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PubMed1997

Head, face, and neck trauma from large animal injury in New Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Head, face, and neck injuries (HFNI) occur during animal-related trauma. We compared patients with HFNI and without HFNI after animal-related injuries to determine the significance of these injuries. METHODS: Retrospective review of admissions for animal injuries between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 1995, by age, gender, mechanism, animal, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Abbreviated Injury Severity score for head and neck (AIS Head/Neck), AIS score for face (AIS Face), intensive care unit stay, hospitalization length, morbidity, and mortality. RESULTS: There were 153 admissions: 61 HFNI and 92 no HFNI. Significant differences occurred in gender, animal, activity, GCS, and ISS. HFNI had higher AIS Head/Neck, AIS Face, and mortality. HFNI were from horses in 87% and occurred during recreation in 89%; 39% of patients with HFNI were 18 years or younger. CONCLUSION: HFNI occur in females and young people and produce lower GCS score, higher ISS, higher AIS Head/Neck, higher AIS Face, and higher mortality. Most occur during recreational horseback riding. Protective headgear should be mandated.

Abbreviated Injury Scale↗
PubMed2005

PM source identification at Sunland Park, New Mexico, using a simple heuristic meteorological and chemical analysis.

The causes for evening low-wind PM10 and PM2.5 peaks at Sunland Park, NM, were investigated by using wind sector analysis and by assessing relationships between PM loadings and meteorological parameters through canonical ordination analysis. Both PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations during the evening hours accounted for approximately 50% of their respective 24-hr averages, and the PM10 was mainly composed of coarse material (PM10-2.5 amounted to 77% of PM10). A wind sector analysis based on data from three surface meteorological monitoring stations in the region narrowed the potential source region for PM10 and PM2.5 to an area within a few kilometers south of Sunland Park. Canonical ordination analysis confirmed that the peak frequently occurred under stable conditions with weak southerly winds. Chemical analyses of PM showed that elemental and organic carbon (EC and OC, respectively) dominate PM2.5 and inorganic elements dominate PM10-2.5. The combined data for EC/OC, geologic elements, and various trace elements indicate that under low wind and stable conditions, traffic-related PM emissions (motor vehicle exhausts and re-suspended road dust) from the south of the site are the most likely sources for the evening PM10 and PM2.5 peaks.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2001

Medical vs. Surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. The University of New Mexico's six-year experience.

OBJECTIVE: To review and compare the treatments for ectopic pregnancy in a university setting serving an indigent population. STUDY DESIGN: Charts assigned an ICD-9 code for ectopic pregnancy from January 1, 1993, through December 31, 1998, were reviewed for presenting symptoms, hCG levels, ultrasound findings, treatment modality and need for subsequent treatment. RESULTS: Of 401 patients treated for ectopic pregnancy, 7 were managed expectantly. One hundred nineteen (30%) patients received methotrexate. Seventy percent (83/119) of these ectopic pregnancies resolved with a single dose and an additional 11 after a second dose, for a 79% overall success rate. Twenty-five patients (21%) failed methotrexate therapy and required surgical treatment, and 11 (9%) pregnancies were ruptured. Primary treatment was surgical in 275 (69%) patients: 172 (63%) underwent laparoscopy and 103 (37%) laparotomy. Primary laparoscopic treatment was successful in 90%. Success rates were significantly lower for medical therapy as compared to laparoscopic treatment (79% vs. 90%, odds ratio 2.2, 95% confidence interval 1.1, 4.3; P = .02). No discriminating predictors of successful treatment with methotrexate were identified. CONCLUSION: The success rate of methotrexate therapy for ectopic pregnancy was lower than that of surgical management in a university setting serving an indigent population.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗
PubMed2004

The impact of folic acid fortification of enriched grains on an elderly population: the New Mexico Aging Process Study.

