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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

African-American preference for same-race healthcare providers: the role of healthcare discrimination.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which African Americans prefer same-race clinicians and the extent to which: 1) knowledge of historical mistreatment; 2) perceptions of current racial inequities in medical treatment; and 3) personal experiences of discrimination are associated with preference for same-race healthcare providers among African Americans. DESIGN: Statistical analysis of a nationally representative telephone survey designed by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates (PSRA). Bivariate significance is determined by using chi-square tests of association. Multinominal logistic regression models adjust for age, gender, income, education, and self-reported health status. RESULTS: Approximately one in five African Americans states a preference for a same-race healthcare provider. Neither knowledge of historical mistreatment nor perceptions of current racial inequities in medical treatment are related to preferred race of healthcare providers. In contrast, personal experiences of discrimination in health care are associated with a preference for same-race healthcare providers. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that while knowledge of unfair treatment historically and perceptions of current racial inequity do not affect preferences, personal experiences of unfair treatment may have a significant effect on African-American patients' preferences regarding health care. Findings suggest that rather than focusing on how historical mistreatment and current inequities in medical treatment affect individual patients, research should focus on individual experiences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Interdisciplinarity in medical education on race.

Race is important in medicine. In order to correct the inequality in healthcare racial minority people can expect to receive, a new rhetorical stance is needed so that we can place our discourse in a productive arena. Most recommended solutions argue for increased education on "cultural competence" for physicians. Who will educate the educators? What rhetorical stance will work? A requirement for physicians to learn about cultural and linguistic competence will not get us to fairness in medical care, independent of race. That's because race is not the problem. There's nothing wrong with our race. Other disciplines within academe must contribute to students' understanding and treatment of race in America if we are to seriously address disparities in medical care.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMed2006

Race and medication adherence in Medicaid enrollees with type-2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The association of medication adherence with race has been inadequately studied previously in type-2 diabetes patients. The study objective was to determine the association between race and medication adherence among type-2 diabetes patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study, which compared medication adherence among different races of Medicaid insured patients with type-2 diabetes newly starting oral antidiabetic medication. A total of 1,527 African-American patients newly starting antidiabetic medication between July 2001 and June 2002 were compared with 1,128 white patients and 514 patients of other race. Medication adherence was measured as medication possession ratio using prescription refill patterns. Multivariate regression analyses were used to determine the difference in adherence rates adjusting for other covariates. RESULTS: Medication adherence rate was significantly higher for whites [0.59 (0.31)] as compared to African Americans [0.54 (0.31), (p<0.05)]. In multivariate analyses, the adherence rate of African-American patients was found to be significantly lower by 12% as compared to whites after adjusting for other covariates. Metformin users were associated with a 62% decrease in adherence rate as compared with the sulfonylureas group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The antidiabetic medication adherence was associated with race. Future research should investigate patient-related factors affecting medication adherence in type-2 diabetes patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. XI. ELISA and RIA detection of fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil and carfentanil in equine blood and urine.

We have developed and evaluated a one step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for sufentanil and a 125I radioimmunoassay test for alfentanil as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for narcotic analgesics in racing horses. Our sufentanil ELISA test detects sufentanil with an I-50 of about 0.5 ng/ml. The test is rapid and economical in that it can be read with an inexpensive spectrophotometer, or even by eye. The test readily detects the presence of sufentanil or its metabolites in equine blood and urine from 1 to 24 hours respectively after administration of therapeutic or sub-therapeutic doses of this drug. Our sufentanil assay also cross-reacts with fentanyl, the methylated analogs of fentanyl (designer fentanyls), and carfentanil and detected these drugs in urine for several hours after their administration to horses. It does not, however, cross-react significantly with alfentanil. We have also developed an 125I radioimmunoassay for alfentanil. This test allows detection of alfentanil in blood and urine of horses for up to 4 hours after administration of this drug. As such, these tests are capable of improving the quality and reducing the cost of pre-race and post-race testing for fentanyl, sufentanil, carfentanil and alfentanil and a number of their congeners in racing horses. Similarly, these tests are capable of screening for these drugs in human drug abuse monitoring.

