating model used, fixation indices varied from 0.15 to 0.225 confirming that G. m. centralis populations are strongly subdivided. For all FST estimates, positive correlations were detected between pair-wise genetic distance measures and geographical distances. The difference in fixation indices estimated from mitochondrial or nuclear loci was explained by the greater sensitivity of mitochondrial genomes to genetic drift. Population differentiation can be explained by genetic drift and the subsequent recovery of extant populations from small, discontinuous populations. These data confirm genetically the collapse and retreat of G. m. centralis populations caused by the rinderpest epizootic of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Population structure of African buffalo inferred from mtDNA sequences and microsatellite loci: high variation but low differentiation.

The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is widespread throughout sub-Saharan Africa and is found in most major vegetation types, wherever permanent sources of water are available, making it physically able to disperse through a wide range of habitats. Despite this, the buffalo has been assumed to be strongly philopatric and to form large aggregations that remain within separate home ranges with little interchange between units, but the level of differentiation within the species is unknown. Genetic differences between populations were assessed using mitochondrial DNA (control region) sequence data and analysis of variation at six microsatellite loci among 11 localities in eastern and southern Africa. High levels of genetic variability were found, suggesting that reported severe population bottlenecks due to outbreak of rinderpest during the last century did not strongly reduce the genetic variability within the species. The high level of genetic variation within the species was found to be evenly distributed among populations and only at the continental level were we able to consistently detect significant differentiation, contrasting with the assumed philopatric behaviour of the buffalo. Results of mtDNA and microsatellite data were found to be congruent, disagreeing with the alleged male-biased dispersal. We propose that the observed pattern of the distribution of genetic variation between buffalo populations at the regional level can be caused by fragmentation of a previous panmictic population due to human activity, and at the continental level, reflects an effect of geographical distance between populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Dogmas and misunderstandings in East Coast fever.

East Coast fever (ECF) is the most important tick-borne disease in eastern, central and southern Africa and caused an estimated loss of US $186 million in 1989 in the 11 countries where it occurs. It was brought to southern Africa with cattle from Tanzania in 1901 and, over the next 3 years, devastated the cattle that had survived the rinderpest pandemic of the 1890s. Chemical control of ticks using arsenical compounds was introduced in the early 1900s and became the main control measure for both ticks and the diseases they transmit. This method of control has become less reliable over the last 30 years for many reasons, including reduced government spending on livestock and extension, the cost of acaricides, acaricide resistance, poor management of dips and spray races, and poor application of cattle movement control and quarantine. Significant advances in immunization and treatment have been made in the last 30 years, and more robust integrated strategies combining immunization, reduced frequency of chemical control and treatment are being adopted or considered. Throughout its history, ECF has been a source of great anxiety and cost to farmers, and of intense interest to research workers. Many dogmas and misconceptions have become established, some of which still flourish while others took years to demolish. This paper briefly reviews these as well as the history of the disease and explores recent epidemiological findings and their relevance to applying effective control.

Africa↗
PubMed1999

A newly identified horseshoe crab lectin with specificity for blood group A antigen recognizes specific O-antigens of bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

A 14-kDa lectin, named tachylectin-3, was newly identified from hemocytes of the Japanese horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus. This lectin exhibited hemagglutinating activity against human A-type erythrocytes, but not against the B- and O-types of erythrocytes and animal erythrocytes, including those of sheep, rabbit, horse, and bovine. The hemagglutinating activity of tachylectin-3 was equivalent to that of a previously identified lectin, named tachylectin-2, with affinity for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. However, the activity of tachylectin-3 was not inhibited by these two N-acetylhexosamines at 100 mM but was inhibited by a blood group A-pentasaccharide at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.16 mM. Furthermore, the hemagglutinating activity was strongly inhibited by bacterial S-type lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from Gram-negative bacteria but not by R-type LPSs lacking O-antigens. One of the most effective S-type LPSs was from Escherichia coli O111:B4, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 6 ng/ml. These data suggest that tachylectin-3 specifically recognizes Gram-negative bacteria through the unique structural units of O-antigens. Ultracentrifugation analysis revealed that tachylectin-3 is present in dimer in solution. A cDNA coding for tachylectin-3 was isolated from a hemocyte cDNA library. Tachylectin-3 consisted of two repeating sequences, each with a partial sequence similarity to rinderpest virus neuraminidase. Tachylectin-3 and three previously isolated types of tachylectins were all predominantly expressed in hemocytes and released from hemocytes in response to external stimuli. These lectins present at injured sites suggest that they probably serve synergistically to accomplish an effective host defense against invading microbes.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1993

Some observations on ethnoveterinary medicine in northern Nigeria.

The Fulani are herdsmen of Northern Nigeria. For generations they have been moving their cattle in an annual migration pattern in search of water. The tracks are chosen carefully, however: tsetse-fly-infected areas are avoided. In his ten years of experience in Nigeria's veterinary sector--part of this time as special officer in charge of eradicating rinderpest--the author saw numerous examples of indigenous knowledge and practices that will be useful for the future development of animal health and production.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2002

Approaches in the understanding of morbillivirus neurovirulence.

