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PubMed1991

Who and how: some unanswered questions in adult development.

This study argues that a better understanding of the processes of life span and adult development can be reached if there is a distinction made between the concepts of stability and continuity. The latter implies both stability and change. To assess continuity, a model of personality development must be adopted that covers both general and differential aspects of its course during the life span. This makes it possible to identify and assess individual variations or types of individual development, as well as general developmental trends. Because statements about stability and continuity are inevitably contingent upon techniques of data collection and statistical methods, it is recommended that research designs should be used that permit comparison of normative and ipsative approaches to the same population. To illustrate and support this argument, the design and rationale of the Jerusalem Study of Psychological Development during Middle and Later Adulthood are briefly described, as well as the resulting personality types and their development as empirically identified by application of Q-technique.

Aged↗

PubMed1978

[Parent-child-interaction in infancy (author's transl)].

On the basis of many experimental studies it is demonstrated that not only mother-child-relationship in infancy but also father-child-relationship is important for child development. Different patterns of mother-child-interaction as well as father-child-interaction during the first weeks after birth are reported and intervening variables are discussed. Kind and degree of interactions of both parents with the newborn and infant influence the emotional, social, and cognitive development of the child. On the other hand the birth of child and the behavior of the newborn determine personal development of father and mother, too. The growth of the family is to be regarded as a process which is based on the differentiated net work of conditions. The concentration of research on mother-child-contacts has to be rejected in the light of these new findings and has to be regarded as hostile against the family as a whole.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed2005

[A 76-year-old woman with personality change, dementia and parkinsonism].

We report a patient who developed personality change, dementia and parkinsonism. The patient was a Japanese woman who died at age 76. She developed memory problems at age 63. At age 66, she started showing personality changes, and began having short-step gait and mask-like face. On admission to our hospital at age 68, neurological examination showed mild memory deficit and postural instability. Six months after discharge, she developed delusion, rigidity, tremor, and gait disturbance. Her condition relentlessly progressed and she became bedridden at age 71. CT scan revealed marked atrophy of the frontotemporal lobes with enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles. The patient died at the age of 76 years. The patient was discussed in a neurological CPC, and a chief discussant arrived at the conclusion that the patient had frontotemporal dementia. Some participants thought that she had Pick disease or diffuse Lewy body disease. Severe atrophy of the frontal lobe and anterior part of the brain was seen at autopsy. Neuropathological examination showed severe neuronal loss with gliosis in the substantia nigra, pallidum, thalamus, and hippocampus. Moderate loss of neurons with gliosis was seen in the frontal and anterior temporal cortex. Argyrophilic and tau-positive neuronal inclusions which showed various shapes including Pick body-like inclusions and globose type of neurofibrillary tangles, were seen in the cerebral cortex and caudate. Argyrophilic and tau-positive astrocytes were also observed in the cerebral cortex. The pathological diagnosis was an unusual form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with various tau-positive inclusions.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Self psychology and its relationship to the practice of group psychotherapy.

This article discusses self psychology as a theory of personality development and conceptual framework for diagnosing psychopathology. It seeks to show how specific components of this theory, including selfobjects, bipolar self, mirroring, tension arc, and nuclear self, can be compared with the "curative factors" of group psychotherapy, as presented by Yalom (1975). These include altruism, group cohesiveness, universality, interpersonal learning, guidance, and family reenactment. Existing literature is used to explain both theories and develop their synthesis.

Ego↗

PubMed1991

Systemic treatment of multiple personality: response to a chronic disorder.

Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is a more and more frequently diagnosed disorder. In this article, MPD is considered the result of a dissociative defense in response to severe trauma during the formative period of personality formation. As the child dissociates to defend against the trauma, the fragments of personality develop as separate entities. The traditional focus of therapy is integration, or fusion of the various fragments of personality. The current article does not dispute this therapeutic goal, but does offer an alternative treatment process. Borrowing from the theoretical concepts of the family therapy literature, the person with MPD is described as a system. Therapy, then, must attempt to maintain balance within the system as a short-term goal, as well as striving for integration as a long-term goal. This article delineates the systemic approach, first from a theoretical, then a practical perspective. The concepts of coconsciousness (or awareness by all aspects of the system) and coexistence (a state of mutual cooperation between various personalities) are described, and fitted within the systemic model. Practical aspects of life with MPD, including activities of daily living and relationships, are then outlined within this model.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1979

Personality factors affecting the preschool child's response to dental stress.

Responses to dental stress were evaluated in 26 preschool children during an initial examination visit. Measures of the children's developmental status and personality were collected during a home visit. Significant relationships emerged which suggest that personality development influences children's ability to tolerate dental stress.

Anxiety↗

PubMed1987

Sex differences in psychiatric disorders: origins and developmental influences.

