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PubMed2004

Effects of ultraviolet light (315 nm), temperature and relative humidity on the degradation of polylactic acid plastic films.

The influence of temperature (30, 45 and 60 degrees C) and relative humidity (RH) (30%, 50% and 100%) on the degradation of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLA) films were studied. In addition, the effects of ultraviolet (UV) light (315 nm) on the degradation of PLA films were also analyzed. Various analytical techniques were applied to observe changes in the properties of PLA polymer films. FTIR spectroscopy was used as semi-quantitative method to get information about the chemistry of the degradative process. The degradation rate of PLA was enhanced by increasing temperature and RH, factors responsible for a faster reduction of the weight-average molecular weight (M(W)), of the glass transition temperature (Tg) and of the percentage of elongation at break. Moreover, UV treatment accelerated these phenomena.

Carbon Compounds, Inorganic↗
PubMed2003

Expectant management of first-trimester miscarriage in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate treatment efficacy and patient compliance in women with an early miscarriage managed expectantly in routine clinical practice. METHODS: During 1995-98, 263 consecutive women who sought medical attention for an ongoing or incomplete miscarriage (gestational length <99 days), and who were circulatory stable and had a gestational residue measuring 15-50 mm (anterio-posterior, A-P diameter) on ultrasound examination were invited to participate in this study. Hemoglobin (Hb), C-reactive protein (CRP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), progesterone and Rh-factor were analyzed and a questionnaire regarding the pregnancy, duration of genital bleeding and number of days of absenteeism was completed on admission and after 1 and 4 weeks. RESULTS: Expectant management was considered to be complete (vaginal ultrasound, gestational residue <15 mm after 1 week) in 83%. The patients who were managed successfully by expectant management had a smaller gestational residue (p = 0.026) and a lower mean serum progesterone level (p = 0.025) on referral than in the group of women with failed expectant management. A gynecologic infection was diagnosed in seven cases (3%) and five of the infections were in the group of women who underwent dilatation and curettage. No patient required a blood transfusion. The mean number of days of absenteeism was 3.2 days. There were no differences in Hb levels before or after treatment, number of bleeding days or absenteeism between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Expectant management of clinically stable patients with symptoms of early miscarriage is safe, efficient and well tolerated.

Abortion, Incomplete↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Community-based computerized donor record systems.

Computer programs for management of donor information have been developed for the Champaign County Blood Bank, a division of the Regional Health Resource Center, Urbana, Illinois. The system provides the blood bank with reports from the donor files, incorporating the donor's last donation dates, ABO groups and Rh factors, memberships in assurance programs, and rare donor information to generate lists to meet either daily or emergency inventory needs. The system was designed to decrease time requirements for donor recruitment, improve donor base sampling, aid in support of special recruitment programs, and provide statistical profiles of the community donor base. Experiences in the development and use of the system indicate requirements for effective development of such systems include careful design, strict monitoring of performance, use of a versatile programming language, and incorporation of program modifications via staff-programmer interaction throughout implementation.

Blood Donors↗
PubMed2002

Controversies in the treatment of pediatric immune thrombocytopenias.

Although pediatric immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is common, there is no consensus on the optimal approach to therapy. Childhood ITP differs in its clinical course and trigger from adult immune thrombocytopenic purpura. There appear to be two clinical phenotypes among children with ITP: children with polyclonal autoantibody production triggered by an external exposure such as infection, and children with coexistent immune deficiency or dysregulation on a congenital or acquired basis. Treatment implications exist for each group. The first may be best managed by observation and conservative measures; for the latter, treatment could include normal intravenous gammaglobulin concentrate, anti-blood group D antigen (anti-Rh factor), or steroids. Early recognition of the thrombocytopenic child with immune dysfunction versus the normal child with a polyclonal response to a particular environmental antigen will result in better prognosis for both by selecting the appropriate therapy and minimizing long-term side effects.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Ambulatory management of multiple gestation.

