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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Bowel habits in hemorrhoid patients and normal subjects.

OBJECTIVES: Bleeding, pain, soiling, and prolapse are the classic symptoms in hemorrhoid disease, but the patients sometimes report a variety of other symptoms. Little is known about functional bowel symptoms in patients with hemorrhoids and few studies have previously addressed this subject. The aim of this study was to compare patients with hemorrhoids with a control population regarding functional bowel symptoms and anorectal complaints. METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients who participated in a randomized study on hemorrhoidectomy completed a validated questionnaire on bowel and anorectal functional symptoms. Two hundred age- and gender-matched population based control subjects, and 100 gender-matched consecutive patients undergoing an orthopedic procedure served as two control groups, and completed the same questionnaire. RESULTS: Bowel frequency was the same in all three groups, but only 37% of the patients described their bowel movements as normal, compared to 55 and 67% of the controls (p < 0.001). Up to 37% of the patients reported bloating, compared to 18 and 26% in the control groups. Abdominal pain associated with bowel evacuation was experienced by 34% of the patients but in 3 and 5% of the controls (p < 0.001). Excessive straining, feeling of incomplete evacuation, and repeated toilet visits were significantly more usual in the patients. Reduced feeling of well being and disturbed social life caused by bowel symptoms was often reported by patients but rarely in the control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Beside hemorrhoidal symptoms, many patients with Grade 3-4 hemorrhoids have concomitant functional bowel symptoms, possibly associated with the irritable bowel syndrome. This knowledge might be important while selecting therapy for patients with hemorrhoids.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed2001

Normal complement of motor units in asymptomatic familial (SOD1 mutation) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis carriers.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the mechanisms causing neuronal death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an electrophysiological technique of motor unit number estimation (MUNE) was used to examine the pattern of motor neuron loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The aim was to determine whether gradual lifelong loss of motor units precedes clinical disease or whether sudden, catastrophic loss of motor units occurs at the onset of the disease. METHOD: Using the statistical technique of motor unit number estimation, a cross sectional study was performed on a group of asymptomatic carriers of the Cu, Zn superoxide dimutase 1 (SOD1) gene. MUNE results were compared with those from age and sex matched family controls who did not carry the SOD1 mutation. A total of 87 subjects (45 men and 42 women) with an age range from 16-73 years of age were studied. RESULTS: There was no detectable difference in the number of motor units in SOD1 mutation carriers compared with SOD1 negative family controls or population controls. Symptomatic subjects showed a definite loss of motor units. The test-retest reproducibility of this technique yielded an average difference between MUNE results on separate occasions on the same subject of +/-5%. CONCLUSION: The finding that presymptomatic SOD1 mutation carriers have a full complement of motor neurons indicates that mutation carriers must have normal survival of motor neurons until rapid and widespread cell death of these neurons occurs, coinciding with the onset of clinical features. This implies that symptomatic ALS is not the end result of a slow attrition of motor neurons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Case-control study on uveal melanoma (RIFA): rational and design.

BACKGROUND: Although a rare disease, uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, with an incidence rate of up to 1.0 per 100,000 persons per year in Europe. Only a few consistent risk factors have been identified for this disease. We present the study design of an ongoing incident case-control study on uveal melanoma (acronym: RIFA study) that focuses on radiofrequency radiation as transmitted by radio sets and wireless telephones, occupational risk factors, phenotypical characteristics, and UV radiation. METHODS/DESIGN: We conduct a case-control study to identify the role of different exposures in the development of uveal melanoma. The cases of uveal melanoma were identified at the Division of Ophthalmology, University of Essen, a referral centre for tumours of the eye. We recruit three control groups: population controls, controls sampled from those ophthalmologists who referred cases to the Division of Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-Essen, and sibling controls. For each case the controls are matched on sex and age (five year groups), except for sibling controls. The data are collected from the study participants by short self-administered questionnaire and by telephone interview. During and at the end of the field phase, the data are quality-checked. To estimate the effect of exposures on uveal melanoma risk, we will use conditional logistic regression that accounts for the matching factors and allows to control for potential confounding.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