Alfentanil↗
PubMed1989

[Distributions and gene frequencies of PGM1 subtype, EsD, GLO1, AK, ADAand 6-PGD in 20 races of China].

The distributions and gene frequencies of PGM1, subtype EsD, GLO1, AK, ADA and 6-PGD of 4171 healthy donors in 20 races of China were detected using gel electrophoresis. Some isoenzymes such as PGM1, PGM1 subtype, EsD and GLO1 have better distribution and higher discriminating power than the others. Sixty-eight samples with PGM1(6) gene were observed in 12 races. The frequency in zhuang population is the highest among 20 races. The phenotype of PGM1 6-1 is up to 4.15%. The band of PGM1(6) of all 68 samples is in the same position in the gel. In general speaking, the gene frequencies of EsD in most races of southern part of China are higher than those of northern part. Phenotype EsD 2 in Hani, Lisu, Dai, Naxi, She, Zhuang, Dong, Miao are over 15%, Hani is up to 32.4%. The gene frequency of GLO1 in Tajik and Uygur are 0.297 and 0.2112 respectively. The others range from 0.0714 to 0.1527. In Qiang it is 0.0583. The gene frequencies of AK1. ADA1 and 6-PGDA are very high in 20 races, and with very low discriminating power.

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed1989

Influence of age, sex, and race on prescription drug use among Georgia Medicaid recipients.

Interactions among patients' age, sex, and race that influence prescription drug use in a state Medicaid population are described. A database containing information about all 574,762 Medicaid prescriptions dispensed in Georgia during December 1985 was sorted and summarized so that each record represented one Medicaid recipient. The following data were included for each recipient: the total number of Medicaid prescriptions received by that patient during that month, the total payments made by the state for those prescriptions, and the patient's age, sex, and race. Analyses were conducted on a 10% random sample representing 17,128 patients. The age variable was broken down as follows: Child, 0-5 years; Youth, 6-23 years; Adult, 24-64 years; and Old, 65 years of age or older. Race was recorded as white or nonwhite, and sex as male or female. The average white patient received significantly more prescriptions than did the average nonwhite patient. The largest percentage (41.6%) of the patients in the sample were classified as Old, and this group received the greatest mean number of prescriptions. The differences between mean numbers of prescriptions for white and nonwhite patients increased as the age of the patients increased. Gender influenced drug use only through its interaction with age and race. Patients in the white female Old category had the greatest mean number of prescriptions per patient, and patients in the nonwhite male Youth category had the fewest. The peak period of prescription drug use occurred between the ages of 70 and 80 years, and thereafter use decreased. In this Medicaid population a patient's age and race significantly influenced the number of prescription drugs that he or she used.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Quantification of sebaceous excretion in volunteers: influence of chronological age, sex and race].

The "sebum" secretion was evaluated in caucasian, black, yellow and mullato people of different ages by the osmic acid technique utilizing a semi-quantitative scale of score ranging from 0 to 9 points. The results have shown: 1) there is significant difference between to "sebum" secretion (CL = casual level or SER = sebum excretion rate) of males and females greater than or equal to 60 years old, regardless the race; 2) males and females of each age subgroup have shown no difference of "sebum" secretion (NC or TRE) regardless the race; 3) male volunteers of different races have shown no difference secretion regardless the age and the race. On the other hand, females greater than or equal to 60 years old, regardless the race have shown low "sebum" secretion tham of 15-19 and 50-59 years old; 4) no circadian, ultradian and seasonal rhythm of "sebum" secretion were verified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. VI. Detection of furosemide (Lasix) in equine blood by a one step ELISA and PCFIA.

A one step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a particle concentration fluorescent immunoassay (PCFIA) test for furosemide were evaluated as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for illegal medication of racing horses. These tests are very sensitive to furosemide with an I-50 for furosemide of about 20 ng/ml. The test is also rapid; an average pre-race complement of 10 samples can be analyzed in 90 minutes or less. The ELISA test results can be read with an inexpensive spectrophotometer, or even by eye. Both the PCFIA test and the ELISA test readily detect the presence of furosemide in equine blood for up to five hours after administration of the recommended therapeutic dose of this agent. The principal utility of these tests lies in rapid screening of samples for compliance with regulations governing the use of furosemide. Thus these tests can be used pre-race to determine whether horsemen have treated their horses with furosemide, and post-race to perform an initial evaluation of whether certain blood concentrations of furosemide have been exceeded. Pilot trials with these systems in Kentucky and Illinois suggest that these tests are economical and effective, and can form part of an analytical approach to substitute for the detention barn system of monitoring furosemide administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A survey of the race profiles of cyclists in the pursuit and kilo track events.

