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PubMedDate not supplied

Relative expansion of extracellular water in elite male athletes compared to recreational sportsmen.

This study reports total body hydration and water distribution between the extracellular water (ECW) and the intracellular water (ICW) of a group of 15 elite male athletes compared with a group of 15 male subjects practising the same sport at 'amateur' level. Total body water (TBW) and ECW were assessed by means of deuterium and bromide dilution techniques respectively. Both TBW and body hydration were significantly higher in elite athletes than in non-competitive subjects (52.3 +/- 5.0 vs 46.1 +/- 4.2 litres p < 0.001 and 63.2 +/- 1.9 vs 60.2 +/- 1.9% body weight, p < 0.003 respectively). Likewise, both ECW the ratio of ECW to TBW were significantly higher in athletes than in control subjects (20.7 +/- 2.9 vs 16.1 +/- 1.8 litres, p < 0.0001 and 0.40 +/- 0.06 vs 0.35 +/- 0.03, p < 0.005 respectively). ICW was similar in both groups but the ICW to ECW ratio was significantly higher in the athletes compared to the recreational sportsmen (0.67 +/- 0.16 vs 0.54 +/- 0.07, p < 0.01). These data suggest that assumptions regarding the chemical composition of the standard human body may not be valid in elite athletes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ovarian impairments of female recreational distance runners during a season of training.

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the level of training and the impairment of ovarian function among female recreational distance runners, and its reversibility. Thirty-six female distance runners self-recorded, for 7 consecutive days each month, the duration and distance of daily running from October 1989 to May 1990 in Great Britain. During the last 3 months of the survey, saliva samples were taken for progesterone assay and a subsample was measured for body composition. No trend in weight loss was observed over the season of training. Amenorrheic (AM) and oligomenorrheic (Oligo) runners had a significantly lower body mass index than eumenorrheic (EU) and irregularly menstruating (IM) runners. The amenorrheic and oligomenorrheic subjects did not show any rise in progesterone, at any time, during the 3 months of sampling. The eumenorrheic subjects showed evidence of a rise in progesterone, though the mean level was always significantly lower than that of sedentary controls. The most severely impaired runners (AM and Oligo) ran more than EU or irregularly menstruating runners in this sample, had lower body weight, a younger age and had a significantly lower body mass index (BMI). They tended to run faster during training sessions than those with apparently normal menstrual cycle or just irregular periods. It is suggested that low BMI, which is an indicator of body energy stores, reflects the intensity of regular training runs among female athletes with a stable body weight. It is possible that repeated elevations of beta-endorphins or other suppressors of gonadotropin release, secreted above a level of training commonly exceeded by long distance runners, when concurrent with energy restriction, could contribute to impairment of menstrual cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Drugnet: A Pilot Study of Adult Recreational Drug Use via the WWW.

This study was intended (1) to explore the potential of using the World Wide Web (WWW) of the Internet to sample hidden populations and (2) to collect exploratory data on the hidden population of nonabusive, recreational users of illicit drugs. The survey modules were designed to assess demographics and lifestyle, drug experiences (including absence of DSM-IV criteria for abuse or dependence), legal history (drug-related arrests, etc.), and mental health as measured by the General Well-Being Schedule (GWBS). The survey was completed by 276 persons, aged 18 to 62, with a mean age of 32.34. The sample was predominantly white (93%), male (78%), college educated (75%), and employed full-time (76%). The WWW is a useful tool for reaching hidden populations but is likely to impose a bias toward male, better educated, and more computer-involved samples on the respondents reached. This survey further documents the existence of a nonclinical population of drug users which is generally healthy, well-adjusted, and productive.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Recreational drug use within the employees of the mariculture and seafood industry in South Australia.

A study of recreational drug use among workers in the Port Lincoln mariculture and seafood industries was conducted by self report questionnaire. High rates of cannabis and alcohol use were revealed during the shore based fish farming season. The occupational health and safety implications of these findings in one of Australia's most dangerous industries are significant. Further research could inform the development of industry specific harm minimisation policies.

Australia↗
PubMed1992

Alcohol and recreational drug use by HIV-seropositive homosexual men.

