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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

A comparison of the potency of the oxime HLö-7 and currently used oximes (HI-6, pralidoxime, obidoxime) to reactivate nerve agent-inhibited rat brain acetylcholinesterase by in vitro methods.

(1) The efficacy of the oxime HLö7 and currently used oximes (pralidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6) to reactivate acetylcholinesterase inhibited by various nerve agents (sarin, tabun, cyclosarin, VX) was tested by in vitro methods. (2) Both H oximes (HLö-7, HI-6) were found to be more efficacious reactivators of sarin and VX-inhibited acetylcholinesterase than pralidoxime and obidoxime. On the other hand, their potency to reactivate tabun-inhibited acetylcholinesterase is very low and does not reach the reactivating efficacy of obidoxime. In the case of cyclosarin, the oxime HI-6 was only found to be able to sufficiently reactivate cyclosarin-inhibited acetylcholinesterase in vitro. (3) Thus, the oxime HLö-7 does not seem to be more efficacious reactivator of nerve agent-inhibited acetylcholinesterase than HI-6 according to in vitro evaluation of their reactivation potency and, therefore, it is not more suitable to be introduced for antidotal treatment of nerve agent-exposed people than HI-6.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2005

The "intermediate syndrome" as critical sequelae of organophosphate poisoning: the first report of two cases in Thailand.

The authors report 2 cases of organophosphate poisoning which developed intermediate syndrome. The first case was a man who took an organophosphate insecticide, monocrotophos, and developed severe organophosphate poisoning. Respiratory support was needed. He was treated with atropine and 2-PAM. Weakness of neck muscles, proximal limb and respiratory muscle developed in the 3rd day after ingestion. By supportive treatment and careful monitoring, however, he recovered after 11 days of the poisoning. The second case was a lady who took dicrotophos. She developed severe organophosphate poisoning for which respiratory support was also needed High dose of atropine, but without 2-PAM, was administered. She developed bulbar palsy, proximal muscle and respiratory weakness 3 day after the ingestion. Ventilation support was needed for 13 days before weaning was successful. This report did not support an efficacy of pralidoxime (2-PAM) in alleviation of the intermediate syndrome, but aims to alert physicians to recognize the intermediate syndrome for which adequate respiratory care is the crucial key for its management.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Acute poisoning by insecticides with anticholinesterase activity. Evaluation of the efficacy of a cholinesterase reactivator, pralidoxime].

Pralidoxime is the most frequently used antidote in anticholinesterase insecticide poisoning, owing to its cholinesterase reactivating action. The efficiency of Pralidoxime has been retrospectively evaluated by comparing two groups of 31 patients, the first one treated by Pralidoxime in the most commonly used doses (1200mg/24H), the second one untreated. Age, sex and nature of poison were taken in consideration to make a matched distribution in both groups. The clinical and biological initial features were nearly the same in both groups; the other therapeutic measures were the same. There was no statistical difference between the both groups for evolutive criteria such as that mortality, duration of artificial ventilation, intubation, atropine administration, decrease in plasma cholinesterase. The results pleading against the use of Pralidoxime, at least at this dose, in anticholinesterase insecticide poisoning, warrant confirmation by prospective randomized studies. The efficiency of Pralidoxime warrants confirmation firstly in the course of poisonings by some clearly identified insecticides, to which pralidoxime is supposed to be the most effective, cater used in high doses, as recommended by some authors.

Cholinesterase Inhibitors↗
PubMed1990

Effects of nerve agent antidote and heat exposure on soldier performance in the BDU and MOPP-IV ensembles.

This study assessed the effects of nerve agent antidote (atropine/2-PAM chloride versus saline placebo) and heat-humidity (95 degrees F/60% RH versus 70 degrees F/30% RH) on repeated performance of militarily relevant psychological tasks while wearing the battle dress uniform (BDU) and while wearing chemical protective clothing (MOPP-IV). All BDU heat sessions (6 hours) were completed, but with some task impairments and a few subjective reactions. MOPP-IV heat sessions could not be continued beyond 2 hours; all tasks were impaired and subjective reactions were numerous and severe. Atropine/2-PAM significantly shortened endurance time for heat sessions in MOPP-IV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Heat exchange after cholinolytic and oxime therapy in protective clothing.

