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PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of childhood behavioural disorders in Ilorin, Nigeria--findings from parental reports.

We report the findings of a survey aimed at determining the prevalence, pattern and psychosocial correlates of childhood psychiatric disorders among primary school pupils in Ilorin, Kwara State. Eight hundred and forty-six parents completed the 31-item Rutter scale A2 and an additional pro-forma on the developmental and family history of their children. The most commonly reported symptoms were headache, vomiting, tempertantrums, restlessness, disobedience and fearfulness. Using Rutter's cut off point of 13, 157 (18.6%) qualified as cases: neurotic disorders (7.3%), antisocial disorders (8%) and undifferentiated disorders (3.3%). Males were over-represented, albeit non-significantly, among the neurotic and antisocial groups. Mothers of high scorers (HSs) reported significantly more physical and emotional problems during pregnancy. HSs were significantly more likely to (i) have had delayed developmental milestones (ii) have suffered a major illness during childhood (iii) come from broken homes, and (iv) attend school located in the rural area. Our prevalence rate compares well with those reported in Africa and elsewhere. To address the identified unmet needs of children in this environment, we suggest the need to establish a comprehensive child mental health package, which could be incorporated into the existing primary health care programme. The package should encompass the three tiers of prevention, and involve the active participation of parents, teachers, educational, as well as health professionals.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuroticism and the pupillary response to a brief exposure to noise.

'Neurotic' and 'stable' groups (n = 8) were formed by means of the Finnish version of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Subjects were exposed individually to 80-100 dBA broadband noise. No overt response was made. The dependent variable was the pupil dilation. The louder the noise, the larger the pupil was. At each level of noise intensity, the dilation was largest immediately after the change of intensity. In general, the pupil size decreased in the course of the experiment, indicating habituation. The 'neurotic' subjects displayed the largest relative dilation as a function of noise intensity. Results are discussed in terms of the arousing effects of auditory stimulus intensity.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2004

Clinical assessment of optic nerve disorders.

Optic nerve disorders range from the manifestations of life-threatening intracranial or systemic disease, to minor congenital anomalies. Careful clinical assessment, which relies upon a thorough evaluation of symptoms as well as signs, is essential for effective and timely investigation and treatment. Examination methods and pitfalls to be avoided are discussed.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1991

Cervical sympathetic deficit in unilateral migraine headache.

Pupil diameter was measured during the headache-free interval in 38 migraine sufferers selected from the general community. In each case, at least 70 percent of attacks recurred on the same side. Anisocoria was greater than in 40 control subjects, but miosis was not consistently greater on the usual side of headache. Average pupil diameter was similar in migraine sufferers and controls. In patients with pupillary dilation lag on the usual side of headache, miosis persisted after 4% cocaine eyedrops. These findings suggest that cervical sympathetic outflow was lower on the usual side of headache in a subgroup of migraine sufferers. Pupillary dilatation to tyramine eyedrops was greater in control subjects than in migraine sufferers, consistent with decreased function of post-ganglionic cervical sympathetic fibres. Pupillary dilatation to 1% phenylephrine eyedrops did not differ consistently between the headache and headache-free sides, and was similar in migraine sufferers and controls. Thus, adrenergic supersensitivity of the pupils was not evident in this community sample of migraine sufferers. Vasodilatation or swelling of the arterial wall in the carotid canal could cause minor cervical sympathetic deficit in patients with frequent or severe attacks of migraine. Loss of sympathetic vascular tone could increase vasodilatation and pain during attacks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Noradrenergic nervous activity in migraine.

The autonomic nervous function in patients with migraine was studied during headache-free intervals. The following observations were made: (1) a decrease in overshoot in Valsalva's maneuver; (2) orthostatic hypotension; (3) low levels of plasma norepinephrine in the steady state; (4) failure in elevation of the plasma norepinephrine level after head-up tilting; (5) dilatation of the pupils after instillation in the eye of 1.25% epinephrine; and (6) a long recovery time in tests by bolus injection of 0.1 microgram of norepinephrine bitartrate per kilogram. The above findings suggest that patients with migraine show sympathetic hypofunction together with denervation hypersensitivity of the iris and the arteries, and that a defective noradrenergic nervous system may play a role in the pathogenesis of migraine.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical manifestations and management of orbital mucoceles: the role of ophthalmologists.