A survey was made of national- and international-calibre men and women track cyclists who rode in three separate world-class competitions on the Argyll Velodrome, Edmonton, Canada. Race profiles were obtained from 222 riders who competed in the pursuit and 1000 m time trial (kilo) events. Mean lap times (MLT) and optimal race profiles (ORP) were constructed, and served as the bases of comparison between top- and bottom-ranked riders. The survey showed that riders whose race profile failed to approximate the ORP always lost to riders whose race profile did so. The most likely cause of poor race performances is the inefficient use of the cyclists' anaerobic energy resources.

Bicycling↗
PubMed1986

Effects of racing on hematologic and serum biochemical values in greyhounds.

Blood samples were collected on nonracing days from 57 racing Greyhounds at 2 weeks, 8 weeks, 13 weeks, and 16 weeks after the beginning of the racing season. Hematologic and biochemical tests were performed to detect marked changes induced by stress of racing. In general, these Greyhounds were healthy. Rhabdomyolysis was detected in one dog. In several other dogs, possible subclinical muscle injury was identified by increased serum creatine kinase activities. Mean serum Ca concentrations tended to decrease during the racing season. None of the tests was a good predictor of racing performance. Mean values for several hematologic and biochemical tests were different from those of other breeds of dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Elevated serum ferritin concentrations in master runners after a marathon race.

To evaluate iron stores in master runners, serum ferritin levels were measured 24 hrs before and 1, 24 and 168 hrs after a 42.2 km marathon race in 12 men and 7 women master runners. Mean ferritin concentrations were 88 and 50 ng/ml, respectively, before the race. Significant elevations in serum ferritin levels were observed 24 and 168 hrs after the race for men runners and 1, 24 and 168 hrs after the race for women runners. Serum ferritin levels elevated after a stressful event like a marathon race may no longer accurately reflect body iron stores.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Impact and shear resistance of turf grass racing surfaces for Thoroughbreds.

The 2 dominant processes involved in the horse hoof-to-racing surface interaction are the shock loading of the horse's leg upon impact with the racing surface and rotation of the horse's hoof into the racing surface. These processes were measured as impact resistance (ie, the peak deceleration of a moving body upon impact with the test surface) and as resistance to shear. The objective of the present study was to measure physically (under a variety of conditions) those soil and turf factors related to the 2 processes. It was concluded that thatch accumulation and mowing height of the turf did not have a significant (P less than 0.05) effect on racing surface hardness (therefore, turf management should optimize turf growth and recovery), that turf roots were responsible for an increase in impact resistance and in resistance to shear, that control over soil moisture through irrigation and drainage allowed modification of racing surface hardness, and that soil materials tend to have lower impact resistance (ie, lower shock loading of the horse's leg) and higher resistance to shear (ie, greater resistance to hoof rotation) than do sand materials.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Is there a risk of noise-induced hearing loss in automobile drivers and in automobile sport racing?].

Professional racing drivers are exposed to extreme noise pollution by their high-capacity cars. For the purpose of evaluating the emissive noise of racing-cars, noise-level measurements on race-courses were undertaken. As a result noise-levels up to 130 dB (A) for the outer noises and 125 dB (A) for the inner region of the car were measured. Moreover, eighteen professional racing drivers as well as eleven employees, working in the pit, underwent audiometric investigations. Only one of the racing drivers showed noise deafness. This result can be explained by the short periods of exposure to the noise, which is 150-180 hours every year, and the regular wearing of ear-plugs. The employees working in the pits, however, showed distinct hearing impairments, explained above all, by their activities at the motor-test blocks. Incidentally this paper also deals with the noise sources of vehicles and the origin of noise deafness. There is no risk of noise deafness for this group of persons.

Audiometry, Pure-Tone↗
PubMed1979

Visual evoked potentials and signal detection following a marathon race.

