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PubMedDate not supplied

Public perception of the terms "cosmetic," "plastic," and "reconstructive" surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate potential differences in perception of the terms "cosmetic," "plastic," and "reconstructive" as descriptors for surgery. METHODS: An anonymous questionnaire was offered to subjects over 18 years of age throughout the Unites States via the Internet and in person. The multiple-choice survey measured variables including permanence, risk, expense, recovery, reversibility, pain, technical difficulty, and surgeon training. The questionnaire also included several open-ended questions to capture qualitative perceptions. Semantic differential data were analyzed to measure statistical significance. RESULTS: For most variables--permanence, risk, recovery, reversibility, pain, and surgeon training--the 216 subjects had significantly lower mean responses for cosmetic surgery than those for plastic or reconstructive surgery (P < .002). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results of this study support the authors' hypothesis that there is a significant difference in perception of cosmetic surgery and plastic or reconstructive surgery. Cosmetic surgery is perceived to be more temporary and less technically difficult than plastic or reconstructive surgery. In addition, cosmetic surgery is believed to be associated with less risk, shorter recovery time, and less pain. Subjects also thought that cosmetic surgeons required significantly less training than plastic or reconstructive surgeons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Corticostriatal plasticity is restricted by myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitors in the adult rat.

After unilateral cortical lesions in neonatal rats, the spared unablated hemisphere is known to demonstrate remarkable neuroanatomical plasticity in corticofugal connectivity. This same type of structural plasticity is not seen after similar lesions in adult rats. One possibility for the lack of such a plastic response in the adult central nervous system may be the presence of myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitory proteins NI-35/NI-250. These proteins have previously been found to play a crucial role in preventing axotomized fibers from regenerating after adult rat spinal cord lesions. The aim of this study was to determine if blocking these inhibitory proteins by the application of the specific monoclonal antibody IN-1 would enhance corticostriatal plasticity from the spared hemisphere after unilateral cortical lesions in adult rats. Six- to 8-week-old Lewis rats underwent unilateral aspiration lesion of the sensorimotor cortex. Animals were immediately treated with either monoclonal antibody IN-1 or a control antibody released from hybridoma cells in Millipore filter capsules. After a survival period of 12 weeks, the opposite sensorimotor cortex was stereotaxically injected with the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine, and biotinylated dextran amine-positive corticostriatal fibers were analyzed. The monoclonal antibody IN-1-treated animals showed an increase in corticostriatal fibers in the dorsolateral striatum contralateral to the injection site compared with control antibody-treated animals or normal controls, indicating a specific sprouting response in the deafferented zone. These results support the idea that through blockade of myelin-associated neurite inhibitory proteins, lesion-induced corticofugal plasticity is possible even in the adult central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effect of plastic skin and wound drapes on the density of bacteria in operation wounds.

Operation wounds were sampled quantitatively by the velvet pad rinse technique to determine the effect of impervious plastic skin and wound drapes on the density of bacteria. A controlled trial (clean operations) revealed no significant difference between the bacterial density of herniotomy wounds for which the skin had been covered with adhesive plastic drapes, and the bacterial density of wounds in which skin drapes had not been used. The bacterial density in the wounds did not differ significantly from that on the adjacent skin; both densities were slightly higher at the end of operation than at the beginning. Within the operation wound, sites of low bacterial density were close to sites with a high density. Staphylococcus epidermidis predominated, while Staphylococcus aureus occurred only once; intestinal species were not isolated. In another controlled trial (potentially contaminated operations) plastic wound drapes gave an equally high reduction in bacterial density before closure of laparotomy wounds after either truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty or gastric and colorectal operations. The reduction in the density of intestinal species was close to 100 per cent and did not differ significantly from that of alpha-haemolytic streptococci, the density of this species being significantly more reduced than that of staphylococci, diphteroids and bacilli. It is concluded that plastic skin drapes were without influence on the species and density of bacteria in operation wounds. Plastic wound drapes, on the other hand, considerably reduced not only exogenous but in particular endogenous bacteria, which otherwise would have remained in the operation wounds.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1977

The role of plastic wound drapes in the prevention of wound infection following abdominal surgery.