Ambulatory management of multiple gestation requires careful and continuing care by the obstetrician. The initial evaluation should include a comprehensive history, including use of fertility enhancing drugs and ART, family history, social history; a general physical examination, including a pelvic examination; laboratory evaluation, including complete blood cell count, dipstick urinalysis for protein and glucose, urine culture, blood type, Rh factor and irregular blood antibody determination, serology for rubella, syphilis, hepatitis B surface antigen and varicella (if there is no history). A Papanicolaou smear should be done at the time of the pelvic examination, as should evaluation for bacterial vaginosis. Ultrasound assessment of placentation should be done at 14 weeks' gestation, but vaginal or perineal ultrasound of cervical length should be done at the initial visit. Other testing procedures should include repeat ultrasound evaluation for fetal growth every 4 weeks in a dichorionic placentation and every 3 weeks if monochorionic placentation is present. Triple screen MSAFP at 16-18 weeks' gestation and blood sugar screening at 22-26 weeks should be performed. After the first trimester, the patient should schedule physician visits every 2 weeks or less. Routine medications should include one prenatal vitamin per day, additional folic acid supplementation of 1.0 mg per fetus, supplemental iron preparation, and additional calcium to equal 1500 mg/day. The use of low-dose aspirin to prevent preeclampsia in twin gestations has not been adequately studied. Continuing vigilance by the knowledgeable obstetrician should occur. Multiple gestations should not be cared for by non-physician providers or by family physicians. Referral to a maternal-fetal medicine unit is recommended.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1997

Trends in neonatal exchange transfusions at Yodogawa Christian Hospital.

A review was conducted to determine the trends in exchange transfusion (ET) of newborn infants at the Yodogawa Christian Hospital during the past 18 years. At that hospital in 1957, the first ET was performed on a term infant with severe hemolytic jaundice caused by rhesus factor (Rh) incompatibility. By 1989, ET had been performed in more than 1400 newborn infants. These cases of newborns who had had ET were retrospectively reviewed, with a focus on every 3 year period from 1974 to 1992. The total number of infants requiring ET noticeably decreased from 68 cases (14.0% of total admissions) in 1974 to 19 cases (6.1% of total admissions) in 1992. (chi 2, P < 0.001) There were three major significant changes in ET during those years. The first was a change in the subjects for ET. The incidence of ET for term infants showed a marked decrease, while the incidence of ET for preterm infants, especially for very low birthweight (VLBW) infants (< 1500 g), noticeably increased. The second was a change in indications for ET. There was a marked decrease in the need for ET as a result of hyperbilirubinemia, while the incidence of ET because of other etiologies, such as septicemia and/or disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, noticeably increased. The third was a change in the technical methods of ET. Now at the Yodogawa Christian Hospital, 100% of the infants are given ET with an automated peripheral two-site method, instead of the Diamond method. Although ET might still be a useful treatment for severe hyperbilirubinemia and other acute problems, the total number of ET noticeably decreased in accord with a decrease in the number of severe hyperbilirubinemia in term newborns. On the other hand, the incidence of ET in preterm infants increased relatively, accompanied by an increase in the survival of VLBW infants. The automated two-site method is the preferred technique for ET at the Yodogawa Christian Hospital, rather than the Diamond method. Further changes in ET might occur in accord with new alternative measures in future.

Christianity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A case of non-immune hydrops fetalis with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the left lung in a twin.

Hydrops fetalis is a rare condition that occurs in one out of every 1,400-4,000 pregnancies. There are two types, immune and non-immune. It can be caused by a maternal-fetal incompatibility due to the Rh factor or, more rarely, the Kell factor or due to other antigens to red corpuscles. Non-immune types of hydrops have a complex multiform pathogenesis and in 50% of the cases they are of idiopathic nature. The causes that could determine non-immune hydrops are manifold and in 50% of the cases they are of an idiopathic nature. Independently of the clinical condition, the presented case could be classified in those forms of pathogenesis in which there is the presence of a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CAM), not encountered in the fetal ultrasound performed at the sixteenth week of pregnancy. The particularity of our case is due to the association of the fetal hydrops of the CAM type in only one of the two twins. The presented case is classified in those forms of hydrops that are expressed with a clinical trend towards a worse prognosis, characterized by the intrauterine death of the fetus or the birth of a hydropic fetus that does not survive because of respiratory insufficiency and cardiocirculatory collapse.

Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenita↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[History of blood transfusion].