The objectives of this study were to describe the patterns of alcohol and recreational drug use of HIV-seropositive homosexual men and to determine the effect of alcohol use on HIV risk-taking behaviour. Of particular interest was the effect of knowledge of HIV status on these behaviours. Information on alcohol and drug use was obtained from 485 HIV-seropositive homosexual and bisexual men presenting to a HIV-antibody testing and medical management clinic. Heavy alcohol use was common, with 46.2% reporting consumption of six or more standard drinks on one day recently. Men who knew that they were HIV infected drank significantly more than those men who had yet to learn of their HIV status at the time of interview. There was clear evidence in this study for a role of alcohol use in HIV risk-taking behaviour. Almost one-third (27%) of the HIV-seropositive men reported unprotected anal intercourse during the previous 3 months with approximately one-third of these (27/76, 35.5%) nominating alcohol as contributing to their high HIV-risk behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Acute paralysis following recreational MDMA (Ecstasy) use.

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as Ecstasy, is a hallucinogenic compound structurally related to amphetamine. Ecstasy's severe neurological toxicity includes seizures, subarachnoidal hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, intracranial bleeding and cerebral venous thrombosis. We describe the first case of spinal cord damage presenting as acute quadriplegia and respiratory insufficiency in a healthy adolescent following Ecstasy recreational usage.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Correlates of recreational physical activity in early pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the well-documented benefits of a physically active lifestyle, over 25% of American adults report that they never engage in regular recreational physical activity. Little is known about the determinants of physical activity among pregnant women. We investigated the predictors of physical activity in 386 normotensive pregnant women. METHODS: Participants provided information about the type, frequency and duration of each physical activity performed during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. We calculated odd ratios (OR) for active compared with inactive women using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Approximately 61% of women reported participating in some regular physical activity during pregnancy. Walking, swimming, gardening and jogging were the most common activities. Physical activity as an adolescent (OR 4.0) and during the year before pregnancy (OR 48.9) were the strongest predictors of physical activity in pregnancy. Active women who continued to exercise during pregnancy decreased the average intensity of their exercise and the weekly duration of exercise compared with the year before pregnancy. Nulliparas were twice as likely to engage in physical activity as compared with multiparas. Education and income were positively related with physical activity. Non-White women were 40-60% less likely to engage in physical activity as compared with White women. Smokers were also less likely to engage in physical activity. High protein intake was positively associated with physical activity, while the opposite was true for high carbohydrate intake. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of determinants of physical activity in pregnancy has important implications for developing strategies aimed at promoting a physically active lifestyle among young women.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Using a multi-user desktop-based virtual reality system to recreate the São Miguel das Missões ruins.

This paper presents a project initiated back in 1999, in which Virtual Reality is applied in order to create a virtual community over the Internet. The desktop-based multi-user virtual reality system recreates a three-dimensional environment based on photogrammetric maps from the São Miguel das Missões church ruins. The ruins correspond to one of the Jesuit Mission (settlement) which was active in the south of Brazil in the 17th and 18th centuries. It has a great importance to the local region in terms of cultural, historic, and tourist aspects. It has also been inscribed in the UNESCO's world heritage list since 1983. This electronic mock-up allows several interactive operations such as community chats, electronic message exchanging, message boards, walking-through, discussion groups, and embedding of other media such as movies, sound, and html pages. The only requirement necessary to access the community is a web browser powered with any Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) plug-in freely available over the Internet. It is expected that such a solution improves the conservation and dissemination of the Brazilian historic patrimony, congregating history, art, and tourist information in one place on the Internet.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Muscle strength in obese elderly women: effect of recreational physical activity in a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Muscle strength (MS) may be impaired in obese persons, and this impairment may be a consequence of both obesity and low physical fitness. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether MS differed between obese [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2 > 29], normal-weight (BMI = 24-29), and lean (BMI < 24) elderly subjects and compared the MS of sedentary and active subjects according to their BMI group. DESIGN: The study included 215 obese [ (+/- SD) age: 80.0 +/- 3.5 y; BMI: 31.9 +/- 2.6], 630 normal-weight (age: 80.2 +/- 3.7 y; BMI: 26.3 +/- 1.4), and 598 lean (age: 80.7 +/- 3.5 y; BMI: 21.6 +/- 1.8) women with good functional ability. A cross-sectional design was used. Anthropometric measures (weight, height); measures of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), isometric knee and elbow extension (by statergometer), and isometric handgrip strength (by dynamometer); and data on health status and self-reported recreational physical activity (RPA: walking, gymnastics, cycling, swimming, gardening) were collected. RESULTS: Absolute (unadjusted) MS was higher in obese than in lean women (P < 0.01), except for handgrip strength (P > 0.05). When adjusted for age, height, RPA, pain, depression, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass, MS did not differ significantly between obese, normal-weight, and lean subjects, except for knee extension (significant interaction effect with RPA; P = 0.01). With increasing BMI, lower limb strength did not change in the sedentary women but increased in active (> or = 1 h/wk in > or = 1 RPA for > or = 1 mo) women. All adjusted MS measures in active participants were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those in their sedentary peers. CONCLUSION: The adjusted MS of elderly women is not associated with obesity but is higher in active subjects than in sedentary ones, especially in the lower limbs of obese subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Recreational physical activity and endometrioma risk.