Certain members of the morbillivirus genus, canine distemper virus, phocine distemper virus, and the cetacean viruses of dolphins and porpoises exhibit high levels of central nervous system (CNS) infection in their natural hosts. CNS complications are rare for measles virus (MV) and are not associated with rinderpest virus (RPV) and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection. However, both RPV and PPRV are neurovirulent in permissive murine strains. Human postmortem tissue, neural cell cultures, and animal models have been used to answer major questions concerning morbillivirus neurovirulence. Studies of the MV CNS complication subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) indicate that virus could enter the CNS either by direct infection of endothelial cells or in infected leucocytes, followed by infection of predominately neurones and oligodendrocytes. It has been established that MV neurovirulence in mice is partially determined by the virus-receptor specificity. The two known MV receptors, CD46 and SLAM, have been examined in normal and SSPE brain tissue and the findings suggest that further receptors may be necessary to explain infection of the CNS with wild-type strains of MV. In both humans and mice (and in vitro), once infection of neurones has been established, virus spreads transneuronally. It is possible that all morbilliviruses transiently infect the CNS in their natural hosts, but development of disease is dependent on the efficiency of the immune response. Alternatively, for RPV and PPRV, virus entry may be restricted due either to absence of viral receptors or failure of virus to replicate or spread in the CNS.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Immunomodulatory properties of morbillivirus nucleoproteins.

Morbillivirus infections have been known for a long time to be associated with an acute immunosuppression in their natural hosts. Here, we show that recombinant Morbillivirus nucleoproteins from canine distemper virus, peste-des-petits-ruminants virus, and Rinderpest virus bind B-lymphocytes from dogs, goats, and cattle, respectively, similarly to measles virus nucleoprotein in humans. The use of surface plasmon resonance imaging allowed the real time detection of differential interactions between Morbillivirus nucleoproteins and FcgammaRIIb (CD32). Moreover, those nucleoproteins which bind murine Fcgamma receptor inhibited the inflammatory immune responses in mice in a Fc receptor- dependent manner. In contrast, nucleoprotein from closely related Henipavirus genus, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family as Morbillivirus, was devoid of capacity either to bind FcgammaRIIb or to inhibit inflammatory response. Altogether, these results suggest that nucleoprotein-FcR interaction is a common mechanism used by different Morbilliviruses to modulate the immune response.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breeding structure of Glossina pallidipes populations evaluated by mitochondrial variation.

Mitochondrial DNA diversity was studied at four loci in six natural populations of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes from Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Kenya, and Ethiopia. Single-locus diversity varied from 0.39 at 12S to 0.65 at COII. A total of 32 haplotypes was found with a mean of 6.4 +/- 2.9 per locus. To study breeding structure, diversity at two loci, COII and 16S2, was evaluated in 18 populations sampled from an area of approximately 1,611,000 km2 and in three laboratory cultures. Twenty-six haplotypes were detected at the two loci and mean haplotype diversity over all natural populations was 0.63. A high degree of population subdivision was detected within and among the Ethiopian and Kenya populations. The Zimbabwe and Zambia populations showed much less variation and differentiation than the northern populations. A population in Mozambique showed high levels of haplotype variation and affinities closest to populations in eastern Kenya, some 1700 km to the north. Analysis of variance of haplotype frequencies showed that 51.5% of the total lay within populations, 13% among populations within five nested groups, and 35.5% among the five groups. Wright's FST was 0.485, Nei's GST was 0.33, and Weir and Cunningham's theta = 0.45. Ecological data show that G. pallidipes is highly vagile. The large amount of genetic differentiation may be explained by genetic drift that occurred in scattered, relict populations during the rinderpest panzootic of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The newer vaccines.

Vaccination is a powerful weapon in the control of animal diseases and many highly successful vaccines have been developed, particularly for virus diseases such as rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease and Newcastle disease. Despite their extraordinary success, however, there are sufficient problems associated with their production and quality control to warrant a re-examination of the methods in current use. Dissection of virus particles into biologically active fragments has shown that their immunizing activity is usually carried on a single protein. With the identification of the genes coding for these individual proteins it is now possible to express these immunogens in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Moreover, the immunogenic sites of some of these proteins have been identified, synthesized in E. coli cells or by chemical methods and shown to possess immunizing activity. It is too early to put a time-scale on the commercial availability of the new vaccines. However, the potential advantages of such products over conventional vaccines has led to considerable effort in this field of research and progress has been so rapid that new vaccines could be available within the next few years.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1979

Morphology and morphogenesis of a new paramyxovirus (PMV 107).