PURPOSE: To report the clinical features of orbital mucoceles and discuss the role of ophthalmologists in the management of patients with orbital mucoceles. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients with orbital mucoceles treated at the National Taiwan University Hospital from 1990 through 2002. The basic profiles, clinical features, and the management of the patients with orbital mucoceles were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: The records of a total of 15 patients (aged 22 to 76, mean 45.5 years) with orbital mucoceles were selected for this study. The initial presentations included proptosis in ten patients (66.7%), diplopia in five (33.3%), ocular movement limitation in four (26.7%), periorbital pain in four (26.7%), palpable mass lesion in four (26.7%), ptosis in three (20.0%), decreased visual acuity in three (20.0%), headache in two (13.3%), and pupil abnormality with relative afferent papillary defect in one (6.67%). Of the 15 patients, the origins of the orbital mucocele were in the frontoethmoidal sinus in six (40.0%), the ethmoidal sinus in three (20.0%), the frontal sinus in three (20.0%), the maxillary sinus in one (6.7%), and the sphenoidal sinus in two (13.3%). The transcaruncular approach for the management of orbital mucoceles was performed in eight cases, the Lynch approach in three cases, the transforniceal approach in two cases, and functional endoscopic sinus surgery in one case. After surgery, no recurrence was noted. CONCLUSIONS: The frontoethmoidal sinus was the commonest origin of an orbital mucocele, and proptosis was the most frequent sign in patients with an orbital mucocele. All cases showed a favorable response to surgical intervention, and the transcaruncular approach may offer a good surgical option for the management of orbital mucoceles, especially for ophthalmologists.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Inferior branch palsy of the oculomotor nerve.

Three patients with inferior branch palsies of the oculomotor nerve are described. Two were under 10 years of age and the third was 30 years old at the onset. All 3 presented with painless diplopia. The onset was sudden in 2 patients and progressive in the third. The palsy cleared within a short time in the 2 patients with sudden onset, and a possible viral origin was considered. In the third patient, with progressive palsy, there was no change eight years later.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Clinical use of visual acuity measured with pupil responses.

The response of the pupil was measured to a foveally fixated small field in which a checkerboard was alternated with a blank field of equal luminance. Visual acuity was assessed with pupil responses in 70 subjects who visited our clinic. A high correlation was found between the visual acuity as measured with pupil responses and the subjective acuity, using the same checkerboard stimuli. We also compared the visual acuity as measure with with pupil responses with the Snellen acuity. The method of obtaining pupil visual acuity seems to compare favourable with other objective methods of measuring visual acuity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Atypical ocular myasthenia gravis].

The diagnosis of ocular myasthenia gravis is rarely in doubt in patients with a proper history and typical clinical findings. However, myasthenia gravis can mimick any pupil-sparing eye movement disorder and several diseases may masquerade myasthenia gravis. We review the atypical presentations and differential diagnoses in ocular myasthenia gravis, describing four patients with some of these conditions (4th nerve palsy, near spasm reflex, one-and-a-half syndrome, orbital meningioma). The correct interpretation of the clinical findings associated with appropriate neuro-imaging studies allowed the appropriate diagnosis in these cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Naloxone applied to conjunctiva as a test for physical opiate dependence.

Significant pupillary dilatation in response to conjunctivally applied naloxone was demonstrated with polaroid photography in 46 opiate addicts on maintenance methadone prescription. No pupillary response was seen to an identical procedure in 17 non-addict subjects who had been given an opiate premedication before elective surgery. This pupillary response to naloxone could be used as a test to identify the physically dependent opiate user.

Administration, Topical↗