Endometriosis, defined by implantation of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, is commonly found on the ovaries and is characterized by a range of symptoms and severity, including chronic pelvic pain and infertility. The role of modifiable exogenous factors such as exercise in the development of this disease is not well understood. The authors conducted a 1990-1994 case-control study (77 cases, 735 controls) to evaluate the risk of cystic ovarian endometriosis (endometrioma) associated with recreational physical activity among females aged 18-39 years enrolled in the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Washington. Physical activity was evaluated according to its duration, frequency, and intensity during two periods of exposure: 2 years prior to the reference date and at ages 12-21 years. Women who reported frequent, high-intensity activity during the 2 years prior to the reference date had a 76% reduced endometrioma risk (odds ratio = 0.24, 95% confidence interval: 0.08, 0.71) compared with women who engaged in no high-intensity activity. A nonsignificant 53% reduction in risk was observed for women who reported such activity at ages 12-21 years (odds ratio = 0.47, 95% confidence interval: 0.18, 2.23). Activities of lower intensity, frequency, and duration were not associated with a woman's risk of endometrioma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Estimates of the severity of illnesses associated with bathing in marine recreational waters contaminated with domestic sewage.

BACKGROUND: During the summers of 1989-1992 we conducted four randomized intervention trials at four separate UK bathing locations judged of acceptable quality under current USEPA and EU criteria. The results showed bathers to be at increased risk of gastroenteritis, acute febrile respiratory illness (ICD-9 461-466, 480), ear and eye infections relative to non-bathers. The public health significance of these findings has been questioned based upon the unproven assumption that these illnesses are minor in nature and thus of questionable public health significance. METHODS: The severity of these illnesses or ailments in terms of duration of illness, percentage of participants seeking medical treatment, and number of days of lost normal daily activity among study participants reporting specific illnesses or ailments were assessed. In addition the attributable proportion of illness among the exposed (bathers) was calculated for each illness or ailment. RESULTS: Average duration of illness ranged from approximately 4 days to approximately 8 days depending on the specific illness reported. The percentage of study participants seeking medical treatment ranged from 4.2% to 22.2% while the percentage reporting the loss of at least one day of normal daily activity ranged from 7.0% to 25.9% depending on the illness reported. The overall percentage of each illness that can be directly attributable to exposure to marine waters contaminated with domestic sewage ranged from a low of 34.5% for gastroenteritis to a high of 65.8% for ear infections. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess and report the severity of illnesses associated with bathing in recreational waters contaminated with domestic sewage. Illness associated with bathing in marine waters contaminated with domestic sewage can no longer be viewed as minor, and indeed can have a substantial impact on the public health.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Marian Erdman: Contributions of an American Red Cross Hospital Recreation Worker.

The purpose of this historical study was to investigate the life experiences of Marian Erdman, specifically her use of music in military hospitals. The work of Marian Erdman, as a hospital recreation worker for the American Red Cross from 1945 through 1948, provides personal insights into the role of musicians and music in military hospitals at the close of World War II. Questions addressed by this biographical study include (1) What were the professional experiences of Marian Erdman? (2) What were her views regarding the purpose and function of music in hospitals during the post-war era? (3) Did the Red Cross provide guidelines regarding the purpose and use of music with patients?, and (4) How did the events of the mid-1940s contribute to the formation of music therapy as an organized profession?

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Parental recreational drug use and risk for neural tube defects.

The authors investigated whether maternal or paternal periconceptional use of recreational drugs increased the risk of having neural tube defect (NTD)-affected pregnancies using a population-based case-control study of fetuses and liveborn infants with NTDs among 1989-1991 California births. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with mothers of 538 (88% of eligible) NTD cases and 539 (88%) nonmalformed controls, usually within 5 months of delivery. Periconceptional maternal use of cocaine (odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40-1.4), amphetamines/speed (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.39-1.2), or marijuana (OR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.43-0.95) or preconceptional use of alcohol as < 1 drink/day (OR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.62-1.0) or > or = 1 drink/day (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.42-1.2) or of cigarettes as < 1 pack/day (OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.65-1.2) or > or = 1 pack/day (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.36-0.96) did not increase the risk for delivering NTD-affected offspring. Risks were not substantially altered after adjustment for maternal age, race/ethnicity, vitamin use, education, and household income. Increased NTD risk was also not generally associated with paternal drug use. The authors could not discern whether the decreased risks observed for these maternal exposures reflected a true association or were due to reporting bias, a disproportionate number of drug-exposed NTD cases among spontaneous abortuses that could not be ascertained, or some other bias.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1986

Fatal malignant hyperthermia associated with recreational cocaine and ethanol abuse.