The idea of transfusing blood of an animal to another or from an animal to a man or from one to another man, is very ancient. When the doctrine of blood circulation was diffused, in the first third of the XVII century, this idea was give fresh impetus. On began also to inject some substance into the blood, wich will permit to introduce medicaments intravenously. It is worthy to be remembered that in the same year when the Harveyan monography De motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus was published (1628), the Paduan professor Giovanni Colle suggested a procedure for blood transfusions. Later (1645) the Tuscan physician Francesco Folli showed another procedure, in the presence of the great duke of Toscana, Ferdinando II de Medici. On his side, the surgeon Giovanni Guglielmo Riva realized blood transfusions from animals to men in 1668. Transfusions were already carried out by Richard Lower in London and by Jean-Baptiste Denis in Paris. During the XVIII century, blood transfusions were not effectuated because of some failure occurred in the formed century and of the proscription by civil and religious authorities. Nevertheless these were renewed during the first third of the XIX century in England as well as in the continental Europe. In Mexico the first blood transfusion was effectuated in 1845 by the physician Matias D. Beistegui. At the time persisted the problem of blood coagulation, which could be resolved during the XX century in North America (Crile, 1906) as well as in Latin America (Luis Agote, 1914). Moreover the blood groups were described in 1900 by the Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner, who identified later the Rh factor. It seems completely justified the inscription shining on the façade of the National Archive in Washington: "The past is only prologue".

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMed2005

Relationship between ABO blood groups and skin cancers.

Studies of associations between various cancers and the ABO blood groups have shown elevated relative risks for some categories of disease. To date, no report has evaluated the relationship between the ABO blood groups and the skin cancers. To investigate this association, we conducted a retrospective study of premalignant and malignant tumors diagnosed in Turkey. All tumors were histologically confirmed. Blood information was obtained for 98 individuals with premalignant and malignant skin tumors, and the distribution of ABO and Rh blood type for cases was compared with that of 419 healthy blood donors from the same geographic area. Although patients with blood group A were higher, group 0 lower than in controls, the differences were not significant. The distribution of Rh factor, blood group B and AB among cases and controls also did not differ significantly. We found a significant relationship between age and skin cancer (p=0.0001). Old patients had 1.238 times higher risk for skin cancer. Further studies in larger series on blood group antigens are needed to elucidate the relationship between these antigens and skin cancer.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2006

[The genetic markers and morphology of erythrocytes in the clinical manifestation of chronic obstructive bronchitis].

The aim of the study was to investigate genetic characteristics of patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB) using classic biochemical markers, their contribution to the development and course of the disease, and morphological peculiarities of erythrocytes in these patients. The subjects were 60 COB patients and 50 practically healthy people; their serum samples were studied. The following classic biochemical markers were investigated: haptoglobin; transferrin; C3 compliment component; group-specific component; ABO blood systems and Rh-factor. Erythrocytometry of blood smears was performed upon admission and before discharge. The study evaluated the contribution of heredity to the forming of COB and established specific genetic markers of predisposition to the development of COB and certain features of its clinical course; the condition of peripheral blood erythrocytes in COB patients was studied.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuromyotonia with neuropathy and muscle hypertrophy: association or cause?

Continuous muscle fibre activity in a patient with demyelinating neuropathy is rare. We report an 18 year old boy who presented with walking difficulty and continuous rippling in muscles of upper and lower limbs. He had dysarthric speech, hypertrophied arm and calf muscles with normal power, tone, reflexes and sensations. Myokymic discharges were seen in deltoid, biceps, quadriceps and calf muscles. His blood counts, chemistry, thyroid profile, DNA, Rh factor were normal and CPK was raised. CSF showed protein 50 mg/dl and 4 lymphocyte/mm3. Nerve conduction study revealed conduction block and absence of peroneal F wave. EMG showed neuromyotonic discharges which disappeared on regional neuromuscular blocker but not on nerve block or general anaesthesia. He responded partially to prednisolone. Acquired demyelinating neuropathy may result in neuromyotonia and muscle hypertrophy which may partially respond to prednisolone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Immunomodulating therapy of a suppurative infection of the soft tissues].

The initial immunological status in patients with purulent infection of the soft tissues is characterized by T-cell deficiency and relative hyperfunction of the B-immunity. The risk group with Grade 2-3T-cell immune deficiency takes up 44.5-77.5% and is encountered in patients with the B blood group and positive Rh factor in 79.1 +/- 5.2 and 70.8 +/- 4.3% of cases, respectively. Combination of sodium nucleinate and autohemotransfusion with the traditional therapy raises its efficacy. This is attended by correction of immunological disorders in T-cells and phagocytes, facilitates cleansing of the foci and increase of antibiotic sensitivity of the flora, and shortens the term of treatment.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Specular crossed renal ectopia and balanic hypospadias in monozygotic twins].