T-cell receptor gamma: a microsatellite marker for colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: T-cell receptor gamma (TCR-gamma) is involved in maintaining host cell integrity and homeostasis of the human immune system. We hypothesize that polymorphism of the TCR-gamma complex may be involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. METHODS: The microsatellite markers D7S1818 and D7S2206 located within the TCR-gamma antigen locus on chromosome 7p were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and genotypes were determined for 22 patients with early onset of colorectal cancer (<60 years old) and for 38 population-based control subjects. RESULTS: Genotype BC of D7S1818 (P = .049) and haplotype AC of D7S1818/D7S2206 (P < or = .003) were associated with colorectal cancer as compared with the control population (extended Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies a novel genetic and clinical association between TCR-gamma and early-onset colorectal cancer. Many young patients do not fulfill the criteria for hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes and are therefore not identified by established screening programs. Markers such as D7S1818 and D7S2206 may become useful in the identification of patients at risk of developing colorectal cancer and permit earlier therapeutic intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Surgical and nonsurgical management of and selected risk factors for spontaneous pneumothorax in dogs: 64 cases (1986-1999).

OBJECTIVE: To compare results of surgical versus nonsurgical treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 64 dogs with pneumothorax without any history of antecedent trauma. PROCEDURE: Information on signalment, thoracic radiographic findings, treatment, histologic findings, and outcome was obtained from the medical records. Signalment of affected dogs was compared with signalment of a control population of 260 dogs examined by the emergency service for reasons other than pneumothorax during the study period. RESULTS: Siberian Huskies were overrepresented in the case population, compared with the control population of dogs examined by the emergency service for other reasons. Twenty-eight dogs were treated without surgery (ie, thoracocentesis or tube thoracostomy with or without cage rest), and 36 were treated with surgery. Information regarding final outcome was available for 33 dogs treated with surgery (median follow-up time, 485 days) and 15 dogs treated without surgery (median follow-up time, 366 days). Dogs that underwent surgery had significantly lower recurrence (1/30) and mortality (4/33) rates, compared with dogs treated without surgery (6/12 and 8/15, respectively). A definitive diagnosis was obtained for 38 dogs, including 34 of 36 dogs undergoing surgery; 26 had bullous emphysema and 4 had neoplasia. Two dogs developed spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to migration of plant foreign bodies. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that recurrence and mortality rates for dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax managed surgically were significantly lower than rates for dogs managed by nonsurgical means alone. Early surgical intervention is recommended for definitive diagnosis and treatment of dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quality of life in women with urinary tract infections: is benign disease a misnomer?

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to undertake an exploratory evaluation of quality-of-life indicators for women suffering from urinary tract infections. METHODS: The RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 (SF-36) was administered to 47 women with a diagnosed urinary tract infection who were being cared for in the Family Medicine Center, Student Health Services, or Urology Outpatient Clinic. A control population of 71 women was obtained from the female members of an undergraduate geography class, a community basketball league, and a local women's choir. RESULTS: All subsections of the SF-36 quality-of-life indices were significantly decreased in the subject population compared with the control population (lower score indicates lower quality of life): patient general health perception (63.3 vs 78.9, P < .001) physical functioning (76.6 vs 87.6, P = .012), role limitation owing to physical health (53.8 vs 93.0, P < .001) and emotional health (67.4 vs 88.3, P < .001), vitality (43.0 vs 64.9, P < .001), emotional well-being (64.4 vs 80.2, P < .001), pain (58.7 vs 91.5, P < .001), and social functioning (60.4 vs 90.4. P < .001). CONCLUSION: Suffering from an urinary tract infection has a detrimental influence on patient quality of life. The effect of urinary tract infections on women and their perception of quality of life have not been hitherto reported in the medical literature. The significant findings in this study call into question whether acute, non-life-threatening illness should be regarded as benign.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Placentation in the African elephant, Loxodonta africana. I. Endocrinological aspects.

