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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Modifications of RNase protection assay for neuroscience applications.

This report describes how certain modifications of the Ribonuclease (RNase) protection assay may increase its efficiency by decreasing the time and cost of the procedure without compromising reliability. We show that, under the experimental conditions tested, the RNA samples can be precipitated by a solution of Tri Reagent in ethanol immediately following the RNase digestion step. Drying the samples under vacuum before dissolving them in the gel loading buffer improves the consistency of the assay as compared to air drying. Although these modifications are applicable to the RNase protection assay in general, we present an example that used a multiprobe set we developed and have used effectively in the analysis of cytokine mRNA regulation in the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Leonardo da Vinci's contributions to neuroscience.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) made far-reaching contributions to many areas of science, technology and art. Leonardo's pioneering research into the brain led him to discoveries in neuroanatomy (such as those of the frontal sinus and meningeal vessels) and neurophysiology (he was the first to pith a frog). His injection of hot wax into the brain of an ox provided a cast of the ventricles, and represents the first known use of a solidifying medium to define the shape and size of an internal body structure. Leonardo developed an original, mechanistic model of sensory physiology. He undertook his research with the broad goal of providing physical explanations of how the brain processes visual and other sensory input, and integrates that information via the soul.

History, 15th Century↗
PubMed1997

Neuroscience and human intelligence differences.

Research into the biological bases of human intelligence differences is surveyed. Work on brain event-related potentials (ERPs) suggests that people with high IQ test scores: (1) show faster responses in some test conditions; (2) have ERP waveforms that can be distinguished from those of people with lower IQs; and (3) might have less variability in their ERPs. People with higher psychometric intelligence have, on average, larger brains, and possibly faster neural conduction speed. A few small functional brain-scanning studies suggest that, in healthy individuals, people who are of higher IQ have lower cerebral metabolic rates during mentally active conditions. This has led to the speculation that brighter people have more efficient brains. Despite some well-replicated findings in the search for the 'biology of human intelligence' there is a dearth of explanatory accounts to link cognitive performance differences with variance in brain mechanisms.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

The Human Brain Project: neuroinformatics tools for integrating, searching and modeling multidisciplinary neuroscience data.

What is neuroinformatics? What is the Human Brain Project? Why should you care? Supported by a consortium of US funding agencies, the Human Brain Project aims to bring to the analysis of brain function the same advantages of Internet-accessible databases and database tools that have been crucial to the development of molecular biology and the Human Genome Project. The much greater complexity of neural data, however, makes this a far more challenging task. As a pilot project in this new initiative, we review some of the progress that has been made and indicate some of the problems, challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.

Brain↗
PubMed1999

Avian behavioural neuroscience: past, present and future perspectives.

A survey of avian brain-behavior conference reports of the last 25 years reveals that neither the avian species studied nor the types of scientific questions asked have changed very much since the first such conference report in 1974. The birds studied tend, for the most part, to be pigeons, chickens, quail, and canaries. Because of the growing interest in avian vocalization and its neural control, one recent conference featured studies of canaries, zebra finches, and budgerigars. The topics of investigation at these conferences largely have involved sensory systems, mostly sensory and sensorimotor mechanisms with a heavy emphasis on vision and audition, as well as studies of learning and memory. Future research should expand the range of orders and species of birds studied so as to shed light on evolutionary trends within Aves as a whole. The scope of behavioral questions asked also should be broadened to include topics of neuroethological interest.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Current controversies and future directions in basal ganglia research. Integrating basic neuroscience and clinical investigation.

This article discusses current controversies and future directions in basal ganglia research, detailing behavioral aspects, anatomic models, neurochemistry, pharmacology, and diagnostic methods as well as surgical techniques. A neuroethologic perspective is highlighted. Furthermore, the relevant literature pertaining to contemporary molecular approaches such as brain microinjections of embryonic or genetically modified cells, for therapeutic purposes and the use of transgenic and knockout animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

At the interface of the affective, behavioral, and cognitive neurosciences: decoding the emotional feelings of the brain.