The morphology of the virions and nucleocapsids of paramyxovirus 107 (PVM 107) and the replication of the virus were investigated by electron microscopy. The virions and nucleocapsids exhibited the same structural properties as other paramyxoviruses. Nuclecapsids were found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected bovine embryonic lung (BEL) cell cultures. A similar situation has been described for the morbilliviruses measles, SSPE, distemper and rinderpest. Alignment of nucleocapsids beneath the plasma membrane and budding of PMV 107 in the productive BEL cell infections were also similar to the morbillivirus-infected cells. In a line of monkey cells (CV1) persistently infected with PMV 107 only cytoplasmic nucleocapsids could be demonstrated. On the basis of its morphology and morphogenesis it is suggested that PMV 107 should be classified as a paramyxovirus. Since nucleocapsids could also be found in the nucleus of infected BEL cells the morphogenesis of PMV 107 closely resembles that of viruses of the morbillivirus group.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid composition of the haemagglutinin and fusion proteins of the morbillivirus phocid distemper virus.

The amino acid composition of the two surface proteins of the recently isolated morbillivirus phocid distemper virus (PDV) were deduced from the nucleotide sequence. The fusion (F) protein of PDV exhibited characteristics similar to those of other morbillivirus F proteins. The overall amino acid similarity with its closest homologue, canine distemper virus (CDV), was 72%. From the context of the starting codons and the requirement for a hydrophobic signal peptide, it is likely that translation of the PDV F mRNA starts at the third AUG, corresponding to codon 95 in the long open reading frame of the PDV F gene. After removal of the signal peptide, F0 starts at amino acid 105. From this position the F protein of PDV and CDV exhibit 84% amino acid similarity. The PDV haemagglutinin (H) protein showed 74% amino acid similarity with CDV H protein and highly conserved features responsible for the tertiary structure. Despite these similarities, the two H proteins show marked antigenic differences when probed with monoclonal antibodies. Earlier studies have indicated that rinderpest virus (RPV) is the prototype virus of the morbillivirus genus, from which first CDV/PDV and later measles virus (MV) evolved. From the close relationship shown in this study, it is likely that the divergence of CDV and PDV occurred after MV evolved from RPV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the attachment protein H of canine distemper virus.

The sequence of the H gene and flanking sequences in the F and L genes of canine distemper virus (CDV) have been determined. The H gene of CDV (1946 nucleotides) contains one large open reading frame starting at position 21 and terminating at position 1835, encoding a protein of 604 amino acid residues. This protein contains three potential glycosylation sites in the extracellular domain and, like all other paramyxoviruses, a N-terminal membrane-spanning hydrophobic anchor domain. The deduced H protein sequence shows an identity of 36% with rinderpest virus (RPV) and measles virus (MV). The identities at the nucleotide level are higher (RPV 52% and MV 53%). The amino acid sequence shows conservation of all the structural determinants with the H proteins of MV and RPV. The data also show that CDV is evolutionarily equidistant to RPV and MV with respect to the H gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Molecular characterization of phocine distemper virus: gene order and sequence of the gene encoding the attachment (H) protein.

Generation of a set of cDNA clones covering the N, P/V/C, M, F, H and part of the L gene of phocine distemper virus (PDV) has been described. The gene order of PDV determined from a physical as well as a transcriptional map, was identical to that of the other morbilliviruses so far studied. The H gene sequence (1951 nucleotides) contains one large open reading frame which encodes a protein of 607 amino acids, identical in length to that of the H protein of the Convac strain of canine distemper virus (CDV). Nucleotide and protein sequence comparisons between PDV and the other morbilliviruses provide further evidence in favour of PDV's inclusion in the morbillivirus genus as a distinct species closely related to CDV and more distantly to measles virus and rinderpest virus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

The genes encoding the phospho- and matrix proteins of phocine distemper virus.

The nucleotide sequences of the phosphoprotein (P)/V/C and matrix (M) protein genes of phocine distemper virus (PDV) have been determined and the deduced amino acid sequences of the proteins derived from these genes compared with those of the other morbilliviruses. The 1655 nucleotides of the P gene encode a phosphoprotein of 507 amino acid residues (from nucleotide numbers 60 to 1583) which is 75% identical to that of canine distemper virus (CDV). The C proteins of the two viruses are 73% identical. The C protein has the same length, 174 amino acid residues, as C of CDV. The nucleotide sequences of the P genes are 78% identical. The editing site in the P gene is present as a stretch of 18 nucleotides, conserved in all other morbilliviruses. A V-like protein can be accessed by insertion of one G residue at this site. The P and M genes are separated from adjacent genes and each other by the CTT trinucleotide sequence which is totally conserved in morbilliviruses. The M gene is 1447 nucleotides long and encodes a typical paramyxovirus M protein of 335 amino acids (identical in length to those of CDV, measles virus and rinderpest virus). The gene is 78% identical to CDV in the coding region (nucleotides 32 to 1039) but only 34% identical to CDV in the 407 nucleotides of the 3' untranslated sequence of the M mRNA. The M protein of PDV is 91% identical to the M protein of CDV. The data demonstrate interesting variations in the level of conservation of various genome areas and prove the distinct nature of PDV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