Differential vulnerabilities to acquire specific types of psychiatric disorders exist for males and females. Alcoholism, antisocial personality and completed suicide predominate in males, while depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and attempted suicide are more common in females. In this paper evidence is explored to support developmental linkages between these disorders in adults and disorders in childhood and adolescence. The findings of this review support the assumption that various disorders of children showing sex differences in prevalence rates are precursors of adult disorders with a similar sex ratio. Longitudinal studies of personality development also provide data supporting the idea that sex-related behavioral predispositions originating early in life may contribute to differences in prevalence rates at subsequent points in the life cycle. Biological and social mechanisms that help explain the nature of these vulnerabilities are explored in some detail. The biological mechanisms considered relate to the pre- and postnatal effects of androgens on the brain and hormonal mechanisms associated with sex chromosomal aberrations. The social factors considered include differences in the rearing of male and female infants, and variations in life-style. Research directions to further explore sex differences in psychiatric disorders are suggested. Such studies are important because they may lead to a better understanding of genetic-brain-behavioral relationships. Secular trends in sex-related socialization practices may also explain why changes in the incidence and age of onset of some types of psychiatric disorder are occurring.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Risk factors for the development of glaucomatous visual field loss in ocular hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To detect characteristics of persons with ocular hypertension that are associated with a higher risk of future glaucomatous field loss. METHODS: Annual examinations of the optic disc, nerve fiber layer, and visual field in 647 persons with bilateral intraocular pressure higher than 21 mmHg and initially normal visual field test results with the Goldmann perimeter. RESULTS: Sixty-eight persons developed a field defect on two consecutive Goldmann visual field tests in at least one eye, while 579 others retained normal fields. Moderate or severe nerve fiber layer atrophy at baseline was associated with a seven to eight times greater risk of development of visual field loss. Attributes that were significantly associated with the incidence of field loss included older age, larger cup-disc ratio, smaller rim-disc area ratio, larger cup asymmetry, presence of disc crescent, and higher intraocular pressure. Characteristics found not to be associated with incidence were gender, race, hypertension, diabetes, refractive error, family history of glaucoma, smoking or alcohol drinking history, and disc area. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing nerve fiber layer atrophy judged by a semiquantitative grading system was associated with increasing risk of development of visual field loss among persons with ocular hypertension. The relationship of the development of field loss to race, myopia, family history of glaucoma, and medical history are more complex than has been presumed.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Second cancer following cancers of the buccal cavity and pharynx in Connecticut, 1935-1982.

Patients diagnosed in Connecticut from 1935 to 1982 with cancers of the tongue, gum, floor, and other parts of the mouth, or pharynx experienced twofold to threefold increased risks of developing a second primary cancer. The excesses were most prominent [relative risk (RR) greater than or equal to 10] for subsequent oral and esophageal cancers but also were observed for cancers at other sites in the digestive and respiratory tracts. The increased risks, which affected both men and women and persisted over time, are most likely related to increased alcohol and tobacco consumption in the patients developing second primaries. The proportion of persons developing a new primary was 9% among the 2,120 patients with cancer of the tongue, 14% for the 3,063 patients with cancer in the gum, floor, or other parts of the mouth, and 8% among the 2,637 persons with pharynx cancer. If one considers that the average length of follow-up was only 3.4 years, these percentages are high and indicate the need for continued surveillance of patients with oral and pharyngeal cancers. Small overall excesses of subsequent cancer occurred among patients with initial lip (RR = 1.3) or salivary gland cancers (RR = 1.2), with twofold risks of oral and respiratory cancers evident for both tumors.

Connecticut↗

PubMed1998

Reconciling processing dynamics and personality dispositions.

Developments in personality-social psychology, in social cognition, and in cognitive neuroscience have led to an emerging conception of personality dynamics and dispositions that builds on diverse contributions from the past three decades. Recent findings demonstrating a previously neglected but basic type of personality stability allow a reconceptualization of classic issues in personality and social psychology. It reconstrues the nature and role of situations and links contextually sensitive processing dynamics to stable dispositions. It thus facilitates the reconciliation within a unitary framework of dispositional (trait) and processing (social cognitive-affective-dynamic) approaches that have long been separated. Given their history, however, the realization of this promise remains to be seen.

Cognitive Science↗

PubMed1977

Third-year summary of IES Arrow-Dot longitudinal comparisons in preschool children.

Three samples of preschool children in a suburban nursery school and kindergarten were administered the IES Arrow-Dot test at the beginning and end of three successive school years. Trends for declining Impulsivity and similar baselines for this variable were found in all three samples. Results for Ego and Superego scores showed variation. These findings support the effective use of this instrument with preschool children. Future investigations within varying educational environments are suggested to delineate further patterns of preschool personality development and integration.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1977

Individual differences in self-conception: a multivariate approach.

