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PubMed1984

A critique of the ideological and political position of the Brandt Report and the Alma Ata Declaration.

This article analyzes the Willy Brandt Commission Report and the WHO Alma Ata Declaration within the socioeconomic and political context that determined them, and makes a critique of the ideological and political assumptions that both documents make. Through an assumedly apolitical and technological-administrative discourse, both documents reproduce the major positions upheld by the hegemonic development establishments of the Western world. Through a study of what is being said and not said, the article analyzes how these positions appear in the documents. It is indicated that 1) their understanding of the causes of underdevelopment and its major health and disease problems, and 2) their suggestions for change based on "moral calls for social justice" and "enlightened self-interest" are faulty and insufficient. Alternative explanations and solutions are presented.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1989

The politics of employment-based insurance in the United States.

Analyses of the corporatization of U.S. health care typically focus on the political struggle between corporations and traditional health care providers, e.g., physicians. A neglected area of study is the struggle between corporations and their employees over the employment-based health insurance system. Yet, since this system is currently the primary mechanism for financing health care in the United States, an analysis of its historical development is critical to any understanding of the corporatization of U.S. health care. It is argued here that the employment-based health insurance system was a part of a political compromise between capital and labor that emerged after World War II. In exchange for control over production and increased worker productivity, corporations agreed to provide workers with steady wage increases and an expanded system of fringe benefits, or "corporate welfare." But, by the late 1970s, rising health care costs created a corporate health care financing crisis that has prompted corporations to cut back employee health insurance coverage. The relative inability of workers to resist such cutbacks reveals the extent to which, by linking health care to wage labor, the "corporate welfare" system has made the U.S. working class more vulnerable to corporate power.

Economics↗
PubMed1997

The politics of reproductive hazards in the workplace: class, gender, and the history of occupational lead exposure.

Over the past two decades, several U.S. companies have sought to bar women from jobs that expose them to potential reproductive hazards, justifying these exclusionary policies by their professed concerns for the well-being of unborn children and potential liability. Although recent court cases have stimulated academic interest in this issue, a historical review of the public health and medical literature reveals that this debate is not new. To understand the logic behind the emergence of "fetal protection" policies, one must examine the scientific history of occupational teratogens and the socio-political and economic forces that have driven scientific research in this field. Using lead as an example, the author argues that research on the reproductive hazards of employment has historically emphasized the risks to women and downplayed the risks to men. This results in environmental health policies that do not uphold the ultimate goal of occupational safety for all workers, but rather reinforce the systemic segregation of men and women in the workplace. Although the political struggle over exclusionary policies has a feminist orientation, it also has important class dimensions and ultimately must be viewed within the broader context of American capitalist production.

Civil Rights↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Personality and politics among older Americans: a rural case study.

This study examines personality factors as predictors of political attitudes and behavior among a sample of rural older Americans. Results indicate that trait variables (extraversion, openness, and neuroticism) and measures of self-concept (locus of control) affect political attitudes and behavior in predictable ways. Suggestions for future research are outlined.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

The politics of pharmaceutical reform: the case of the Philippine National Drug Policy.

A national drug policy was formulated in the Philippines after the rise of the Aquino government in 1986. In this article, the author discusses the pharmaceutical situation before the policy was announced, and argues that the major push for a policy came from the confluence of four factors: a change in the structures of political power, especially the rise of a new government and the empowerment of health non-governmental organizations as new participants in the policy process; members of the Department of Health who pushed for a policy; a more conductive social and political climate, both locally and internationally; and a growing body of knowledge about the drug issue. The author discusses the policy's achievements as well as the limitations that have beset the policy from 1987 to 1992.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1991

Crisis, neoliberal health policy, and political processes in Mexico.