Fortification of enriched grains with synthetic folic acid is a potential concern for the elderly population who is at higher risk for Vitamin B12 deficiency. Consuming excess amounts of naturally occurring folate or synthetic folic acid can precipitate a deficiency of Vitamin B12, resulting in neurological damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in folate intake in an elderly population due to the fortification of enriched grains. Three-day diet records of 320 participants (average age 76.8 years) were evaluated for total folate intake from food and supplements before and after the fortification of enriched grains. There was a significant mean daily folate intake increase of 63.8 microg due to fortification (p < 0.0001), raising the intake of total folate to 359 microg (89.8% of RDA). Supplements containing folic acid were consumed by 66% of the participants, raising the average total folate intake of supplement users to 793 microg per day. Only 5 participants exceeded the UL of 1,000 microg folic acid per day, with all 5 of these individuals consuming more than 1,000 microg folic acid per day from supplements alone. Folic acid fortification of grains does not appear to have increased the risk of excess folic acid in this population.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Incidence of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites living in Bernalillo County, NM. BACKGROUND: There are differences in cerebrovascular disease incidence between racial and ethnic groups. Knowing these differences is likely to optimize stroke prevention and evaluation. METHODS: Medical records review of all possible cases of ICH occurring between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 1993 among residents of Bernalillo County, NM, in all local hospitals. Hospital records were identified by ICD-9-CM codes. Also, State Medical Examiner records review for additional ICH cases occurring during the same time interval. The 1990 U.S. census provided the population base. RESULTS: There were 47 spontaneous ICHs among 267,965 non-Hispanic whites and 39 spontaneous ICHs among 178,310 Hispanics. Incidence of ICH rises exponentially with age in both groups. The age- and sex-adjusted total annual incidence of ICH per 100,000 people is 16.6 among non-Hispanic whites and 34.9 among Hispanics (relative risk for Hispanics 2.10, 95% confidence interval 1.35 to 3.26, p = 0.001). The age-adjusted incidence rates among men and women are not significantly different in either ethnic group. CONCLUSION: The incidence of spontaneous ICH among Hispanic residents of Bernalillo County, NM, is approximately twice that among non-Hispanic whites. The reasons for this difference require further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of age, breast density, ethnicity, and estrogen replacement therapy on screening mammographic sensitivity and cancer stage at diagnosis: review of 183,134 screening mammograms in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

PURPOSE: To examine how common patient factors affect screening mammographic sensitivity and cancer stage at diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors used a population-based database of 183,134 screening mammograms and a statewide tumor registry to identify 807 breast cancers detected at screening mammography. RESULTS: Sensitivity varied significantly with ethnicity, use of estrogen replacement therapy, mammographic breast density, and age. Sensitivity was 54% (13 of 24) in women younger than 40 years, 77% (121 of 157) in women aged 40-49 years, 78% (224 of 286) in women aged 50-64 years, and 81% (277 of 340) in women older than 64 years. Sensitivity was 68% (162 of 237) for dense breasts and 85% (302 of 356) for nondense breasts and 74% (180 of 244) in estrogen replacement therapy users and 81% (417 of 513) in nonusers. Sensitivity was most markedly reduced with the combination of dense breasts and estrogen replacement therapy use; there was little difference when only one factor was present. Median cancer size and the percentage of early cancers showed little change with any factors. CONCLUSION: Age is a minor determinant of mammographic sensitivity in women aged 40 years or older. Sensitivity is substantially decreased with the combination of higher breast density and estrogen replacement therapy use. There was not a notable shift in cancer outcomes in the groups with lower mammographic sensitivity. These data do not support different screening recommendations in women aged 40-49 years or in estrogen replacement therapy users.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rapidly eroding piñon-juniper woodlands in New Mexico: response to slash treatment.

