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PubMed1992

Endocrine parameters associated with disruption of parturition after bilateral pelvic neurectomy.

Bilateral lesions of the pelvic nerve (BLPN) result in dystocia, but the processes which control this effect are not fully understood. Plasma progesterone, relaxin, and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were measured in blood samples taken in the morning (AM) and evening (PM) of Days 20-23 of gestation from rats with BLPN or sham neurectomy. Ten of 11 sham-operated control animals delivered their entire litters by Day 23 of gestation, but animals with BLPN did not complete parturition by Day 23 when they were sacrificed. Progesterone concentrations were greater in rats with BLPN than in sham-operated rats on Day 20 PM and Day 21 AM, but hormone concentrations declined to minimal values by Day 22 in both groups. Relaxin concentrations were greater in rats with BLPN than in sham-operated rats on Day 21 PM. Thereafter, relaxin concentrations decreased to reach minimum values on Day 23 in both groups. LH concentrations were low throughout the period of study in rats with BLPN; however, a postpartum LH surge was detected in all sham-operated animals. Data from this study indicate that the pelvic nerve does not control parturition by modulating serum relaxin and progesterone concentrations; however, these data suggest that impulses carried by the pelvic nerve influence ovarian secretion of these hormones. In addition, these data indicate that the pelvic nerve transmits stimuli from the cervix to the hypothalamus to facilitate the postpartum LH surge.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Premature parturition in the California sea lion.

Twenty percent of the California sea lion pups born on San Miguel Island die due to premature parturition. Specimens collected from premature-partus animals resulted in recovery of a virus, San Miguel Sea Lion Virus, indistinguishable from Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus, and Leptospira pomona from some of the premature cows and pups. The age range of 10 females delivering healthy pups in June was 10-14 years. With one exception, the ages in 10 aborting females was 6-8 years. The p,p'-DDE levels of the premature parturient cows' blubber and liver were 7.6 and 4.8 times greater, respectively, than corresponding tissue concentrations in the full-term animals. Polychlorinated biphenyls residues were 4.4 and 3.8 times greater in aborting animals' blubber and liver than in the same tissues of full-term sea lions. Premature-partus females had tissue imbalances of mercury, selenium, cadmium and bromine. Pathology, parasitology, serum enzyme and hormone results are also presented. These data suggest an interrelationship of disease agents and environmental contaminants as the cause of premature parturition.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1975

Prostaglandin induced parturition in swine with some aspects on prevention of the MMA (metritis, mastitis, agalactia) syndrome.

The effect of PGF2alpha to induce parturition in sows was studied in two herds. In one herd with a total number of 150 sows and with a good health status 12 sows were injected intramuscularly with 12.5 mg PGF2alpha during late pregnancy (110--114 days). During the same period 12 sows were treated intramuscularly with saline solution at corresponding gestation stage. The results are given in Tables I and II. The mean age calculated as number of litters was 2.6 in the experimental group and 4.3 in the control group. All sows treated with PGF2alpha farrowed within 30 hours after injection at an average time of 25.4 hours. The controls farrowed at an average 80.2 hours after injection. The mean farrowing time was 4.4 hours for the PG-treated sows while the corresponding figure for the controls was 6.6 hours. The litter size at birth, after 3 weeks and at weaning was somewhat higher in the experimental group. The same applies to the litter weight at the age of 3 weeks. The course of parturition was normal in all sows and the health condition during lactation was good. In another herd -- numbering 18 sows -- all sows which hade farrowed during the last 4 months before the present investigation, had developed the Mastitis-Metritis-Agalactia syndrome (MMA). The symptoms were a prolonged gestation length (116--117 days), fever, mastitis and agalactia. During the present study 3 sows were left untreated while 5 sows were given an intramuscular injection with 12.5 mg PGF2alpha during late pregnancy (112--114 days). Four of the five PG-treated sows farrowed within 32 hours, while the fifth sow farrowed 100 hours after injection. The sow not responding to the PG-treatment and the untreated sows all developed MMA while the four sows responding to treatment remained healthy. The gestation length in treated sows responding to treatment was 113--115 days. In the sows developing MMA the gestation length was 116--117 days. The potential effect for prevention of MMA of shortening the gestation length in this herd is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Impact of female genital mutilation on maternal and neonatal outcomes during parturition.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of female genital mutilation on parturition and to create awareness of its implication on women and neonatal health. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Tikur Anbessa, St. Paul's and Ghandhi Memorial hospitals between January and December 1997. SUBJECTS: One thousand two hundred and twenty five mothers with and 256 without FGM who have had spontaneous, term, singleton and vertex vaginal delivery. Of these, 762 (51.5%) were primipara and 719 (48.5%) of them multipara. The parameters focussed upon included age, ethnicity, parity, type of circumcision, episiotomy, stages of labour, Apgar scores and related complications. RESULTS: The study revealed that 82.7% of the subjects had one form of FGM. The mean ages for the circumcised and non-circumcised were 25.9 +/- 5.9 and 21.8 +/- 4.5 years, respectively. The frequently performed genital mutilation was type II (85.5%). The mothers who required an episiotomy incision for foetal and maternal indications among the circumcised accounted for 43.0% whereas it was only 24.6% for the referent group. The mean duration of labour by conventional standards is prolonged in primiparae and multiparae both in the circumcised and non-circumcised groups, though the second stage is delayed more so for the circumcised category (p<0.05). The first and tenth minute mean Apgar scores seem to be more favourable for the non-circumcised (p<0.05) but the perinatal mortality rates are quite similar. More complications in terms of perineal tears, bleeding, incontinence and febrile illnesses are registered for the FGM. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates the negative impact of FGM more on maternal than neonatal outcomes during parturition.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Progesterone receptor localization and isoforms in myometrium, decidua, and fetal membranes from rhesus macaques: evidence for functional progesterone withdrawal at parturition.