The Mexican case represents an orthodox neoliberal health policy in the context of the structural adjustment adopted by the Mexican government in 1983. The social costs of this strategy are very high, including an increase in unemployment, wage depression, regressive redistribution of wealth, and profound changes in social policies. These transformations are reflected in the health sector, where the four main axes of neoliberal policy--expenditure restrictions, targeting, decentralization, and privatization--have been implemented. This represents a change in social policy from a model based on citizens' social rights and the state's obligation to guarantee them, to a model characterized by selective public charity. This strategy has been imposed on society as a result of the Mexican corporative political regime based on a state party system. Since 1985, however, there has been a growing process of independent organization of civil society. This led in the presidential elections of 1988 to the defeat of the candidate of the governing party by the candidate of a popular-democratic opposition front. Although the government party imposed its candidate through electoral fraud, social mobilization against neoliberal policies continues in the midst of an important political crisis that can only be resolved by profound democratization of Mexican society.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed1977

You are dangerous to your health: the ideology and politics of victim blaming.

This article describes the emergence of an ideology which blames the individual for her or his illness and proposes that, instead of relying on costly and inefficient medical services, the individual should take more responsibility for her or his health. At-risk behavior is seen as the problem and changing life-style, through education and/or economic sanctions, as the solution. The emergence of the ideology is explained by the contradictions arising from the threat of high medical costs, popular expectations of medicine along with political pressures for protection or extension of entitlements, and the politicization of environmental and occupational health issues. These contradictions produce a crisis which is at once economic, political and ideological, and which requires responses to destabilizing conditions in each of these spheres. These ideological initiatives, on the one hand, serve to reorder expectations and to justify the retrenchment from rights and entitlements for access to medical services, and, on the other, attempt to divert attention from the social causation of disease in the commercial and industrial sectors.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1997

Scientific and political impediments to successful islet transplantation.

Islet transplantation is a treatment for diabetes that has the potential to normalize glucose levels and prevent the development of complications. In spite of the simplicity of the concept and the urgent need to provide such a treatment to patients, there has been a frustrating lack of progress. This perspective delves into the scientific and political impediments to success. The scientific barriers are the need to find a satisfactory source of insulin-producing tissue and the requirement to prevent this tissue from being destroyed by immune rejection and autoimmunity. The problems and potential of allografts, xenografts, and the development of cell lines are discussed. Multiple approaches to the prevention of immune destruction are considered, including immunobarrier devices, immunosuppression, development of tolerance, and genetic manipulation. The political barriers discussed include the problems of high expectations, the controversy surrounding targeted research, the balance between basic and applied research, the roles of industry and academia, the concerns about xenotransplantation, and the difficulties in developing a planned approach to the problem.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed2006

Geographical and political predictors of emotion in the sounds of favorite baby names.

The top 5 favorite boys' and girls' names from each state of the USA in 2000 and 2003 were analyzed in terms of the emotional associations of their component sounds and sound pronounceability. These were significantly and variously correlated with a historical factor (year), geographic factors (compass directions), and a political factor (percentage of the popular vote cast for President Bush in 2004). The expected stereotypical sex differences were observed: girls' names were longer, more pleasant, less active, and easier to pronounce (p < .01). It was possible to predict emotional associations and pronounceability (R2 = .27-.48, p < .01) on the basis of historical, geographical, and political variables.

Affect↗
PubMed1997

Political identification and perceptions of homelessness: attributed causality and attitudes on public policy.

The study investigated relationships between political orientation, causal perceptions of poverty, and attitudes toward government programs for the poor. The test sample of 200 women and 200 men were recruited from introductory psychology classes. In support of hypotheses based on previous research and Weiner's attribution-emotion-action theory, when compared with self-identified Democrats, self-identified Republicans (a) were significantly more inclined to attribute homelessness to internal vs external factors and (b) expressed significantly less favorable attitudes toward publically funded programs for the homeless. Sex differences were nonsignificant. Conceptual-empirical and methodological implications are discussed. Limitations on inferences from these data and directions for inquiry into the development of individual difference in political cognitions and public policy attitudes are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Human-resource professionals' perceptions of organizational politics as a function of experience, organizational size, and perceived independence.

The author examined human-resource professionals' occupation-related and general work experience, socialization from participation in professional activities, organizational size, and perceived independence as predictors of perceptions of organizational politics (POPS). Results varied with the author's use of the overall POPS scale (K. M. Kacmar & G. R. Ferris, 1991) vs. a more specific subscale that measured perceptions related to such issues as pay- and promotion-related politics. It was most notable that work experience appeared to have an inverse relationship with POPS among human-resource professionals in the area of pay and promotions. The author discussed results in relation to the implications and directions for future research.

