Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PERIODONTAL DISEASE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Chronic inflammatory gingival and periodontal disease.

Gingivitis and periodontitis account for more than 95% of all inflammatory diseases of the tissues surrounding the teeth, comprising the principal cause of tooth loss in adults. Gingivitis is a relatively innocuous inflammation of the gums, with associated bleeding and exudation. Gingivitis may convert to periodontitis, a destructive aggressive disease with resorption of alveolar bone, destruction of collagen with fibrosis, and formation of deep pockets around the necks of the teeth. Gingivitis and periodontitis are caused by microorganisms populating the gingival sulcus and periodontal pocket. Treatment is directed toward arresting the progress of the disease through debridement and stabilization of the teeth. Toothbrushing and other measures by which the teeth are mechanically cleaned remain the most effective way to control plaque accumulation and periodontal disease.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2003

Periodontal disease is associated with brachial artery endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether periodontal disease is associated with endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Epidemiological studies suggest that severe periodontal disease is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk, but the mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We assessed flow-mediated dilation and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation of the brachial artery using vascular ultrasound in 26 subjects with advanced periodontal disease and 29 control subjects. The groups were matched for age and sex, and patients with hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and history of cigarette smoking were excluded. We also examined serum levels of C-reactive protein using an established high-sensitivity method. Subjects with advanced periodontal disease had lower flow-mediated dilation compared with control patients (7.8+/-4.6% versus 11.7+/-5.3%, P=0.005). Nitroglycerin-mediated dilation was equivalent in the two groups. Subjects with advanced periodontitis exhibited higher serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein compared with healthy controls patients (2.3+/-2.3 versus 1.0+/-1.0 mg/L, P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with advanced periodontal disease exhibit endothelial dysfunction and evidence of systemic inflammation, possibly placing them at increased risk for cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Periodontal disease in a group of Swedish adult snuff and cigarette users.

The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of periodontal disease in different groups of tobacco users. Participants (n = 1674) were selected from an initial random sample of residents in the Stockholm region. Socio-demographic characteristics and life-time history of tobacco use were registered in a self-completed questionnaire, followed by a clinical examination. Cumulative life-time tobacco use was analyzed in pack-years and can-years as the exposure of interest. Among participants, 50.8% were females and 49.2% were males. Life-time tobacco use was categorized into four mutually exclusive categories. Approximately, two-thirds of snuff users had combined snuff use with cigarette smoking during their life. Tobacco users had a higher prevalence of periodontal disease compared to never users. Exclusive smokers and mixed users presented the less favorable situation. Unhealthy periodontal conditions increased with increasing exposure to smoking, most evidently at the level of 15 or more pack-years. There was a significant positive association between current or former smoking and periodontal disease (OR = 2.7, CI = 1.7-4.3 and OR = 2.0, CI = 1.2-3.3, respectively) even after adjustment for plaque level. An indication of association was also apparent with former snuff use. Plaque was independently associated with periodontal disease, with a dose gradient. Smoking is associated with periodontal disease independently of plaque. Combining cigarette smoking and snuff use during life does not convey a decreased probability of being diagnosed with periodontal disease compared to smoking exclusively.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Periodontal diseases in children and adolescents: 2. Management.

Many of the periodontal diseases affecting children and adolescents can be successfully managed in general dental practice. The decision to treat the young patient in the practice setting or to refer to a periodontal specialist will depend on the complexity of treatment, patient factors and the expertise of the practitioner. Treatment should be provided in three phases: the initial cause-related phase is aimed at controlling microbial plaque; the corrective phase is intended to restore function and aesthetics; supportive periodontal therapy is aimed at preventing recurrence and progression of periodontal disease. Even in cases requiring specialist referral, the dental team in general practice has a key role in the initial and supportive phases of therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Periodontal disease as a function of life events stress.

Studies relating stress and oral pathology have been limited to animal experiments or clinical studies of personality and psychological health that have ignored the role of specific life events. The present study related measurements of life events stress to measurements of periodontal disease. Subjects were fifty male volunteers recruited from a pool of dental patients from the Brooklyn VA Outpatient Dental Clinic. Oral examinations were given to determine the degree of periodontitis and gingivitis. Evidence of other somatic symptomatology was assessed by the somatization subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory. The degree of life events stress was assessed with the Life Experience Survey. Measurements of life events stress were found to be significantly correlated with measures of periodontal disease. Periodontal disease was more severe and widespread as stressors increased. Subjects were found whose general physical health was unrelated to their life situation.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Genetic and environmental determinants of periodontal disease.