The piñon (Pinus edulis Engelm.)-juniper [Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.] woodlands of Bandelier National Monument are experiencing accelerated erosion. Earlier studies suggest that causes of these rapidly eroding woodlands are related to an unprecedented rapid transition of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson) savanna to piñon-juniper woodlands as a result of cumulative historical effects of overgrazing, fire suppression, and severe drought. To study the effectiveness of slash treatment in reducing accelerated erosion, we used sediment check dams to quantify sediment yield from twelve paired microwatersheds (300-1100 m2) within an existing paired water-shed study. Six of the twelve microwatersheds were located in a 41-ha (treatment) watershed with scattered slash treatment, whereas six microwatersheds were located in an adjacent 35-ha untreated (control) watershed. The primary purpose of our research was to quantify the rates of sediment yield between the treated and control microwatersheds. Sediment yield was measured from 15 individual storms during the months of June-September (2000 and 2001). In response to slash treatment, mean seasonal sediment yield for 2000 equaled 2.99 Mg/ha in the control vs. 0.03 Mg/ha in the treatment and 2.07 Mg/ha in the control vs. 0.07 Mg/ha in the treatment in 2001. The practice of slash treatment demonstrates efficacy in reducing erosion in degraded piñon-juniper woodlands by encouraging herbaceous recovery. Our data show that slash treatment increases total ground cover (slash and herbaceous growth) beyond a potential erosion threshold. Restored piñon-juniper woodlands, as the result of slash treatment, provide a forest structure similar to pre-grazing and pre-fire suppression conditions and decrease catastrophic fire hazard.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1998

Serologic survey for hantavirus infection in domestic animals and coyotes from New Mexico and northeastern Arizona.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether animals had serologic evidence of infection with Sin Nombre virus (SNV). DESIGN: Prospective serosurvey. SAMPLE POPULATION: Serum samples were obtained from 145 cats, 85 dogs, 120 horses, and 24 cattle between April 1993 and August 1994 and 54 coyotes between December 1994 and February 1995. PROCEDURE: Serum samples were analyzed by western immunoblot assays for reaction with SNV nucleocapsid antigen. Samples with reactivity to SNV nucleocapsid proteins were used to probe multiple-antigen blots containing recombinant fusion proteins derived from prototypic hantaviruses. Lung tissue or blood clots were used in nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays for a 320-nucleotide portion of the SNV G1 gene. RESULTS: Sera from 4 of 145 (2.8%) cats and 4 of 85 (3.5%) dogs had trace reactivity to full-length SNV-encoded nucleocapsid proteins. All samples from horses, cattle, and coyotes were nonreactive. Sera from cats and dogs that had trace IgG-antibody reactivity to nucleocapsid proteins were then tested for IgG-antibody reactivity to nucleocapsid proteins of prototypic hantaviruses. One cat had multiple cross-reactivities with these hantaviruses, consistent with exposure to a hantavirus; however, epitope mapping studies did not support this conclusion. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction studies of blood clots or lung tissue from 2 animals that had weak reactivity to SNV failed to amplify any hantavirus sequence. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Domestic animals, particularly dogs and cats, as well as coyotes do not appear to have a major role in the maintenance and transmission of SNV.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Occurrence of antibiotics in hospital, residential, and dairy effluent, municipal wastewater, and the Rio Grande in New Mexico.

This study had three objectives: 1) determine occurrence of antibiotics in effluent from hospitals, residential facilities, and dairies, and in municipal wastewater 2) determine antibiotic removal at a large wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Albuquerque, NM, and 3) determine concentrations of antibiotics in the Rio Grande, which receives wastewater from the Albuquerque WWTP. Twenty-three samples of wastewater and 3 samples of Rio Grande water were analyzed for the presence of 11 antibiotics. Fifty-eight percent of samples had at least one antibiotic present while 25% had three or more. Hospital effluent had detections of sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, lincomycin, and penicillin G, with 4 of 5 hospital samples having at least one antibiotic detected and 3 having four or more. At the residential sampling sites, ofloxacin was found in effluent from assisted living and retirement facilities, while the student dormitory had no detects. Only lincomycin was detected in dairy effluent (in 2 of 8 samples, at 700 and 6600 ng/L). Municipal wastewater had detections of sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin, with 4 of 6 samples having at least one antibiotic present and 3 having 3 or more. The relatively high concentrations (up to 35,500 ng/L) of ofloxacin found in hospital and residential effluent may be of concern due to potential genotoxic effects and development of antibiotic resistance. At the Albuquerque WWTP, both raw wastewater and treated effluent had detections of sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and ofloxacin, at concentrations ranging from 110 to 470 ng/L. However, concentrations in treated effluent were reduced by 20% to 77%. No antibiotics were detected in the Rio Grande upstream of the Albuquerque WWTP discharge, and only one antibiotic, sulfamethoxazole, was detected in the Rio Grande (300 ng/L) below the WWTP.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