A randomized controlled trial has been performed to assess the value of plastic wound drapes in the prevention of surgical wound infection. One hundred and forty-four patients undergoing abdominal surgery were allocated to one of three groups; a control group (A) in which standard cloth towels were applied to the abdominal wound, group B in which an adhesive plastic drape was added and group C in which a plastic ring protector was inserted into the wound. There were 26 cases (18 per cent) of wound infection. The wound infection rate in the plastic drape groups did not differ significantly from that in the control group. Bacteriological culture from a wound swab taken at operation was positive in 32 per cent of the cases. The presence of a plastic wound drape did not influence the positive culture rate. In 68 per cent of wounds which became infected the operative swab was positive as compared with 24 per cent in those not developing a wound infection. Thirteen of the 33 patients (39 per cent) with a positive wound swab subsequently developed a wound infection. In 10 of these 13 cases of infection the operative swab permitted an accurate prediction of the organism responsible for the subsequent infection.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1991

Plasticity of spinal systems after unilateral lumbosacral dorsal rhizotomy in the adult rat.

Plasticity of spinal systems in response to lumbosacral deafferentation has previously been described for the cat, by using immunocytochemistry to demonstrate plasticity of tachykinin systems and degeneration methods to demonstrate plasticity of descending systems. In this study, we describe the response to lumbosacral deafferentation in the adult rat. Application of immunocytochemical methods to visualize tachykinins (predominantly substance P magnitude of SP), serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine B-hydroxylase (DBH), the synthesizing enzyme for norepinephrine, permits us to compare the response of SP systems in rat and cat spinal cord and to examine the response of two descending systems, serotoninergic and noradrenergic, to deafferentation. We used image analysis of light microscopic preparations to quantify the immunoreaction product in the spinal cord in order to estimate the magnitude, time course and localization of changes induced by the lesion. The distribution of SP, serotoninergic (5-HT), and noradrenergic staining in the spinal cord of rat is very similar to that of the cat. Unilateral lumbosacral rhizotomy elicits a partial depletion, followed by a partial replacement of tachykinin immunoreactivity in laminae I and II. This response was similar to that described for the cat, although characterized by a longer time course, and, as in the cat, is likely due to plasticity of tachykinin containing interneurons. The same lesion elicits no depletion but a marked and permanent increase in 5-HT immunoreactivity in laminae I and II, which develops more rapidly than the response by the SP system. These results indicate sprouting or increased production of SP and 5-HT in response to deafferentation. No change was seen in DBH immunoreactivity, indicating that the noradrenergic system does not show plasticity in response to deafferentation. Our results demonstrate that dorsal rhizotomy evokes different effects in different systems in the adult spinal cord of the rat and thus suggests that the response of undamaged pathways to partial denervation of their target is regulated rather than random.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1995

Effect of vibrissae deprivation on follicle innervation, neuropeptide synthesis in the trigeminal ganglion, and S1 barrel cortex plasticity.

Deprivation of vibrissae from an early age causes plasticity in S1 barrel cortex. This method of deprivation is most likely to induce plasticity by altering the balance of primary afferent activity from the deprived and spared vibrissae. To study whether or not induction or expression of this type of plasticity might be affected by follicle nerve injury caused by the deprivation technique, three different methods of detecting nerve injury were used: counting axon numbers in the distal follicle nerve, quantifying morphological changes in axons, and measuring neuropeptide expression in the trigeminal ganglion cells. First, nerves innervating follicles chronically deprived of vibrissae from birth had the same number of myelinated and unmyelinated axons as nerves from normally reared animals. Second, axons innervating deprived follicles showed no morphological changes in myelination or mitochondria characteristic of damaged nerves. Third, the corresponding nerve cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion did not show upregulation of galanin or neuropeptide Y expression. In contrast, animals receiving mild injury of the follicle nerve endings (by cauterization of the follicle) showed profound changes in axonal myelination and mitochondria and increases in neuropeptide expression. These results imply that vibrissae deprivation does not act by inducing injury of the follicular nerve, suggesting that changes in the balance of follicle nerve activity are the cause of cortical plasticity. Consistent with this notion, a fourth experiment demonstrated that trimming the vibrissae induces cortical plasticity comparable to that induced by complete vibrissae removal.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2001

Models of brain injury and alterations in synaptic plasticity.