Reanalysis of data on periodontal disease in 241 families [Chung et al, 1977b], based on an extended and more satisfactory path model [Rao et al, 1979], failed to detect significant heritability, and concluded in favor of cultural inheritance only, without maternal effects or intergenerational differences. The most parsimonious hypothesis yields a relative variance component of 0.338 +/- 0.024 due to indexed environment for both children and adults, the remainder (1.0--0.338 = 0.662) being due to residual nongenetic factors.

Culture↗
PubMed1990

[Immunological aspects of periodontal diseases. Prospects for diagnosis and therapy].

Achievements in bacteriology and immunology have significantly contributed to the understanding about the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Studies have demonstrated that interactions between bacteria and the immune system play a central role in the etiology of periodontal disease. In the immune system four components can be distinguished according to their function in the periodontium. These include a) the secretory system; b) the polymorphonuclear leukocytes, antibody and complement system; c) lymphocytes and monocytes; d) the immunoregulatory system. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are of utmost importance for the maintenance of periodontal health. In neutrophil defects severe periodontal diseases are frequently found. Prepubertal periodontitis, juvenile periodontitis and rapidly progressing periodontitis are examples for the periodontal manifestation of neutrophil defects. Therapy of periodontal disease that is related to immune defects requires a modified treatment plan. Efforts are being made to extend the diagnosis, prevention and therapy of periodontal diseases. Presently, biochemical, immunological and microbiological methods are being evaluated for their clinical applicability. Preliminary results indicate that, in the future, biochemical markers in the gingival crevicular fluid may be used for the diagnosis of active sites. Therapy may be enhanced by the administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and specific antimicrobials. However, before these methods can be applied in clinical periodontics, further long-term studies are needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Application of local drug delivery system to periodontal therapy. 4. Comparison of the therapeutic effects of administration of a TC film or root debridement on human periodontal disease].

In 8 patients with periodontal diseases under good supragingival plaque control, 22 test teeth each having a pocket not more than 4 mm deep were treated respectively with 3 consecutive administrations of tetracycline immobilized cross-linked collagen film (TC film) at intervals of 1 week, with onceroot planing and with both of these. The therapeutic effects were compared both clinically and micro biologically. The results revealed improvements in clinical symptoms such as reduction in the depth of the pocket, bleeding on pocket probing and the like for each treatment group in 6-12 weeks. The second and third groups also showed remarked gingival recession. Further more, the density of intrapocket microorganisms showed a remarked decrease up to the 8th week for each treatment group and the population of spirochetes showed a decrease up to the 6th week for the first treatment group and up to the 8th-12th week for the second and third treatment group. The results show that both local application of the TC film and root planing are effective in periodontal treatment, but not the combined treatment.

Collagen↗
PubMed2002

Macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha-CC chemokine receptor 6 interactions play an important role in CD4+ T-cell accumulation in periodontal diseased tissue.

The regulatory role of chemokines and chemokine receptors on specific lymphocyte recruitment into periodontal diseased tissue is poorly characterized. We observed that lymphocytes infiltrating inflamed gingival tissue expressed marked levels of CCR6. In periodontal diseased tissue, the expression of MIP-3alpha mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and further, MIP-3alpha was distributed in the basal layer of gingival epithelial cells, microvascular endothelial cells and the areas of inflammatory cells as shown by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, CCR6-expressing cells infiltrated into periodontal diseased tissue, and the proportion of CCR6-positive CD4+ T cells was significantly elevated in periodontal diseased tissue compared with peripheral blood in the same patients. Furthermore, gingival lymphocytes isolated from patients showed migration toward MIP-3alpha in an in vitro chemotaxis assay in which migration was abrogated by specific antibody to CCR6. Thus, these findings suggested that CCR6 and the corresponding chemokine, MIP-3alpha may have an important regulatory role in specific lymphocyte migration into inflamed periodontal tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Monocytic TNF alpha secretion patterns in IDDM patients with periodontal diseases.

