Production of organic compounds in plasmas: a comparison among electric sparks, laser-induced plasmas, and UV light.
The chemistry in planetary atmospheres that is induced by processes associated with high-temperature plasmas is of broad interest because such processes may explain many of the chemical species observed. There are at least two important phenomena that are known to generate plasmas (and shocks) in planetary atmospheres: lightning and meteor impacts. For both phenomena, rapid heating of atmospheric gases leads to formation of a high-temperature plasma which emits radiation and produces shock waves that propagate through the surrounding atmosphere. These processes initiate chemical reactions that can transform simple gases into more complex compounds. In order to study the production of organic compounds in plasmas (shocks), various mixtures of N2, CH4, and H2, modeling the atmosphere of Titan, were exposed to discrete sparks, laser-induced plasmas (LIP), an ultraviolet radiation. The yields of HCN and several simple hydrocarbons were measured by gas chromatography and compared to those calculated from a simple quenched thermodynamic equilibrium model. The agreement between experiment and theory was fair for HCN and C2H2. However, the agreement for C2H6 and the other hydrocarbons was poor, indicating that a more comprehensive theory is needed. Our experiments suggest that photolysis by ultraviolet light from the plasma is an important process in the synthesis. This was confirmed by the photolysis of gas samples exposed to the light but not to the shock waves emitted by the sparks. Hence, the results of these experiments demonstrate that the thermodynamic equilibrium theory does not adequately model lightning and meteor impacts and that photolysis must be included. Finally, the similarity in yields between the spark and the LIP experiments suggest that LIP provide valid and clean simulations of lightning and meteor impacts and that photolysis must be included. Finally, the similarity in yields between the spark and the LIP experiments suggests that LIP provide valid and clean simulations of lightning in planetary atmospheres.