Placental and fetal tissues were recovered from the uteri of 59 pregnant elephant that ranged in estimated age from day 18 to month 21 of gestation. Incubation of placenta and fetal gonad, alone or in combination, with tritium-labelled cholesterol, pregnenolone and androstenedione failed to yield any labelled progestagens or oestrogens from placenta, but did produce small amounts of labelled progesterone and 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone from fetal gonad. Immunochemical staining of tissues with four antisera specific for enzymes involved in the steroidogenic pathway revealed no staining in sections of placenta but positive labelling for P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (SCC450) and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) of the interstitial cells that comprise the bulk of the enlarged fetal gonads during the second half of gestation. Saline extracts of placental tissue showed no activity in three different gonadotrophin assays. In view of this endocrinological inactivity in the zonary elephant placenta and the probable reliance on maternal luteal sources of progestagens for maintenance of the pregnant state, the argument is advanced that uncomplicated abortion would probably follow a single administration of a PGF analogue given at any stage of pregnancy. If so, the treatment might constitute an efficacious method for controlling population increases in elephants maintained in enclosed game parks in Africa.

20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone↗
PubMed1981

[Xinjiang family planning].

Population growth rate in Xinjiang Autonomous Region dropped to 12/1000 last year, or 2.8/1000 less than 1979. Population growth rate among the people of Han nationality was dropped to 8.4/1000, or 5.5/1000 less than 1979. The autonomous region recently called a meeting to discuss family planning, population control, and population growth planning. A speech was delivered by Zhang Siming, vice chairman of the regional People's Government and head of the regional leading group for family planning. He urged all cadres for family planning to better perform their duties and make still greater contributions to promoting family planning in Xinjiang.

Asia↗
PubMed1991

Testing cerebral function: will it help the understanding or diagnosis of central nervous system disease?

The recent introduction of non-invasive tools for the quantitative mapping of cerebral function in humans (e.g. cerebral blood flow measurement and positron emission tomography) in conjunction with detailed in vivo tomographic morphology (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) has led to a fruitful interaction between clinicians and fundamental neuroscientists. This has led to the development of a productive, scientifically sound human neuroscience whose aim is to explore brain function directly in the human subject. With respect to the physiological state, this research has resulted in major findings especially in the fields of visual function, attention, anticipatory anxiety, language, motion and somaesthesia. The study of disease states has resulted in less impressive findings. The investigation of patients with focal brain lesions has revealed time-dependent alterations of cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism in widespread grey matter structures, as a result of disconnection; however, these functional alterations apparently reflect a variety of processes, from Wallerian or retrograde degeneration to reversible or irreversible transsynaptic or transneuronal effects, which makes their interpretation uncertain. Likewise the cellular and neurochemical basis for the recovery of energy metabolism in deafferented brain areas remains speculative. Although several types of metabolic effects due to disconnection are correlated to well-defined neuropsychological/behavioural impairment (and recovery therefrom) unexplained discrepancies exist and their role in individual patients remains obscure. The study of the brain's 'functional reserve' by activation paradigms would presumably shed more light on the clinical/functional brain relationships in disease but such investigations are hampered by unresolved methodological issues such as the choice criteria for the control population (?healthy controls, ?asymptomatic brain-lesioned patients) and task (?pseudo-impaired). There are also complex statistical issues because of the requirement to study single cases as a result of the inter-subject variability in lesion topography, size or duration, as well as in the pattern and degree of behavioural impairment. The design of controlled experimental paradigms in non-human primates, involving controlled lesions and sequential behavioural and PET assessment, may help to resolve some of these issues.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1990

[Results of the histology of bronchial carcinoma form an epidemiological study in North Rhine-Westphalia and northern Germany].