Animal models are crucial for understanding human pathophysiological processes and for understanding how connections are injured, lost, or even regenerated and/or repaired. When animal models are used in conjunction with theoretical computational models, an ideal combination is achieved that potentially yields insight and encourages the formation of new theories concerning connectionism, cognitive functioning, and synaptic mechanisms. Mechanisms regulating glutamate receptor activation and intracellular calcium levels are important for normal synaptic transmission. These mechanisms (and others) are also critical during and after brain injury when the potential exists for these mechanisms to function pathologically. Interestingly enough, the regulation of glutamate receptor activation and intracellular calcium levels is also involved in normal processes of neuronal and synaptic plasticity. In addition, studies have shown that neurotrophins and cytokines, which are released after brain injury, can be neuroprotective and may also be important in synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, synaptic plasticity is a phenomenon thought by many to be necessary for memory encoding. If this is the case, then research described in this review has significant scientific merit concerning plasticity and memory and clinical benefit for understanding pathophysiologic processes associated with brain injury and memory impairment. This paper reviews the application of experimental animal models of brain injury for simulating conditions of stroke, trauma, and epilepsy (and/or seizure generation) and the associated cellular mechanisms of brain injury. The paper also briefly addresses the advantage of using computational models in combination with experimental models for hypothesis building and for aiding in the interpretation of empirical data. Finally, it reviews studies concerning brain injury and synaptic plasticity.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Characterization of ibuprofen as a nontraditional plasticizer of ethyl cellulose.

This study describes the characterization of the plasticizing properties of ibuprofen (IBP) on hot-melt extruded ethyl cellulose (EC). The thermal behavior of hot-melt extrudates containing 0, 5, 10, and 20% (w/w) IBP was evaluated using modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry. By means of comparison, co-evaporates containing the same concentrations of IBP and EC, were also evaluated. Both methods yielded solid solutions having one glass transition temperature indicating compatibility between drug and polymer. A similar decrease in glass transition temperature was noticed with increasing IBP concentration in the solid solutions prepared via both methods, indicating its plasticizing effect. The plasticizing efficiency was of the same magnitude as for the traditionally used plasticizers. Infrared spectroscopy was performed for better understanding of the chemical interactions in the molecular dispersions and confirmed the existence of hydrogen bonds between IBP and EC. Overall, the study has highlighted the plasticizing properties of IBP on EC during hot-melt extrusion.

Cellulose↗
PubMed1979

Loss of nitroglycerin from aqueous solution into plastic intravenous delivery systems.

The mechanism of potential loss of nitroglycerin stored in plastic and glass containers was studied from an equilibrium and kinetic approach. Plastic strips equilibrated with dilute aqueous solutions of neat nitroglycerin showed that the drug was lost by absorption. Drug loss was followed by an electron-capture GLC assay. The same assay of control solutions in glass showed no drug loss in 48 hr at pH 5.7. The kinetics of nitroglycerin absorption and desorption were determined using synthesized 14C-labeled drug. Absorption can be quantified using a diffusion model, where the concentration in the aqueous phase falls with time. Curve fitting yielded an average diffusion coefficient in plastic of 2.05 x 10(-9) cm2/sec and a partition coefficient of 104 (plastic-water) at 30 degrees. Temperature-dependence studies of absorption showed that the diffusion coefficient followed an Arrhenius relationship with an energy requirement of 19.6 kcal/mole, whereas effects on the partition coefficient were negligible. Nitroglycerin desorption from plastic disks under sink conditions into water can be quantified by assuming a diffusion model where the concentration at the surface of a plane sheet remains constant. Nonlinear least-squares curve fitting generated a diffusion coefficient of 1.14 x 10(-9) cm2/sec for the desorption process at 30 degrees.