The aim of the present study was to identify whether monocytic TNF alpha secretion patterns could serve as a potential phenotypic discriminator for periodontal disease susceptibility within insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients. In 32 IDDM individuals the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated monocytic TNF alpha secretion dose-response characteristics were analyzed and related to two different periodontal status categories. Diabetics were divided into group A (gingivitis or mild periodontal disease) and group B (moderate to severe periodontal disease). In addition, 17 non-diabetic individuals with various degrees of periodontal disease served as control patients. Diabetics as a group had a significantly higher monocytic TNF alpha production in response to increasing Porphyromonas gingivalis A 7436 lipopolysaccharide concentrations (0, 0.003, 0.03, 0.3 and 3.0 micrograms/ml) as compared to non-diabetic patients with gingivitis or adult periodontitis (p < 0.05). A significant difference in the dose response was also noted in the level of TNF alpha secreted as a function of P. gingivalis LPS concentrations between group A and B diabetics, as determined by two-way repeated measurements ANOVA (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the mean HbA1C between the two diabetic groups, and the TNF alpha level was not significantly associated with the HbA1C level within diabetic patients. These data suggest that the diabetic state results in an upregulated monocytic TNF alpha secretion phenotype (4.6-fold increase) which, in the presence of Gram-negative bacterial challenge, is associated with a more severe periodontal disease expression. In addition, approximately 40% (10 of 24) IDDM periodontitis patients in group B demonstrated a 62-fold elevation in TNF alpha secretion relative to non-diabetic gingivitis or periodontitis patients and a 13.5-fold increase relative to IDDM group A (gingivitis or mild periodontitis) patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Automated classification of periodontal disease using bitewing radiographs.

The feasibility of applying a prototype, computer-based pattern recognition system to the objective classification of periodontal disease using dental radiographs was tested. Twenty-nine observer-classified bitewing radiographs, representing seven individuals with varying grades of periodontal disease, were selected. The radiographs were digitized using a computer-controlled TV camera. Mathematical features of these radiographs were interactively extracted using a digital image processing system (International Imaging Systems Model 75 and System/575). The features extracted from these radiographs included the brightness levels of cortical and trabecular bone and ratios of bone-loss to linear-crown height. Twenty-eight mathematically defined features (variables) were determined for each radiograph. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis used these features to classify subjects based on the presence and extent of periodontal disease. This pattern recognition system was able to grade periodontal disease in our test series with percentages of correct classifications ranging from 78.8% to 91%. This technology is particularly applicable to the development of morbidity and activity indices for periodontal diseases.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1981

Use of fluorescence microscopy for monitoring periodontal disease state.

Samples of subgingival plaque from patients with periodontal disease and control subjects were stained with the Fluoretec Fluorescent test kits (Pfizer Inc., New York) developed for the rapid detection of members of the Bacteroides fragilis and B. melaninogenicus groups of anaerobes. The same fluorescent fields were also examined by dark-field microscopy for the total count of bacteria. Bacteroides fragilis and B. melaninogenicus were found in plaque samples of healthy subjects and periodontally diseased patients with no significant difference in percent of total flora. Oral spirochetes also fluoresced with the antisera used. Samples from healthy sites showed virtually no spirochetes; spirochetes were present in diseased sites. Tests with other antisera also showed that fluorescein-labelled antibodies can be adsorbed nonspecifically to the surface of spirochetes. Such a phenomenon can be used to monitor an individual's periodontal disease state.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed2006

Type 2 diabetes and risk for periodontal disease: a role for dental health awareness.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have found correlations between diabetes and an increased prevalence of periodontitis. OBJECTIVE: To analyse, in a group of subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D), (i) the association between medical characteristics and severe periodontal disease and (ii) dental care habits and knowledge of oral health. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-one subjects with T2D were examined. Based on assessment of marginal bone height in panoramic radiographs, two periodontal subgroups were identified: one periodontally diseased (PD+) and one periodontally healthy (PD-) group. All subjects completed a questionnaire about their medical and oral health. RESULTS: Twenty per cent of the subjects were classified as PD+. This was verified by clinical parameters. PD+ individuals had higher haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (p=0.033) and higher prevalences of cardiovascular complications (p=0.012). They were also less likely to be of Scandinavian origin (p=0.028) and more likely to smoke (p<0.001) than the PD- group. The PD+ group rated their oral health as poor (p<0.0001) and believed that T2D had an influence on their oral status (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The best predictor for severe periodontal disease in subjects with T2D is smoking followed by HbA1c levels. T2D subjects should be informed about the increased risk for periodontal disease when suffering from T2D.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed2005

Dental death rate prevalence in smokers and non smokers adults with periodontal disease.