OBJECTIVE: It is not known whether withdrawal of progesterone (P) action is a prerequisite for parturition in women or in nonhuman primates because concentrations of circulating progesterone or progesterone receptors (PR) in myometrium and decidua do not decrease before delivery. To examine this potentially important regulatory mechanism, we determined PR isoforms, PR localization, and mRNA in myometrium, decidua, and fetal membranes from rhesus monkeys during pregnancy and in spontaneous labor at term. METHODS: Gestational tissues were obtained midpregnancy (day 80-100), late pregnancy (day 130-145), and during spontaneous labor at term (day 161-167). Samples of rhesus monkey myometrium, decidua, chorion-decidua, and amnion were collected and analyzed for total nuclear and cytosolic PR by competitive binding assay. Progesterone receptor isoforms were identified and quantified by Western blot analysis, and PR mRNA was determined by a specific ribonuclease protection assay. Nuclear PR was localized by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal anti-PR (JZB39) after microwave stabilization. RESULTS: Myometrium and decidua showed no change in total PR during pregnancy and labor. Nuclear PR was not detected in fetal membranes by binding assay but was localized in amnion epithelial and mesenchymal cells and in chorion laeve cytotrophoblasts by immunohistochemistry. Staining for PR was substantially less by serial antibody dilution in fetal membranes than in decidua. Message for PR was confirmed in all tissues analyzed. A significant (P <.05) shift in the ratio of PR isoforms (from PR-B dominance at midpregnancy to PR-A dominance in labor) was observed in myometrium but not in decidua. Both PR-A and PR-B isoforms and PR nuclear staining were nearly undetectable in amnion obtained during labor. CONCLUSION: A shift to PR-A dominance in myometrium at term together with a loss of PR in fetal membranes provides evidence for a functional progesterone withdrawal mechanism, which may facilitate the initiation of parturition in primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[The relationship between bovine clinical mastitis at the time of parturition and retained placenta].

868 parturitions were examined to determine the relation between the clinical mastitis around partition and the loosening process of the placenta in the bovine. The occurrence of mastitis in heifers and cows around parturition was 18.7%. The frequency of retained placenta in animals with mastitis was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than that in animals without mastitis influenced the loosening process of the afterbirth. The results support an hypothesis, that mastitis and retentio secundinarum can regard as signs of the decrease in the activity of the immune system.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[The effect of clover silage treated with acrylic acid on selected indicators of metabolism in cows around the time of parturition and the status of their calves].