The observation of a balanic hypospadia with chordee associated with a renal malformation in both of identical twins is reported. Monozygosity of twins was demonstrated with the study of ABO, MNS, HLA and RH factor systems. Urography, performed in both twins, showed a specular crossed renal ectopia with fusion. Abdominal ultrasounds, Chest-X-ray and barium meal showed no other abnormalities. After an analysis of the embryogenetic mechanisms of twinning, the Authors elaborate a hypothesis to explain the development of this specular renal malformation, never reported up to date in identical twins.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1989

[Effect of phototherapy on the frequency of the use of exchange transfusion in the treatment of neonatal jaundice].

The authors analysed an incidence of performed exchange blood transfusions at the newborn babies ward prior to and after introduction of phototherapy into practice. This analysis included the causes of jaundice in newborn. The study included the causes of jaundice in newborn. The study involved 8,937 newborn babies delivered between 1981 and 1985. Prior to phototherapy (period between January, 1981 and July, 1980), 45 blood transfusions and 9 retransfusions were performed. During the period II (between July, 1983 and December, 1985), i.e. phototherapy, 30 blood transfusions and 1 retransfusion were effected despite of the higher number of delivered babies. The obtained results have shown favourable effect of the phototherapy in jaundice of perinatal period, especially in jaundice unconnected with blood Rh factor conflict and in premature babies. Phototherapy decreased the number of performed transfusions and retransfusions.

Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood↗
PubMed1988

Prenatal screening.

Routine obstetric screening for all patients should include a Pap smear, urinalysis and urine culture, complete blood count, blood type, Rh factor and direct Coombs' test. Patients should also be screened for syphilis, rubella, gonorrhea and diabetes. For patients at high risk for certain conditions, additional studies of value include obstetric ultrasound, amniocentesis, serum alpha-fetoprotein level and screening for sickle cell anemia, herpes, hepatitis B, Chlamydia and human immunodeficiency virus.

Diagnostic Tests, Routine↗
PubMed1987

Monitoring of immunological parameters before and after heart transplantation.

At the immunological examinations carried out prior to heart transplantation, it is crucial to check the compatibility in the ABO blood group system (regardless of the Rh factor) and to perform the cross match (which must be negative). In time pressure, cross match can be omitted provided the patient does not possess cytotoxic antibodies against a representative panel of lymphocytes. Other immunological tests before transplantation are of an auxiliary nature and should provide information whether the patient is a low or high responder, whether he does not suffer from an autoimmune disease or latent viral infection. In 37 out of 44 potential cardiac graft recipients, a strongly suppressed cell-mediated immune response was observed already in the pre-transplantation period. In the post-transplantation period, patients treated with corticoids and Cyclosporin A display a marked prolonged decrease in the absolute values of T4 positive lymphocytes. The absolute values of T3 and T4 lymphocytes represent a reliable parameter to assess the degree of achieved immunosuppression. Long-term monitoring did not reveal a significant association between the values of the T4/T8 index and the rejection episodes.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed1987

Recombinant human GM-CSF induces leukocytosis and activates peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils in nonhuman primates.

The in vivo efficacy of glycosylated and nonglycosylated recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rh GM-CSF) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli respectively was studied in rhesus monkeys following a daily subcutaneous (SC; three times) or intravenous (IV; over six hours) dose for seven consecutive days. The monkeys responded to the rh GM-CSF with a prompt (within 24 hours) rise in circulating white blood cells (WBCs). Thereafter the total cell counts increased steadily in a dose-dependent manner with repeated dosing to numbers six times over the pretreatment levels. Overall, granulocyte counts increased fivefold, lymphocytes twofold to fourfold, and monocytes threefold to fourfold. Platelets and erythrocytes were unaffected. Within 1 week after the end of treatment the leukocytosis had disappeared. Of the two routes of treatment, SC (three times daily)-administered rh GM-CSF was more effective than the same dose given by a six-hour IV infusion. In addition to inducing leukocytosis, parenterally administered rh GM-CSF primed mature circulating granulocytes for enhanced oxidative metabolism and killing of an E coli strain. These results show that exogenously administered glycosylated or nonglycosylated rh GM-CSF is both an effective stimulator of leukocytosis and a potent activator of the phagocytic function of mature granulocytes in monkeys.

Animals↗