Alcohol consumption is negatively associated with the prevalence of coronary heart disease in the New Mexico Elder Health Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and the effects of various risk factors, including alcohol consumption, on prevalence rates in a randomly selected sample of older Hispanic and non-Hispanic white (NHW) men and women. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study of equal numbers of Hispanic and NHW men and women, selected randomly from Health Care Financing Authority (Medicare) rolls, recruited for a home interview followed by a 4-hour interview/examination in a senior health clinic. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 883 volunteers, mean age 74.1, years were interviewed/examined. MEASUREMENTS: CHD was identified by interview and electrocardiogram. Risk factors were identified by interview (hypertension, diabetes, medications, smoking, alcohol consumption) and by direct measurements (glucose tolerance, serum lipids, blood pressure, anthropometry). RESULTS: The age-adjusted prevalences of CHD were not significantly different when Hispanic men and women were compared with their NHW counterparts. Age-, ethnicity-, and gender-adjusted relative risk of CHD was inversely associated with alcohol consumption (OR .46; 95% CI, .28-.73; P < .001). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and male gender were also significant risk factors; age, anthropometric measurements, smoking, serum lipid concentrations, and level of education were not. HDL cholesterol levels were significantly lower in nondrinkers; other lipid levels were not associated with alcohol consumption. The type of alcoholic beverage was not associated with the prevalence of CHD. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in CHD prevalence existed between Hispanic and NHW participants despite a higher prevalence of diabetes and central obesity in Hispanics. Alcohol consumption was strongly negatively associated with the prevalence of CHD identified in this older, biethnic population.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Parasites of mammals on the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, Socorro, New Mexico: Cuterebra austeni and C. neomexicana (Diptera:Oestridae) from Neotoma and Peromyscus (Rodentia:Muridae), 1991-1994.

In total, 6,486 rodents representing 3 families (Muridae, Heteromyidae, and Sciuridae) and 24 species were trapped May through August of 1991 through 1994. Of these, only the white-throated woodrat. Neotoma albigula Hartley; piñon mouse, Peromyscus truei Shufeldt; and white-footed mouse, P. leucopus Rafinesque, were infested with Cuterebra Clark larvae. Of the 594 N. albigula that were captured 103 (17.3%) were infested with 139 Cuterebra larvae with all infestations occurring in the throat region. N. albigula infestations were observed in 4 of 5 habitats sampled. The highest prevalence of infestation occurred during May-June (27.2%) versus July-August (9.1%) and in males (25.2%) versus females (18.3%). Prevalence of infestation was not significantly different between animals from the mark-release webs versus removal webs or adults versus juveniles. Also, there was no correlation between relative density of N. albigula and prevalence of infestation. Fifteen adults were reared from puparia and identified as C. austeni Sabrosky. Of 716 P. truei captured, 22 (3.1%) were infested with a total of 25 Cuterebra larvae with all infestations occurring in the scapular region. Although P. truei were captured in all 5 habitats, they were only infested in the piñon-juniper habitat: the highest prevalence of infestation occurred during July-August (10.9%) versus May-June (3.3%). Prevalence of infestation was not significantly different between animals from mark-release webs versus removal webs, males versus females, or adults versus juveniles. As in the N. albigula, there was no correlation between relative density of P. truei and prevalence of infestation. The adult reared from a puparium was identified as C. neomexicana Sabrosky. Of the 310 P. leucopus captured, only 3 (1%) were infested with Cuterebra larvae.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The occurrence and distribution of selected trace elements in the Upper Rio Grande and tributaries in Colorado and northern New Mexico.