In a case-control study to examine the risk factors for bronchial carcinoma, 194 histologically confirmed cases of lung cancer and twice the number of controls (194 hospital controls, 194 population controls) were covered. In addition, the histological material obtained from 139 patients was assessed by a reference pathologist. In 107 cases (77%) the data coincided with the findings by the hospital pathologists. In women, young patients and persons with better general job qualifications adenocarcinomas and other bronchial carcinomas were seen more often and small-cell carcinomas as well as squamous cell carcinomas were rarer. Smoking did not entail any significant difference in respect of bronchial carcinoma risk. There was a significant risk increase among persons occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, chromium, nickel and radionuclides in respect of squamous cell and small-cell carcinomas but not of adenocarcinomas and other histological types of carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1985

Coffee and methylxanthines and breast cancer: a case-control study.

A dietary case-control study based on 818 newly diagnosed breast cancer (BC) patients was conducted in Israel between 1975 and 1978. The role of coffee and total methylxanthine intake from coffee, tea, cola, chocolate, and cocoa drinks was evaluated in the BC patients as compared to that in two matched control populations [surgical controls (SC) and neighborhood controls (NC)]. Because it has been suggested that caffeine enhances mammary carcinogenesis in rats fed high polyunsaturated fat diets, analysis was done also in relation to fat consumption. When comparison was done to both matched control groups, a nonsignificant negative association was found between consumption of cups of coffee and BC (odds ratios of greater than or equal to 4 cups of coffee/day vs. less than or equal to 1 per week = 0.6 for BC/NC and 0.7 for BC/SC). This association was observed in all 3 ethnic subgroups studied. The pattern was stronger among the high-fat consumers after controlling for several hormonal confounding factors (two-tailed P-value for linear trend = 0.06 for SC and P = 0.05 for NC). In addition, when the consumption of methylxanthine of BC patients was compared to that of benign breast patients, adjusted by age and ethnic group, a diminished risk was found (odds ratio for BC of the highest level of methylxanthine vs. lowest level = 0.59).

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Study of risk factors for prostatic cancer].

A case-control study was conducted on 294 prostatic cancer patients and controls. General population controls were chosen from 13 areas in Gunma Prefecture and were matched by age (+/- 2 y.o.) to cases. Odds ratio (O.R.) and 95% confidence interval (C.I.) were calculated on each item according to group; 69 years old or younger and 70 years old or older, and age-adjusted O.R. and 95% C.I. were calculated. Risk factors of prostatic cancer were investigated. There was a significantly higher risk for prostatic cancer in those 1) engaged in agriculture, forestry or fishery (< or = 69, > or = 70, total), 2) shaving 1/3 days or less frequently (> or = 70, total), 3) having thin pubic hair (total), 4) phimosis (< or = 69, total), 5) having history of smoking (> or = 70, total), 6) history of smoking 50 years or more (total), 7) having eaten vegetables rarely (> or = 70, total), 8) having past history or complication of asthma (> or = 70). O.R.s of having past history or complication of benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatitis and urethral stricture were high significantly, but they were supposed to be caused by bias. Four patients had first degree family members who suffered from prostatic cancer, compared to zero in the control. There was a significantly lower risk for prostatic cancer in those 1) engaged in office work (> or = 70, total), 2) blood type A or AB (< or = 69), 3) having had one child or none (total), 4) having past history or complication of tuberculosis (total).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1995

[Epidemiological study of risk factors for bladder cancer].