Absorption↗
PubMed1988

Stability of morphine solutions in plastic syringes determined by reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography.

A reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC assay has been developed for quantitating morphine, codeine, apomorphine, and pseudomorphine in aqueous solutions. Using two types of plastic syringes, the effect of light (25 W) and temperature (22 and 3 degrees C) on the stability of morphine, over a 12-week period, has been investigated in the presence and absence of preservative and antioxidant. The leaching of contaminants from the plastic syringes to water stored in them, for a period of up to 12 weeks, has also been investigated. The results indicate that less than 3% of the morphine is degraded in both types of plastic syringes, stored in light at 22 +/- 2 degrees C. The degradation is even less prominent in the dark or at 3 degrees C. Pseudomorphine has been identified as the major degradation product. Using 5% degradation of drug as the criterion for the determination of the shelf-life of morphine, it was found that in one brand of plastic syringes, morphine has a shelf-life of the order of 20 and 33 weeks, in the absence and presence of preservative and antioxidant, respectively. In the other brand of plastic syringe, the drug has a shelf-life of greater than 1 year. Some unidentified leached contaminants have been detected in water stored in both brands of syringes.

Apomorphine↗
PubMed2004

Plasticity of nonneuronal brain tissue: roles in developmental disorders.

Neuronal and nonneuronal plasticity are both affected by environmental and experiential factors. Remodeling of existing neurons induced by such factors has been observed throughout the brain, and includes alterations in dendritic field dimensions, synaptogenesis, and synaptic morphology. The brain loci affected by these plastic neuronal changes are dependent on the type of experience and learning. Increased neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus is a well-documented response to environmental complexity ("enrichment") and learning. Exposure to challenging experiences and learning opportunities also alters existing glial cells (i.e., astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), and up-regulates gliogenesis, in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Such glial plasticity often parallels neuronal remodeling in both time and place, and this enhanced morphological synergism may be important for optimizing the functional interaction between glial cells and neurons. Aberrant structural plasticity of nonneuronal elements is a contributing factor, as is aberrant neuron plasticity, to neurological and developmental disorders such as epilepsy, autism, and mental retardation (i.e., fragile X syndrome). Some of these nonneuronal pathologies include abnormal cerebral and cerebellar white matter and myelin-related proteins in autism; abnormal myelin basic protein in fragile X syndrome (FXS); and abnormal astrocytes in autism, FXS, and epilepsy. A number of recent studies demonstrate the possibility of using environmental and experiential intervention to reduce or ameliorate some of the neuronal and nonneuronal abnormalities, as well as behavioral deficits, present in these neurological and developmental disorders.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1989

Synaptic plasticity at the crayfish opener neuromuscular preparation.

The crayfish opener neuromuscular preparation exhibits most of the plasticities yet described for any synapse, including facilitation, long-term potentiation, presynaptic inhibition, and modulation. Since the presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic muscle fibers can both be intracellularly penetrated, one can now more easily examine the cellular/molecular bases for these plasticities. Data from such studies suggest that facilitation may be influenced by something other than residual free calcium and that presynaptic inhibition is produced by a conductance increase to chloride in the terminals of the excitor axon. Several drugs (ethanol, pentobarbital) have significant effects on these synaptic plasticities over concentration ranges which produce obvious behavioral effects in crayfish and mammals. Hence, this preparation should be a useful model system to determine cellular/molecular bases for various synaptic plasticities and the effects of drugs on these plasticities.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The neural cell adhesion molecule and synaptic plasticity.