Two sampling trips were undertaken in 1994 to determine the distribution of trace elements in the Upper Rio Grande and several of its tributaries. Water discharges decreased in the main stem of the Rio Grande from June to September, whereas dissolved concentrations of trace elements generally increased. This is attributed to dilution of base flow from snowmelt runoff in the June samples. Of the three major mining districts (Creede, Summitville, and Red River) in the Upper Rio Grande drainage basin, only the Creede District appears to impact the Rio Grande in a significant manner, with both waters and sediments having elevated concentrations of some trace elements considerably downriver. For example, dissolved zinc concentrations upriver of Willow Creek, which primarily drains the Creede District, were about 2-3 microg/L; immediately downstream of the Willow Creek confluence, concentrations were above 20 microg/L; and elevated concentrations occurred in the Rio Grande for the next 100 km. The Red River District does not significantly impact the Upper Rio Grande for most trace elements. Because of current water management practices, it is difficult to assess the impact of the Summitville District on the Upper Rio Grande. There are, however, large increases in many dissolved trace element concentrations as the Rio Grande passes through the San Luis Valley, coincident with elevated concentrations of those same trace elements in tributaries. Among these elements are As, B, Cr, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sr, U, and V. None of the trace elements exceeded U.S. EPA primary drinking water standards in either survey, with the exception of cadmium in Willow Creek. Secondary drinking water standards were frequently violated, especially in tributaries draining areas where mining has occurred. Dissolved zinc (in Willow Creek in both June and September) was the only element that exceeded the EPA Water Quality Criteria for aquatic life of 120 microg/L.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Quantitative assessment of exposure to dog (Can f 1) and cat (Fel d 1) allergens: relation to sensitization and asthma among children living in Los Alamos, New Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to identify the allergens associated with asthma among schoolchildren in an area of the United States where dust mite growth is expected to be poor. Los Alamos, N.M., was chosen because it has low rainfall and is at high altitude (7200 feet) making it very dry. One hundred eleven children (12 to 14 years old) from the middle school who had been previously classified according to bronchial hyperreactivity to histamine (BHR) were studied. METHODS: Sera were assayed for IgE antibodies to mite, cat, dog, cockroach, Russian thistle, and grass pollen, with both CAP system fluoroimmunoassay (Kabi Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) and conventional RAST. Allergens were measured in dust samples from 108 homes with two-site assays for mite (Der p 1 and Der f 1), cat (Fel d 1), dog (Can f 1), and cockroach (Bla g 2). RESULTS: Concentrations of dog and cat allergens were elevated in almost all houses with pets but were also high in a significant proportion of the houses without pets. Levels of mite allergen were less than 2 micrograms/gm in 95% of the houses, and cockroach was undetectable in all but two of the houses. Among the 21 with BHR who had symptoms, 67% had IgE antibody to dog and 62% had IgE antibody to cat. For these allergens IgE antibody was strongly associated with asthma (p < 0.001). By contrast, the presence of IgE antibody to mite, cockroach, or grass pollen was not significantly associated with asthma. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of IgE antibody to cat and dog allergens among these children is in keeping with the presence of cat and/or dog allergen in most of the houses. Furthermore, sensitization (as judged by IgE antibodies) to cat and dog allergens was strongly associated with asthma. On the other hand, no clear relationship was found between sensitization or symptoms and the current level of allergen in individual houses. The results show that in this mite-and cockroach-free environment sensitization to domestic animals was the most significant association with asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The earliest archaeological maize (Zea mays L.) from highland Mexico: new accelerator mass spectrometry dates and their implications.