A trial was conducted with 16 cows divided into control and test group (eight cows in either); since day 57.6 +/- 21.1 before parturition, test cows were given feed rations for 107 days which contained 16.0 kg clover-grass silage a day, treated with 3 l acrylic acid per t ensiled matter. Control group of cows was administered feed rations containing silage treated with 4 l formic acid per 1 t ensiled matter from day 55.5 +/- 21.9. In the blood (plasma) of test cows the alkaline phosphatase activity was increasing gradually, in the time after parturition a tendency of lower glucose (P 0.05 to 0.01), thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations was observed, and the phagocytal activity of leucocytes and its index decreased. The levels of ketone bodies and aspartate aminotransferase activity were found to be higher. In this period in urine the pH value and net acid-base output were lower, while the inorganic phosphorus concentration was higher. No difference were observed in colostrum density, liveweight of born calves and in the target metabolic parameters in the blood (plasma) of calves. In the 30-day period of investigation the cows of test group gave an average daily milk yield lower by 1.5 l (in comparison with control cows). The residues of acrylic acid (method sensitivity of 1.0 mg acrylic acid in 1 l sample) were not detected in their colostrum and milk.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1991

Growth hormone, IGF-I and insulin in mammary gland secretion before and after parturition and possibility of their transfer into the calf.

The aim of this study was to monitor the changes of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin in the secretion of the bovine mammary gland from day 70 ante partum (AP) till 6 days post partum (PP) and during entire lactation period. For comparable reasons additional blood concentrations were evaluated. The association of IGF-I with its binding proteins in milk was analysed. In a further experiment the possible transfer of IGF-I and insulin into the peripheral circulation of calves was evaluated after application of an enriched and from content defined colostrum pool. The hormones were determined by RIA. Highest level of IGF-I and insulin in milk were found 2 weeks AP followed by a rapid decrease during the first milkings PP. Blood concentrations were much lower and decreased at that time. Striking differences were found in the distribution of bound and free IGF-I AP compared with the first milkings (colostrum) PP. Most of the IGF-I was in a free form (not associated with binding proteins) in colostrum which contrasted to the secretion AP or 4 days after parturition or during entire lactation. Application of a colostrum pool (4.62 mg/2 1 vs milk 0.042 mg/2 l) to calves 6 h after parturition did not increase peripheral blood levels of IGF-I in contrast to insulin. Local effects of the peptide hormones in colostrum to the mammary gland and intestinal tract of the calf are assumed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Effect of synthetic ACTH (beta 1-23 corticotropin) on gestation and parturition in rats].

Daily administration of synthetic ACTH (betaI-23 corticotrophine) from day 15 of pregnancy induces delay or inhibition of parturition in normal or ovariectomized Rats injected or not with estradiol. Parturition takes place at approximatively normal time, when ACTH is stopped and estradiol continued. Radio-immunological assays show an increase of blood progesterone level after ACTH administration in castrated, but not in castrated and adrenalectomized Rats. Mechanisms of ACTH action are discussed.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1990

Induction of parturition in pigs: short term effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha on chronically catheterised fetuses at term.

Blood pH and PaO2, and plasma glucose and cortisol concentrations were measured, together with myometrial electromyographic (EMG) activity and fetal heart rate, in eight chronically catheterised gilts and 13 of their fetuses during the induction of parturition with prostaglandin F2 alpha (given as the tromethamine salt). Myometrial EMG activity increased markedly in the first one to two hours after the injection but there was a period of relative quiescence over the next two to three hours. Fetal PaO2 fell significantly after the injection of PGF2 alpha (26.3 vs 21.8 Torr, P less than 0.001) but was unaffected by the injection of saline. Fetal and maternal cortisol concentrations increased significantly (fetal 57.3 vs 92.0 ng/ml, P less than 0.01; maternal 43.1 vs 84.9 ng/ml, P less than 0.001) in response to PGF2 alpha injection. Maternal PaO2 and fetal and maternal pH and plasma glucose concentrations were not altered by the injection of either prostaglandin PGF2 alpha or saline. Mean fetal heart rate increased by 7 to 10 per cent during the first hour after induction but this increase was not significant owing to the wide variations in response. It was concluded that the induction of parturition with prostaglandin F2 alpha resulted in a significant decrease in fetal oxygenation during the period of increased uterine activity but that this effect was transient and would not have an adverse effect in normal pregnancies.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Physiological aspects of pregnancy and parturition in dogs.