Malignant hyperthermia is an often lethal hypermetabolic crisis state precipitated by a variety of pharmacological and environmental triggers in genetically susceptible persons. The present report documents, by medical history and necropsy, a fatal malignant hyperthermic crisis in a 20-year-old man after an evening of recreational cocaine and ethanol abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Recreational abdominal suspension: a fatal practice. A case report.

A 12-year-old girl fatally suspended herself accidentally from a tree branch with a circumferential webbing tape tied round the midtrunk area. This occurred as part of a recreational practice whereby the body, tied in this fashion, could be made to swing in a pendulumlike horizontal plane. She was found dead in this position, hanging transversely one foot above the ground. A complete autopsy showed a tram-line circumferential parchmented bruise of the midtrunk area and bruising of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm with occasional petechiae. The mechanism through which death resulted in this case is believed to have involved a progressive tightening and compression of the primary respiratory muscles, resulting in eventual failure of the respiratory effort.

Asphyxia↗
PubMed2002

Musculoskeletal injuries among young, recreational, female dancers before and after dancing in pointe shoes.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, number, and distribution of musculoskeletal injuries among young, recreational, female dancers before and after dancing in pointe shoes and to explore possible risk factors. METHODS: Thirty-one female, nonprofessional ballet dancers, eight to 20 years of age, were recruited from two dance studios in London, Ontario. Participants completed a descriptive questionnaire and reliable examiners performed stress, stability, and laxity tests. RESULTS: The prevalence of instability for nonpointe and pointe groups was 0% and 8% for the knee and 17% and 3% for the ankle, respectively (a nonsignificant difference). The mean number of painful sites was 1.3 (SD = 1.9) and 2.9 (SD = 2.1) for nonpointe and pointe groups, respectively (p = 0.04). The only variable that, in part, predicted the number of painful sites was the number of years of having danced ballet. CONCLUSIONS: The generalizability of these results is limited by the small sample size. Additional prospective research with larger samples, inclusion of dancers who are just beginning to dance in pointe shoes, and consideration of level of exposure and the intensity of both dancing and other physical activity is indicated before prevention programs can be planned and tested.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Recreational drug use and the risk of primary infertility.

Recreational drug (marijuana, lysergic acid diethylamide or LSD, speed, cocaine, and "other") exposures of women with primary infertility were compared with those of a matched control group of women with proven fertility. Women who reported smoking marijuana had a slightly elevated risk for infertility due to an ovulatory abnormality (RR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.0 to 3.0). The risk was greatest among women who had used marijuana within one year of trying to become pregnant (RR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.1 to 4.0). No consistent frequency or duration of use effects could be demonstrated, and the risk was confined to low-frequency users. Risks associated with the use of other drugs were not elevated. The risk of infertility from a tubal abnormality associated with cocaine use was greatly increased (RR = 11.1, 95% CI = 1.7 to 70.8). Our results are consistent with animal studies suggesting that smoking marijuana may cause a transient disruption of ovulatory function. The possibility that cocaine exposure influences the development of tubal infertility needs further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Injury Severity Scores in desert recreational all-terrain vehicle trauma.

A retrospective analysis of 1,259 patients injured in all-terrain vehicle accidents over a 2-year period was performed. All patients presented to the same community hospital Emergency Department, located near a major desert off-road vehicle recreational area. The patients were characterized by demographics and Injury Severity Scores. There were 2,149 recorded injuries. Mean ISS +/- standard deviation for all patients was 5.07 +/- 4.93; among patients admitted for inpatient care, 9.83 +/- 6.46. Injury Severity Scores were independent of vehicle type (two, three, or four wheels). In this setting, injuries sustained by children were not disproportionately more severe than those sustained by adults. Where documented, alcohol use was associated with higher ISS, and the use of helmets was associated with less severe head and facial injuries. The most common diagnoses in this series were integumental injuries and fractures, frequently involving the face and extremities.

Adolescent↗