Employee Performance Appraisal↗
PubMed1993

Community health learning experiences and political activism: a model for baccalaureate curriculum revolution content.

Nursing education is involved in a curriculum revolution that decries behaviorist theory. One model for the new educational approaches is political activism that involves faculty and students in experiences of caring client advocacy. Content, theory, and experiences in community-health nursing integrate community activism and sociopolitical concepts. Sample approaches that blend curriculum revolution and political activism concepts are included. Such approaches can easily be used as part of the lived experience of community-health nursing education.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed2006

Survival skills for the political environment of health insurance.

Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan asked the Michigan state government for small group market rate reform already adopted in most other states. Officials responded with major restructuring proposals aimed specifically at the Blues. The Michigan Blues fought back with a massive lobbying campaign as vigorous as any mounted by opponents of health reform at the national level. The company was able to prevail over one of the most powerful governors in Michigan history, whose party controlled both houses of the legislature. This amazing political victory shared much in common with the Clinton health reform's defeat by the industry and the more recent success of the prescription drug industry in shaping Medicare prescription drug reform to its liking. The experience suggests that political savvy and lobbying skills have become core competencies in the health care industry.

Blue Cross Blue Shield Insurance Plans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Impact of a ministry edict: social and political aspects of obstetric nursing].

This qualitative study presents the impact of the Ministerial Edict (number 2.815/98) relative to the inclusion of a set of procedures created by the obstetrician nurses in Public Health System (Sistema Unico de Saúde--SUS). The objectives of this study are: present two excerpts which were published in a very popular newspaper and in a bulletin of the medical professional segment in 1998; analyze TV news which constitute different and tense discourses. The study identified two ideas, which were based on three pieces of news collected from the press. The first idea corresponds to the lack of visibility regarding the technical competence of obstetrician nurses in the social context. The second is related to the political acknowledgement of this service, which can be observed through the payment of obstetric nursing procedures according to a price list established by the Public Health System. Our final considerations are related to the social and political situation of obstetric nursing, in spite of the interventionist manipulation of society carried out by the media, which tries to create social-ideological discourses in order to obtain consensus and (re) produce truths.

Brazil↗
PubMed1995

Models for recording age in 1692-1851 Canada: the political-cognitive functions of census statistics.

As a number of recent studies have emphasized, it is relevant to examine official statistics not just merely to assess the accuracy of historical data, but also in their own right, as political-cognitive devices which, by providing a standard to measure things, allow for an agreement regarding their objective existence and, therefore, the possibility to act upon them. In this paper, we focus on the different manners according to which, prior to the modern census era, ages of respondence were classified. Four different models emerge from this analysis, which in each case can be related to a specific political and social context.

Canada↗
PubMed1990

An economic perspective on health politics and policy.

This article uses a self-interest model to explain health care legislation. Seemingly uncoordinated, contradictory, inefficient, and inequitable legislative outcome are shown to be the result of a rational process in which the participants, including legislators, act according to their calculation of costs and benefits. Those groups able to offer political support receive net benefits at the expense of those who are less politically powerful. This framework is used to examine different types of health legislation with the emphasis on explicit redistributive policies such as Medicare and Medicaid.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies try to sidetrack abortion politics with focus on "pre-embryo".

The politics of abortion has completely halted NIH studies on in vitro fertilization and experiments involving transplants of human fetal tissue. The following articles describe some efforts on the part of medical organizations and religious thinkers to break this political barrier.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1994

Political perspectives on uncertified home care agencies.

This article examines the political agendas of public sector and organized private sector interests concerned with policies affecting uncertified home care agencies in three metropolitan areas. Using a telephone survey, the study found substantial differences across these groups in both the frequency with which they work on given issues and in some key attitudes. Overall, respondents were most likely to work on policies related to home care quality, and had particularly diverse--and at times conflicting--concerns in this area. Policymakers need to actively solicit the diverse attitudes of key interest groups towards controversial issues in order to understand less dominant perspectives, keep in mind the interconnection of policy issues, and arrive at politically viable solutions to home care policy problems.

Certification↗