The present study investigated the determinants of the affective and denotative semantic structures in the process of self-conception. Three-mode data of semantic differential ratings of 11 ego-related concepts on a representative set of scales were obtained from a homogeneous group of 29 male college sophomores. Results for the scale mode indicated that after Osgood's three affective components were recaptured, three other orthogonal dimensions were interpretable denotative features. The concept mode consisted of five distinctive factors representing the multidimensional nature of self concepts. Differences among four types of subjects in their interactions between meaning systems and concept factors were highlighted by the rotated core matrix. Characteristics of subject-type homogeneities were further identified by regressions of their factor coefficients on a set of variables representing personality development, social behaviors, and attitudes.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Clinical implications of the development of the person.

The Minnesota longitudinal study of parents and children from birth to adulthood provides both a theoretical framework and a host of empirical findings that can serve to bridge the gap between research and clinical application. Key among these findings are: (a) the ongoing impact of early relationship experiences throughout the years, even with later experience and circumstances controlled; (b) the cumulative nature of experience and its continual impact with current context; (c) the important role of adult partner relationships; (d) the increasingly active role of the persons themselves in their own development; and (e) the interplay between experience, representation, and ongoing adaptation. These findings, and the theoretical structure underlying them, suggest the need for complex, comprehensive intervention that begins early, with a focus on altering the quality of parent - child relationships. At the same time, additional components, including couples therapy and efforts to alter the child's inner constructions of experience, are clearly suggested. One must attend to forces maintaining children on maladaptive developmental pathways once established, as well as understanding the factors that initiated such pathways.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1985

[Pleiotropic tics and early disorders of ego development].

The long-term inpatient psychotherapeutic treatment of a 10-year-old girl with pleiotropic tics, aggressive behavior and a conduct disorder is described. The symptoms were present in the context of a compulsive-depressive personality development. The positive course of treatment is interpreted from a psychoanalytic perspective.

Child↗

PubMed1995

Multiple identities and the integration of personality.

Life-history interviews show narrators to shift among multiple, often contradictory self-representations. This article outlines a model that accounts for how a relatively small set of self-symbols and metaphors can form a grammar-like system that simultaneously defines and integrates multiple identities. Drawing on generative theories from linguistics, anthropology, and music, the model proposes that this system provides a unitary deep structure that can be configured in various arrangements to yield multiple surface structures. Each "surface" identity constructs an individual's emotions and social relations--and what he or she accepts as "Me" and rejects as "not-Me"--into a distinct pattern, with identity per se appearing as a dialogic or fugue-like structure of opposed voices. Study-of-lives interviews conducted by the author in urban America and rural Morocco are used to present the model and to demonstrate the pivotal role played by multistable or "structurally ambiguous" symbols in anchoring reversible self-representations which integrate personality as a system of organized contraction. The musical analogy is emphasized in order to build a bridge toward current research in cognitive science and toward efforts to formulate a "state integration" theory of personality development.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Attachment and separateness in the experience of symbiotic relatedness.

Symbiosis is a central theoretical construct in a number of psychoanalytic formulations of personality development, yet its validity has recently been challenged. On the basis of a model of development that views self identity as emerging through a dialectical interaction of two primary developmental lines--attachment and separateness--we suggest that the intrapsychic state of undifferentiation denoted by the term symbiosis refers to two distinct kinds of experience. In terms of attachment it refers to an experience of merger; in terms of separateness, to fusion. An examination of these two dimensions clarifies some of the contemporary challenges to the concept of symbiosis and furthers the understanding of the role of the varied experiences of symbiotic unity in development as well as in psychopathology.

Freudian Theory↗

PubMed1991

Therapy with victimized children and their families.

The treatment of children who have been sexually abused requires intervention at the individual, parental, and family level. A treatment model is proposed to address the negative affect, distorted beliefs, sexualized behavior, and disturbed personality development often associated with sexual abuse.

Child↗

PubMed1999

[Psychological gerontology in German-speaking countries 1988-1998: introduction, cognitive development in aging (I)].

In this four-part review article, an update of psychological gerontology since 1988 in German speaking countries is given as follows: Cognitive development in old age (part I), personality development in old age (part II), social relations in old age (part III), tasks, burdens, and border situations in old age (part IV). In part I of the update which is presented in this issue, the description of recent trends in cognitive research serves as a background to highlight, in a first step, the basic research in the field concerned with the mechanics as well as the pragmatics of intelligence in the later years. In a further step, research on memory processes including psychological work with relevance for the investigation of dementia is reviewed. Finally, cognitive intervention studies reflecting the impact of an applied cognitive gero-psychology and aimed to support the potential and limits of the plasticity of the intelligence and memory development in old age find consideration.

Aged↗