A case-control study was conducted on 303 male bladder cancer patients and controls. General population controls were chosen from 15 areas in Gunma Prefecture and were matched by age (+/- l y.o.) to the subjects. Age-adjusted and smoking-adjusted odds ratio (O.R.) and a 95% confidence interval (C.I.) were calculated for each item. Risk factors for bladder cancer in men were investigated. The O.R. tended to be significantly higher for those who had history of smoking, who smoked more per day, who had smoked longer, whose Brinkman index was higher, who began smoking younger and who inhaled deeper than it was for non-smokers. O.R.s of having a past history or complication of cystitis (age-adjusted) and benign prostatic hypertrophy (age- and smoking-adjusted) were significantly higher, but the difference was supposed to be caused by bias. There was a significantly lower age- and smoking-adjusted O.R. for bladder cancer in men who engaged in sales, whose blood type was O, who drank milk frequently, who ate grains frequently, who age vegetables frequently and who had a past history or complication of hypertension. The number of cases and controls with first degree family members who developed cancer respectively supposed to be highly related to smoking, were as follows; 16 and 8 for lung cancer, 3 and 0 for larynx cancer and 6 and 3 for bladder cancer. The following characteristics failed to show any significant difference between subjects with bladder cancer and the control group; height and weight now and 20 years ago, jobs which deal with dye, academic career, marriage, number of children, alcohol drinking and the use of hair dye or analgesics.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

IL-10 polymorphisms are associated with early-onset celiac disease and severe mucosal damage in patients of Caucasian origin.

PURPOSE: Polymorphisms in cytokine genes can determine their level of expression and affect the phenotypic expression of immunomediated diseases, such as celiac disease (CD). We thus evaluated cytokine polymorphism prevalence in CD patients and population controls, and assessed the correlation between specific polymorphisms and celiacs' clinical characteristics. METHODS: 155 CD patients and 202 population controls were enrolled in the study. Cytokine polymorphisms (TNFalpha -308 and -238, IL-1beta -511 and +3954, IL-1b RN + 2018, IL-6 -174, IL-10 -1082, -819 and -592, TGFbeta1 + 29 and +74, IFN-gamma + 874) and HLA class II alleles were determined by sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction or restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Duodenal histology was classified using Marsh's criteria. Variables significantly associated with CD patients' characteristics were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A significantly higher frequency of -308 TNFalpha polymorphism was observed in CD patients compared to the entire population control group, although no difference was detected when population controls were stratified according to HLA class II. Among celiacs, early onset of the disease (< or =2 year old) and the presence of a severe intestinal lesion (Marsh 3C) were significantly associated with the -1082 A/A IL-10 genotype which corresponds to a low producer phenotype (OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.49-7.19 and OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.04-6.49, respectively). CONCLUSION: The association between IL-10 genotypes and both histological severity at diagnosis and age of onset could be related to an alteration in cytokine balance, and supports the idea that the various clinical manifestations of the disease could be determined by a different genetic background.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed2005

Control of population flow in coherently driven quantum ladders.