During late pregnancy (greater than 50 days) the pattern of uterine electrical activity is characterized by episodes of activity lasting 3-10 min and recurring at a low frequency (maximum 2.5/h). During the last 7 days before delivery there is a progressive qualitative change in activity which is correlated with the decrease in plasma progesterone concentration. Together with significant quantitative changes in uterine activity which occur during the last 24 h before parturition and after the sharp fall in progesterone concentration this suggests that progesterone plays a crucial role in the process of parturition in the bitch. Experiments with a calcium-channel antagonist have demonstrated the important role of Ca2+ ions in uterine contractility in dogs, but further investigations will be necessary to illustrate the clinical significance of hypocalcaemia in relation to primary uterine inertia. By marking all fetuses in utero before term by means of a radio-opaque substance, it was demonstrated that, when one or more pups were left in each uterine horn after birth of a pup, 78.2% of the pups were expelled from the contralateral horn. Assessment of the blood gas and acid-base status in spontaneously born puppies indicated that the initial state of acidosis is more severe than in several other domestic species. A mild to severe combined respiratory-metabolic acidosis occurs in almost every newborn puppy.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on clinical response and fertility in cows with cystic ovaries, as related to milk progesterone concentration and days after parturition.

We gave gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or an analog of GnRH to 264 lactating cows with cystic ovaries. The effects of milk progesterone concentration (MPC) and days after parturition (DAP) at diagnosis on clinical response 30 days after treatment and on subsequent fertility were examined. Palpation per rectum revealed ovarian cysts in 264 cows; 118 had true follicular cysts (MPC less than 1 ng/ml). Clinicians with more than 3 years of experience reported significantly more true cysts than did less experienced clinicians. Clinical response 30 days after treatment did not differ in 3 groups of cows (divided on the basis of MPC at treatment), but fewer cows with MPC less than 1 ng/ml were bred or conceived than were cows with MPC greater than or equal to 33 ng/ml. Days after parturition at diagnosis did not affect 30-day clinical response rate, but cows treated less than 35 DAP had significantly more days to first estrus and to conception than did cows treated greater than 90 DAP. Significantly more cows treated less than 35 DAP had MPC less than 1 ng/ml at treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Effects of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on parturition and fetal cardiovascular and metabolic system].

Beta-adrenoceptor blockade (beta-blocker) has recently been introduced for use in treating hypertension of pregnancy. The aim of this investigation is to determine the effects of beta-blocker (alprenolol and labetalol) on parturition and on the fetal cardiovascular and metabolic system in normotensive pregnant rats. The continuous administration of alprenolol to pregnant Wistar rats revealed the following: a small placenta intrauterine growth retardation delayed parturition intrauterine death (21.8%) morbidity (30.3%) and, hypoglycemia of neonates. In the cases which received the administration of both labetalol and alprenolol, the growth of fetuses was retarded. However, there was twice as much growth retardation of the fetuses treated with alprenolol. No other abnormalities were observed. The administration of alprenolol in pregnant rat uteri (in vitro) resulted in stimulation of myometrial contractility (oxytocic reaction) and lowered the c-AMP levels in the bath medium. However, when labetalol was administered, uterine activity was reduced in a dose-dependent manner (tocolytic reaction) with a concurrent rise in c-AMP levels in the bath medium. The effect of alprenolol on rat uterine blood flow using the thermocouple method resulted in a decrease of 18-30 percent but with labetalol there was only a slight decrease (0-5%).

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1979

Hormonal changes in the mare and foal associated with oxytocin induction of parturition.

Oxytocin was used to induce parturition in 6 mares and to determine the hormonal changes occurring during and for 72 h after parturition in the mares and their foals. Normal, healthy foals were born shortly (about 34 min) after a single i.m. injection of 40 or 60 i.u. oxytocin. There was no retention of fetal membranes and all mares produced ample milk. Immediately after foaling oestrogen and progesterone levels in the dam were 36 and 29% of preinjection means while the total corticoid levels remained relatively constant throughout the sampling period. The systemic levels of total oestrogens, progesterone and total corticoids immediately after birth were significantly (P less than 0.01) greater for the foal than the dam, and all declined in the foal throughout the 72-h sampling period. The levels of oestrogens and progesterone were greater (P less than 0.05) in the umbilical vein than umbilical artery, indicating the endocrine function of the placenta. However, total corticoids were greater in the umbilical artery than in the umbilical vein. The corticoid level in the jugular vein of the foal at birth was greater than that of the umbilical vein suggesting a fetal contribution to the total corticoid level.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1988

Foetal adrenal steroids--initiation of human parturition.