The effect of the currently fielded therapeutic antidotal (DRUG) combination (a cholinolytic, 2 mg of atropine sulfate, and an oxime, 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride) in combination with chemical protective Mission Oriented Protective Posture clothing (MOPP IV) was studied. Eight healthy male subjects participated in intermittent light physical activity (1.4-2.1 kcal/minute) in two distinct environments: 35 degrees C, 60% rh (95 degrees F, HOT) and 13 degrees C, 44% rh (55 degrees F, COOL). Subjects were exposed once to HOT wearing MOPP (CON) and once wearing MOPP after DRUG. Similarly, each subject was exposed to COOL wearing MOPP and MOPP after DRUG. Rectal temperature (Tre) and mean weighted skin temperature (Tsk) were not different between DRUG and CON during COOL. Exposure time during COOL was 350 minutes. Tre averaged .5 degrees C higher in DRUG than CON in HOT. The rate of core temperature increase was 2 times faster in DRUG than CON in HOT. Tsk was 1.0 degrees C higher in DRUG experiments in HOT. Whole-body sweating rate was 40% lower (p less than .05) in DRUG than CON experiments in HOT. Heart rate was 27 beats/minute higher by 30 minutes post-injection in DRUG at 35 degrees C. Exposure time was 213 +/- 30 minutes in CON and 190 +/- 38 minutes in DRUG at 35 degrees C. These data indicate the currently fielded therapeutic antidotal drug combination increases thermal strain in subjects exposed to a hot environment when wearing protective clothing. The results are applicable to subjects performing light, intermittent work. At higher work intensities, these findings of increased thermal strain would be exacerbated.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of atropine/2-PAM chloride, heat, and chemical protective clothing on visual performance.

Visual acuity, phoria, stereopsis, and contrast sensitivity were assessed over 6 h of continued exposure to combinations of atropine (2 mg) and 2-PAM chloride (600 mg), severe heat/humidity (95 degrees F (35 degrees C); 60% RH), and wearing either the U.S. Army battle dress uniform (BDU) or the BDU and the impermeable chemical protective clothing (MOPP-IV). Subjects were able to complete all 6 h of testing under severe heat when wearing BDU's, but only lasted 2 h under the same severe heat when wearing MOPP-IV. Acuity and phoria were significantly impaired by the drug in the BDU conditions. Acuity, phoria and stereopsis were all significantly impaired by heat, drug and continued exposure under MOPP-IV. Acuity was significantly impaired by drug even during the first 2 h of heat exposure in MOPP-IV. Contrast sensitivity was impaired mainly by continued heat exposure in MOPP-IV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Chlorpyrifos intoxication in a bull.

A mature Brangus bull received the recommended dose of chlorpyrifos and became dull and inappetent 3 days later. Clinical findings included weakness, dehydration, rumen stasis, and rumen distention with fluid and gas. Blood cholinesterase activity was 25% of normal. The bull's condition improved after treatment with pralidoxime, antimicrobials, electrolyte solutions, vitamins, and adsorbents. Five weeks later, the bull had gained weight, the blood cholinesterase activity was 70% of normal, and the results of a semen evaluation indicated he was a satisfactory potential breeder.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Acetylcholinesterase reactivators modify the functional properties of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ion channel.

Interactions of the oximes pyridine-2-aldoxime (2-PAM) and 1-(2-hydroxyiminomethyl-1-pyridino)-3-(4-carbamoyl-1-pyridino++ +)-2-oxapropane dichloride (HI-6), reactivators of phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase enzyme, with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-ion channel complex were studied using electrophysiological techniques. Single channel studies revealed that both oximes increased the opening probability of channels that were activated by acetylcholine. The oximes reduced mean channel open time and burst time in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner. End-plate current amplitude was increased by 2-PAM (10-100 microM) and HI-6 (1 microM) but depressed at higher concentrations of these agents. The oximes decreased the time constant of end-plate current decay, particularly at hyperpolarized membrane potentials. HI-6 depressed indirect twitch response of the sartorius muscle, whereas 2-PAM caused a facilitation followed by depression. Both agents directly hydrolyzed acetylthiocholine, in addition to weakly inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Our study demonstrates a direct molecular interaction of the oximes HI-6 and 2-PAM with the natural agonist molecule and with the acetylcholine receptor-ion channel complex. These effects can explain the excitatory and inhibitory actions of both agents, and may form the basis for their antidotal effectiveness against organophosphorus poisoning. The quantitative differences between the effects of 2-PAM and HI-6 on the above parameters are important in view of their differential antidotal efficacies.

Acetylcholinesterase↗