Highly stereotyped patterns of neuronal connections are laid down during the development of the nervous system via a range of activity independent and activity dependent mechanisms. Whereas the coarse hard-wiring of the nervous system appears to rely on molecular recognition events between the neuron, its pathway, and its target, the establishment of precisely patterned functional circuits is thought to be driven by neuronal activity. In this review we discuss the role that the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) plays in morphological plasticity. Recent studies on NCAM and its probable species homologue in Aplysia (apCAM) suggests that an individual CAM can function to both promote synaptic plasticity and maintain the structure of the synapse. In the adult brain, changes between stability and plasticity are likely to underlie dynamic morphological changes in synaptic structures associated with learning and memory. In this review we use NCAM as an example to illustrate mechanisms that can change the function of an individual CAM from a molecule that promotes plasticity to one that does not. We also discuss evidence that NCAM promotes plasticity by activating a conventional signal transduction cascade, rather than by modulating adhesion per se. Finally, we consider the evidence that supports a role for NCAM in learning and memory.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Pre- and postsynaptic contributions to age-related alterations in corticostriatal synaptic plasticity.

Aging creates deficits in motor performance related to changes in striatal processing of cortical information. This study describes age-related changes in corticostriatal snaptic plasticity and associated mechanisms, which may contribute to declines in motor behavior. Intracellular recordings revealed an age-related decrease in the expression of paired-pulse, posttetanic, and long-term potentiation (LTP). The age-related difference in LTP was associated with reduced sensitivity to block of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the aged population. These age-related changes could not be explained by increased L-type Ca(2+)channel activity, since block of L-type Ca(2+) channels with nifedipine increased rather than decreased the age-related difference in long-term plasticity. Age-related increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation were also ruled out, since application of H(2)O(2) produced changes in synaptic function that were opposite to trends seen in aging, and addition of the antioxidant Trolox-C had a larger effect on long-term plasticity in young rats than in older rats. A robust age-related difference in long-term synaptic plasticity was found by studying synaptic plasticity following the blocking of D2 receptors with l-sulpiride, which may involve age-difference in NMDA receptor function. l-sulpiride consistently enabled a slow development of LTP at young (but not aged) corticostriatal synapses. However, No age differences were found in the sensitivity to the addition of the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole. These findings provide evidence for age-induced changes in the release properties of cortical terminals and in the functioning of postsynaptic striatal NMDA receptors, which may contribute to age-related deficits in striatum control of movement.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Bone sialoprotein coated on glass and plastic surfaces is recognized by different beta 3 integrins.

Integrins have important roles in mediating cell-matrix interactions, essential for cell migration and signaling. In bone, integrins are suggested to play a role through their ability to mediate cell attachment to bone matrix proteins. In the present study, the subunit composition of integrins binding bone sialoprotein and osteopontin coated on either glass or plastic surfaces was analyzed using cells isolated from bone. Thus, integrin antibodies to alpha v beta 3, alpha IIb beta 3, alpha v, alpha IIb, and beta 3 and the peptides GRGDSP and KQAGDV were used to define the integrins involved in the attachment in vitro of a preparation of multinucleated cells expressing the enzyme tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Binding to osteopontin coated on either glass or plastic surfaces was mediated via the alpha v beta 3 integrin. Interestingly, the isolated cells bound to bone sialoprotein coated on plastic via the alpha v beta 3 integrin, but used a different integrin, alpha IIb beta 3, when the protein was coated on glass. It appears that bone sialoprotein when coated on glass and plastic, respectively, changes conformation, thereby altering the contact surface and subsequently the binding specificity. Alternatively, the protein contains two different binding sites, selectively exposed on glass or plastic as a result of different protein binding. The results demonstrate that bone sialoprotein contains domains, or can change conformation, such that it can interact with either the alpha IIb beta 3 or the alpha v beta 3 integrin. Whether the integrins were located on the multinucleated cells proper or on platelets bound to these cells could not be unequivocally concluded. The possible presence of platelets should, however, be considered when interpreting data from the isolated osteoclast system.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1998

Integration of plastic surgery in the course of breast-conserving surgery for cancer to improve cosmetic results and radicality of tumor excision.