The current study target was to evaluate the dental loss pattern in an adult population with periodontal disease who was treated at the Periodontal Chair, Dentistry Faculty, National University of Rosario, Argentina. The sample was of 203 patients, 130 women and 73 men; 75 of them were blond cigarette smokers and 128 of them were not in that habit. Inclusion criteria as follows: good systemic condition given by the absence of illnesses that may be risky for the development of a periodontal disease, and the presence of at least one teeth with insertion loss of 2 mm. minimum in its proximal faces. The age average of the group was 37,83 years (IC 95% 34,46-41,19) for smokers, and 40,98 (IC 95% 38,27- 43,69) years for non smokers. Regarding females, 85 of them were non smokers and 45 had that habit; concerning men 43 were non smokers and 30 were indeed. The independence test made under smoking and sex variables showed no significant relation between them. Regarding smoker group the smoked cigarette average per day (daily doses) was 13,27 cigarettes (IC 95% 10,96-15,57) and the time since habit started in measure of months was 193,57 (IC 95% 160,43-226,81). The death rate for tooth loss in each group was 4,71 teeth (CI 95 % 3,43-5,98) for smokers and 5,05 teeth (CI 95% 4,07-6,03) for non-smokers. Setting the probability of error of type I equal to 0.05, this study demonstrated that in this group of patients with periodontal disease, the tooth loss in smoker individuals was similar to the tooth loss in non-smoker individuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Assessment of periodontal diseases in epidemiological investigations: a critical review.

Like dental caries, epidemiological assessment of periodontal disease is important for purposes of recognizing the extent of the disease in the population as well as a basis for planning and evaluating preventive and treatment programmes. while present day measurement methods for dental caries are excellent such is not true for periodontal diseases. This paper reviews the development and usefulness of different indices for the assessment of periodontal disease and treatment needs in epidemiological investigations.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1999

Shifting paradigms in periodontal disease. Implications for prevention in the elderly.

Our understanding of periodontal diseases has evolved considerably. No longer are the notions of universal susceptibility to plaque and calculus with automatic reliance on mechanical debridement valid. The interplay between specific bacteria and the immune response within a complex context of risk factors forms the new paradigm of periodontal disease pathogenesis. New approaches to treatment and prevention and their implications in the elderly will be discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

A comparison of periodontal disease among rural Amish and non-Amish adults.

Periodontal disease can be more efficiently studied within a homogeneous population where genetic influences and lifestyles are similar enough to negative their effect on the disease process. This study focuses on an Amish population in southern Michigan who isolate themselves from outside influences and their non-Amish neighbors. A total of 425 Amish and 290 non-Amish were contacted resulting in 330 Amish and 215 non-Amish who were examined in their homes giving a participation rate of 76.2%. Ages ranged from 18 to 82 years. Prevalence of periodontal disease tended to be higher among males and increased with age. There were slightly more Amish females (52%) than non-Amish (49%). Means of periodontal conditions for Amish were 1.35 mm for attachment loss, 2.59 mm for pocket depth, 0.24 for calculus, 0.77 for plaque and 0.74 for gingivitis. For non-Amish, the means were 1.03 mm for attachment loss, 2.38 mm for pocket depth, 0.40 for calculus, 0.95 for plaque and 0.87 for gingivitis. It is of interest that the Amish do not practice routine oral hygiene. Only 36.8% of Amish reported brushing at least 1 x a day compared to 84.6% of non-Amish. Similarly, only 8.2% of Amish reported flossing at least 1 x a week compared to 40.8% of non-Amish.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Periodontal diseases in children and adolescents.

The predominant form of periodontal disease in children and adolescents is gingivitis, which is a nonspecific inflammatory reaction of the marginal gingiva. The inflammatory reaction in the tissue, initiated by dental plaque accumulation, starts early during infancy and reflects the bacterial challenge to the host. In most children, the process of gingival inflammation remains superficial. In some cases, however, the balance between the microbial challenge and the host response is disrupted, leading to an inflammatory process that may result in loss of attachment. Genetic factors that modify the host response to the bacterial challenge are major determinants of susceptibility to the development of EOP, and many systemic diseases have been reported to predispose children and adolescents to periodontal disease. It is important to take a complete medical history of the patient and assess if there is a hereditary trend for periodontitis within the family. Dental professionals should rely on clinical and radiographic criteria of the disease for early identification of children at risk, with special focus on the presence of subgingival calculus. Children with overt gingival inflammation, subgingival calculus, or early signs of alveolar bone loss should be considered as periodontitis-risk patients and should be included in a preventive program as early as possible.

Adolescent↗