A technique for adiabatic control of the population flow through a preselected decaying excited level in a three-level quantum ladder is presented. The population flow through the intermediate or upper level is controlled efficiently and robustly by varying the pulse delay between a pair of partly overlapping coherent laser pulses. The technique is analyzed theoretically and demonstrated in an experiment with Na2 molecules.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Accidents in patients with insulin-treated diabetes: increased risk of low-impact falls but not motor vehicle crashes--a prospective register-based study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with diabetes mellitus may be at increased risk of accidents, mainly because of hypoglycemia. A variety of approaches have been adopted in an attempt to quantify this risk, but there has not been, to date, a systematic study using a national trauma register. In this study, we report findings from the Scottish Trauma Audit Group database. METHODS: The database includes all patients admitted to hospital for 3 or more days, or who died in hospital as a result of their accident. The study includes 11,244 cases aged 15 years or over entered into the database between July 1996 and June 1998. This included 151 patients with insulin-treated diabetes. Using detailed prescribing information from one representative region, we have calculated the rates of different types of accidents for patients treated with insulin and compared this with the control population. We have analyzed information on the mechanism and severity of injury, outcome, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Overall, the rate of accidents for insulin-treated patients was estimated at 291.2 per 100,000 population per year compared with 148.4 for the control population (p < 0.001; relative risk, 1.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.68-2.32). Insulin-treated patients were, on average, older (p < 0.005), more likely to be women (p < 0.02), and had longer stay in hospital (p < 0.001). The major excess of injuries related to low falls (< 2 m), which accounted for 62.3% of the injuries in the insulin-treated group compared with 47.1% in the remainder (p < 0.01). Low falls in the insulin-treated group (n = 94) were examined in detail: compared with the control population, there was no difference in age and sex, Injury Severity Score, Revised Trauma Score (a measure of the severity of physiologic disturbance), or calculated probability of survival (TRISS). Length of inpatient stay was higher in the insulin-treated low-fall patients (10 vs. 7 days, p < 0.01). Of the 151 catalogued injuries, the vast majority were fractures at peripheral sites. Only 23 insulin-treated individuals were admitted after a motor vehicle crash during the study period. This represents a slight but not significant increase above the rate for the background population. CONCLUSION: This study confirms that patients taking insulin are at increased risk of accidents. Among the different types of injury, only low-impact falls were significantly increased. This is most likely related to an increased tendency for insulin-treated patients to fall during a hypoglycemic episode. However, patients with diabetes may also be at higher risk of sustaining a fracture after a fall. The number of car crashes involving drivers with insulin-dependent diabetes is small, and the rate is not significantly greater than that of the background population. Further study of the causes and consequences of falls in diabetic patients is warranted.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2000

Lung cancer risk in Venice: a population-based case-control study.

Populations resident in the historical town of Venice and in the inland industrial city of Mestre are at different risk of exposure to environmental pollutants. This case-control study compares the risk of developing lung cancer in the two populations in relation to known risk factors for this neoplasm. A retrospective study of 305 incident cases of lung and 447 frequency-matched population controls was conducted through a standard questionnaire on main risk factors for lung cancer. Completeness of cases was checked against the Venetian Cancer Registry files. The results indicate that lung cancer risk associated with tobacco smoking was high in both areas, although more elevated in Venice islands among heavy smokers. An elevation of risk was associated with housing without a heating system, possibly suggesting a role of worse hygienic conditions. An increased risk associated with exposure to occupational carcinogens was detected in the inland area. In conclusion, lung cancer risk due to tobacco smoking largely affects both the populations, while other risks such as occupation or housing conditions appear to be more population-specific.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A comparison of the twenty-four-hour blood pressure profile in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between blood pressure measured conventionally ('conventional' pressure) and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure measured with the SpaceLabs 90202 recorder, in a control population with normal blood pressure, and in patients with hypertension. Reference values for 24 h ambulatory blood pressure had been determined previously in a control population of 776 healthy bank employees (396 men and 380 women), aged 17-80 years, and were compared with those from a clinic population which comprised 805 patients referred to a blood pressure clinic for evaluation of hypertension. The clinic population was divided into two groups: 'normotensive' patients, whose conventional blood pressure was less than 160/90 mmHg (n = 168), and 'hypertensive' patients, whose conventional blood pressure was greater than or equal to 160/90 mmHg (n = 637). The clinic population had higher conventional (156/87 versus 119/76 mmHg), daytime (147/90 versus 125/79 mmHg) and night-time (129/75 versus 106/61 mmHg) ambulatory pressures compared with the control population. The clinic 'hypertensive' patients had higher conventional (175/97 versus 136/77 mmHg), daytime (153/93 versus 140/87 mmHg) and night-time (133/78 versus 124/72 mmHg) ambulatory pressures than the clinic normotensive population. Daytime ambulatory pressure was higher than conventional pressure (125/79 versus 119/76 mmHg) in the control population and in the clinic normotensive population (140/87 versus 136/77 mmHg). However, this relationship was reversed in the clinic hypertensive patients (153/93 versus 175/97 mmHg). It is concluded that while conventionally measured blood pressure tends to be lower than ambulatory daytime pressure in normotensive populations, this relationship is reversed in patients with hypertension.

Adult↗