Five marathon runners participated in a visual sustained attention experiment 1 week prior to a competitive martathon race and from 1.5 to 8.5 h following the race. The task was designed to help assess changes in central nervous system function by examinining both behavioral deficits and electroencephalogram (EEG) visual evoked potentials as a function of the race. A significant increase in heart rate was observed during the behavioral task. No changes in any of the wave forms of the EEG visual evoked response were observed during the vigilance task as a function of the race. Sustained visual attention responses were unchanged for correct detections, but post-marathon performance gave significantly fewer false positive responses. The results provided evidence that central nervous system dysfunction was not observed following the completion of a competitive marathon race.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Racing thoughts in primary depression.

The incidence of and relationship between racing thoughts and clinical variables in primary depression were examined. More than 50% of a group of 32 hospitalized patients reported moderate to severe levels of racing thoughts. Only 13% of patients did not experience racing thoughts. Racing thoughts were significantly related to symptom measures of anxiety, excitation and retardation but not to overall severity of illness or total Hamilton Depression Scale scores. Age but neither sex nor unipolar bipolar classification distinguished patients who did and did not experience racing thoughts.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Age-, sex-, and race-related differences in myoglobin concentrations in the serum of healthy persons.

A radioimmunoassay was used to study the relation of race, sex, and age to serum myoglobin concentrations in ostensibly healthy individuals: 75 white men, 76 white women, 75 black men, and 66 black women, ranging in age from 20 to 85 years. Mean serum myoglobin values were significantly higher in men than in women in both races (35 vs 31 microgram/L for whites and 44 vs 29 microgram/L for blacks). Black men had higher values than white men, but no corresponding difference was observed in the female population. Except for the group of black men, which consistently had the highest values for serum myoglobin, values were always higher for the older groups (greater than or equal to 50 years) than the younger, irrespective of race or sex. Serum myoglobin and age were significantly and directly correlated only among white men (r = 0.3408 p < 0.01, n = 75). If results were expressed as a myoglobin/creatinine ratio, the distinctions by race, sex, and age were partly eliminated. Reference intervals for serum myoglobin, expressed both ways, are given for different race, sex, and age groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Cloning novel alfalfa cyclin sequences--a RACE-PCR approach.

Cyclins are a complex group of proteins involved in regulation of the eukaryotic cell division cycle via their interaction with cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks). Cyclin gene sequences have been cloned from a number of plant species, including alfalfa, but the diversity of these genes suggests that there are many plant cyclins which have yet to be characterized. A RACE-PCR strategy has been adopted for cloning cyclin gene sequences expressed during direct somatic embryogenesis in alfalfa. RT-PCR with nested degenerate primers was used to amplify the highly conserved "cyclin box" region of a novel A-like cyclin mRNA sequence expressed after induction of somatic embryogenesis. The sequence of this PCR product was used to design primers for 5'- and 3'-RACE protocols. 5'-RACE using a modified SLIC (single strand ligation to single stranded cDNA) procedure revealed considerable sequence heterogeneity in the N-terminal region of the coding sequence with several closely related sequences apparent. Conventional 3'-RACE generated a single cyclin sequence. The complete coding sequence of one member of this A-like cyclin subgroup has been obtained by this RACE strategy and confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing of alfalfa genomic DNA.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Use of Race and Ethnicity in Public Health Surveillance. Summary of the DC/ATSDR workshop. Atlanta, Georgia, March 1-2, 1993.

Improvement of the health of racial and ethnic minority populations is a priority for CDC and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Information on race and ethnicity is a critical element in public health surveillance efforts. To address this issue, CDC and the ATSDR conducted a 2-day workshop, "The Use of Race and Ethnicity in Public Health Surveillance," held in Atlanta on March 1-2, 1993. Workshop participants included CDC and ATSDR professional staff and invited experts from academia and the private sector. Objectives of the workshop were to: Describe the current measures of race and ethnicity and their use in public health surveillance at CDC/ATSDR. Assess the epidemiologic basis of the use of race and ethnicity in surveillance for planning, operation, and evaluation of public health programs at CDC/ATSDR. Propose better use of existing measures for race and ethnicity or to identify alternative measures.

Ethnicity↗