Integration of plastic surgery is currently widely practiced in cases of mastectomy. Immediate breast reconstruction with an implant or autologous tissue procedures is frequently proposed to the patient before the mastectomy. However, breast conserving surgery (BCS) is recognized as the treatment of choice in most cancers: breast conservation is proposed in more than 70% of the patients with primary cancer treated at the European Institute of Oncology in Milan. This high percentage of preservation has been made possible by the integration of plastic surgery at the time of primary surgery. The size of the tumorectomy remains a matter of discussion. Based on the Milan II trial and Holland's pathological studies, Veronesi recommended so-called "local radical surgery." For a tumor 1 cm in size, a free margin of 2 cm produces a final specimen at least 5-6 cm in diameter. In small or medium-sized breasts, such a resection results in a wide glandular defect and poor esthetic results if direct closure is carried out. Plastic surgery derived from reduction mammaplasty procedures allows much better final cosmetic results, which is the goal of conservative treatment. In 25% of our patients treated with BCS, the plastic surgeon is called upon by the general surgeon to close the glandular defect. However, such glandular remodeling changes the size and position of the breast. Therefore, in 15% of these cases a symmetry procedure is performed on the opposite breast. The reduction procedure in the opposite breast should be taken as a good opportunity to check the glandular tissue. Special attention should therefore be given to the contralateral mammogram in order to focus the glandular resection on the most dubious areas. Occult carcinomas, half of them infiltrating, were found in 4% of a series of 350 symmetry procedures performed during breast reconstruction at the Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute. In conclusion, close collaboration between oncologists and plastic surgeons is required not only to obtain the best cosmetic results but also to allow improved radicality of the tumor resection and a histological check-up of the contralateral breast.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1990

A numerical procedure for choosing effective, low toxicity plasticizers for glycol methacrylate embedding.

A numerical method for selecting low toxicity plasticizers for glycol methacrylate (GMA) embedding mixtures is described. It involves use of various numerical parameters, namely; molecular weight, melting point, solubility parameter, and toxicity data. On the basis of these parameters, nine plasticizers were selected. Their effects on microtomy and tissue processing, and also their influence on tissue morphology and staining, were investigated. For tissue processed at low temperatures into GMA, using ethanol dehydration, the following compounds were as satisfactory as 2-butoxyethanol whilst being less toxic: 2-isopropoxyethanol, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol, 2-(n-butoxyethoxy)ethanol. However for tissues processed using the plasticizer as dehydrating agent, the optimum plasticizers were 2-isopropoxyethanol, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol and 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol. It is possible to give a numerical specification of the preferred plasticizers, and for the first procedure this is: a solubility parameter in the range 21-26 J0.5 cm-1.5 or higher, a melting point well below 0 degree C, and a rat oral LD50 greater than 12.52 mmol kg-1. It was also possible to analyse the differential effects of the dehydrating agents on histochemical and enzyme histochemical staining on a numerical basis, using a structure-activity relations approach.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effect of microwave heating on the migration of dioctyladipate and acetyltributylcitrate plasticizers from food-grade PVC and PVDC/PVC films into olive oil and water.

Migration of dioctyladipate (DOA) and acetyltributylcitrate (ATBC) plasticizers from plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)/PVC (Saran) films into both olive oil and distilled water during microwave heating has been studied. The plasticizer migrating into olive oil and water was determined using an indirect GC method after saponification of the ester-type plasticizer (DOA or ATBC) and subsequent collection of the alcohol component of the ester, namely: 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and 1-butanol, respectively. Migration was dependent on heating time, microwave power setting, the nature of the food simulant and the initial concentration of the plasticizer in the film. Migration of DOA into olive oil reached equilibrium after heating for 10 min at full power (604.6 mg DOA/l). Migration into distilled water was 74.1 mg/l after 8 min of microwave cooking at full power. The amount of ATBC migrating into olive oil reached equilibrium after heating for 10 min at full power (73.9 mg ATBC/l). Migration into distilled water was 4.1 mg/l after heating at full power for 8 min. Control samples containing olive oil gave DOA migration values which were significantly higher than the upper limit for global migration (60 mg/l) set by the European Community. It is proposed that PVC should not be used in direct contact with food in the microwave oven, while Saran may be used with caution in microwave heating and reheating applications, avoiding its direct contact with high fat foodstuffs.

Adipates↗