The role of foetal adrenal DHAS in initiation of human parturition was studied by direct estimation of umbilical arterial blood samples and correlated with the oxytocin consumption during induced labour, Author found a closed relation between the above parameters and suggested that foetal adrenal activity might be involved in the initiation of human parturition.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed1986

Seroepizootiology of types 3 and 7 adenoviruses and bovine viral diarrhea virus infections of beef cattle from birth to first parturition.

Twenty-nine female Angus cattle were monitored from birth until 24 months of age for infection with types 3 and 7 adenoviruses (AV3, AV7) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus by virus isolation and neutralization tests. Twenty-seven animals remained in the study for 450 days, whereas 16 animals remained at the conclusion of the tests. Viruses were not isolated from test animals. Seroepizootiologic examination indicated that there were 28 infections with AV3, 33 infections with AV7, and 13 infections with BVD virus. Of these infections, 5 with AV3, 6 with AV7, and 2 with BVD virus were reinfections. All but 1 primary AV3 infection had occurred between 180 and 360 days after parturition. Infection with AV7 occurred earlier than that with AV3, as shown by 6 seropositive animals by 180 days. Most adenovirus infections were documented after animals had left confinement and were turned out to pasture. Most BVD virus infections occurred within the first 90 days after parturition. At completion of the study, only 1 animal had not shown evidence of AV3 infection, 2 animals had not been infected with AV7, and 7 cows had remained free of BVD virus infection.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1988

Ultrasonographic studies on the reproductive tract of mares after parturition: effect of involution and uterine fluid on pregnancy rates in mares with normal and delayed first postpartum ovulatory cycles.

During breeding of mares, ultrasonographic detection of uterine fluid accumulations in the first postpartum ovulatory period was associated with significantly decreased pregnancy rates, when compared with rates in control mares (P less than 0.005). The previously gravid uterine horn was recognized as the larger horn, when assessed for size by ultrasonography, for a mean of 21 days (range, 15 to 25 days) after parturition. On the basis of similar measurements obtained during 3 ultrasonographic scans (5-day period), uterine involution was determined to be completed in a mean of 23 days (range, 13 to 29 days). Progestin treatment did not affect uterine size, fluid accumulation, or rate of involution after parturition. However, delaying the first postpartum ovulation with 8 days of progestin treatment significantly improved pregnancy rates (P less than 0.05). More (P less than 0.05) mares became pregnant (23 of 28, 82%) when ovulation occurred after day 15 in the first postpartum ovulatory period, compared with those mares that ovulated before day 15 (6 of 12, 50%). We concluded that ultrasonographic detection of uterine fluid and postpartum progestin treatment can be used to manipulate breeding strategies and to improve pregnancy rates in mares bred during the first postpartum ovulatory period.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The placental transfer and concentration difference in maternal and neonatal serum uric acid at parturition: comparison of normal pregnancies and gestosis.

The maternal uric acid (MUA) and neonatal uric acid (NUA) levels were measured simultaneously at parturition in three groups of pregnancies: group I - 83 cases of normal pregnancies, group II - 7 cases of mild gestosis and group III - 12 cases of severe gestosis, totaling 102 cases. Umbilical venous blood samples were taken in all of the cases. Maternal venous blood samples were obtained from 69 patients in group I, 6 cases in group II, and 12 cases in group III. The correlation coefficients of MUA and NUA values were 0.90, 0.91, and 0.95 (all p less than 0.01) in the three groups, respectively, and 0.93 in total series (p less than 0.0001). The high correlation and minimal concentration difference between MUA and NUA in either normal or gestosis suggested free transfer of uric acid via placenta in both directions. Moreover, not only MUA but also NUA levels were significantly different among normal and gestosis groups, and both MUA and NUA showed higher levels in accordance with the severity of gestosis. Both MUA and NUA had negative correlation with birth weight (BW), one-minute apgar score (AS-1) and five-minute apgar score (AS-5). It implied that the uric acid levels at parturition might provide as a reference index for fetal outcome in pregnancy with gestosis.

Female↗