Accelerator mass spectrometry age determinations of maize cobs (Zea mays L.) from Guilá Naquitz Cave in Oaxaca, Mexico, produced dates of 5,400 carbon-14 years before the present (about 6,250 calendar years ago), making those cobs the oldest in the Americas. Macrofossils and phytoliths characteristic of wild and domesticated Zea fruits are absent from older strata from the site, although Zea pollen has previously been identified from those levels. These results, together with the modern geographical distribution of wild Zea mays, suggest that the cultural practices that led to Zea domestication probably occurred elsewhere in Mexico. Guilá Naquitz Cave has now yielded the earliest macrofossil evidence for the domestication of two major American crop plants, squash (Cucurbita pepo) and maize.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1998

Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at wintering colonies in Mexico: new isotopic evidence.

Each year, millions of monarch butterflies from eastern North America migrate to overwinter in 10-13 discrete colonies located in the Oyamel forests of central Mexico. For decades efforts to track monarch migration have relied on observations and tag-recapture methods, culminating with the discovery of the wintering colonies in 1975. Monarch tag returns from Mexico, however, are few and primarily from two accessible colonies, and therefore tag-recapture techniques have not quantified natal origins or distinctiveness among monarch populations at wintering sites. Such information would be invaluable in the conservation of the monarch and its migration phenomenon since the wintering sites currently are threatened by habitat alteration. Here we show that stable hydrogen (deltaD) and carbon (delta13C) isotope ratios of wintering monarchs can be used to evaluate natal origins on the summer breeding range. Stable-hydrogen and carbon isotopic values of 597 wintering monarchs from 13 wintering roost sites were compared with isotopic patterns measured in individuals at natal sites across their breeding range over a single migration cycle. We determined that all monarch wintering colonies were composed of individuals originating mainly from the Midwest, United States, thereby providing evidence for a panmictic model of wintering colony composition. However, two colonies showed more northerly origins, suggesting possible priority colonies for conservation efforts.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Low birth weight in Mexico: new evidence from a multi-site postpartum hospital survey.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors related to cases of low birth weight among a sample of Mexican women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present analysis utilizes data from a post partum survey of 565 women implemented in eight different social security hospitals in western Mexico during 2001. Women giving birth to low weight infants (2.5 kgs) were oversampled and make up half of the sample. RESULTS: A series of logistic regression equations are presented that estimate the risk of low birth weight. Study findings indicate that, although behavioral factors appear to be highly significant in predicting the odds of low birth weight, socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors were found to be important in determining utilization of prenatal care. CONCLUSIONS: The key role of behavioral characteristics in determining low birth weight risk and the role of socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors in determining prenatal care usage highlights the need to improve prenatal care utilization by disadvantaged populations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An examination of regional migration patterns in Mexico: new and old Mexican regions.

This paper examines Mexican regional patterns. Different regional definitions are utilized to examine in-/out-migration patterns in 4 different periods: 1) 1979-1980, 2) 1975-1979, 3) prior to 1975, and 4) lifetime. 5 regional definitions previously used to delineate state level Mexican regions were compared to new regions by a maximum likelihood clustering technique. Previously defined regions do not compare with the empirically delineated regions developed by the cluster analysis. A cluster analysis of in-/out-migration patterns suggests the following: 1) distinct in-/out-migration patterns for both short- and long-term migration patterns, 2) a central region consisting of Mexico and the Federal District having its own distinct regional characteristics for both in-/out-migration patterns, particularly intraregional migration among those 2 states exceeds any other interregional migration patterns, and 3) the unique role played by Jalisco in mediating long-term inflows prior to 1975, and since 1975, out-migration from the same state. Previous research rarely identified the Central region consisting of Mexico and the Federal District. Using net migration for interregional migration analysis may possibly be misleading since immigration and out-migration phenomena show distinct patterns of geographic mobility at the state level, and such regional differences are consistent for the 4 migration periods. A careful analysis accounting for both distinct migration patterns in the Central region and different patterns in in-/out-migration are necessary to obtain an understanding of regional migration patterns in Mexico.

Americas↗