This article summarizes recent conceptual and empirical advances in understanding basic affective processes of hte mammalian brain and how we might distinguish affective from cognitive processes. Six reasons are advanced for distinguishing the two types of consciousness, including (i) the presence of experienced valence, (ii) cortical sub-cortical locus of control, (iii) different developmental trajectories, (iv) informational vs organic considerations, (v) differences in bodily expressions, (vi) differences in cerebral laterality. The position is advanced that to make progress on understanding the neurobiological nature of affect, we need to utilize experimental strategies different from those that are common in cognitive science.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Facial expressions of emotion: a cognitive neuroscience perspective.

Facial expressions are one example of emotional behavior that illustrate the importance of emotions to both basic survival and social interaction. Basic facial responses to stimuli such as sweet and bitter taste are important for species fitness and governed by simple rules. Even at this basic level, facial responses have communicative value to other species members. During evolution simple facial responses were extended for use in more complex nonverbal communications; the responses are labile. The perception and production of facial expressions are cognitive processes and numerous subcortical and cortical areas contribute to these operations. We suggest that no specific emotion center exists over and above cognitive systems in the brain, and that emotion should not be divorced from cognition.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Using computational neuroscience to investigate the neural correlates of cognitive-affective integration during covert decision making.

We presented a proposed neural level mechanism for the integration of cognitive and affective information during covert decision making. The central idea is that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex establishes predicted outcomes of responses through its connections with the amygdala, and that this information is passed through the context-moderated gateway in the nucleus accumbens in order to promote behaviours that are most beneficial to the long term survival of the organism. We then implemented the proposed mechanism in a network of spiking neurons, and tested one of its central claims. Results showed that the model was capable of producing behaviour similar to that observed in normal humans, as well as that exhibited during VMPFC damage.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

Neuroscience research in AIDS.

1. The human immunodeficiency virus invades the central nervous system early after infection where it later gives rise to cognitive, motor, and behavioral manifestations in children and adults. 2. Ranging from mild impairments to frank dementia, CNS manifestations can be diagnosed and measured with standard neuropsychological test batteries. 3. Great strides have been made with treatment: CNS manifestations are treatable, as are depression, psychosis, and delirium which sometimes accompany HIV disease at different stages. 4. With startling advances in antiretroviral therapy and lower mortality, patients face a constellation of new concerns stemming from HIV's transformation to a more chronic disease. 5. There are many compelling research directions ahead, including the psychosocial impact of living with HIV as a chronic disease, the development of medications expressly targeted to the CNS, and basic research on neuropathogenesis, including trafficking of virus into the CNS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Some contributions of Rafael Lorente de Nó to neuroscience: a reminiscence.

Rafael Lorente de Nó is one of the towering neuroscientists of the 20th century. He was born in Zaragoza, Spain, in 1902. In 1920, he moved to Madrid where he became the youngest, and eventually the best known, of Ramón y Cajal's disciples. In his youth, Lorente de Nó worked with Oskar and Cécile Vogt in Germany and with Robert Bárány in Sweden. In 1934, he moved to the United States, where he first worked at the Central Institute for the Deaf (CID); in 1936, he was invited by Herbert S. Gasser to work at the Rockefeller Institute. After his formal retirement from this institute in 1972, Lorente de Nó spent 5 years at the Head and Neck Surgery Department and Brain Research Institute of the University of California at Los Angeles. He died in Tucson, Arizona, in 1990. Lorente de Nó was a gifted person: a polyglot with a remarkable memory and a versatile intellect, which together with his strong, almost belligerent character, made him a rather controversial human. The strength of his scientific contributions is evident by their current impact. Among these are: the modular (i.e., columnar) organization of the cerebral cortex, the synaptic delay, nerve volume conduction, synaptic summation, and the cybernetic (feed-back) neuron circuit. The present article provides a comment upon some of his neurohistological studies (including the cerebral isocortex, Ammon's horn, brainstem, and spinal cord), highlighted by transcripts from taped conversations with him, and illustrated by reproductions of some of his original figures.

Animals↗