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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Neonatal lung and airway injury: a role for neurotrophins.

Maintenance of patency in distal airways is essential for gas exchange in neonatal life, and its disruption may have long-lasting effects on respiratory function. However, neural mechanisms that regulate caliber of intrapulmonary airways during early postnatal life, and their disruption by hyperoxic exposure, have not been well characterized. We have previously shown that cholinergically mediated airway contractile responses in rat pups are upregulated after hyperoxic exposure, and that increased expression of neuropeptides, such as substance P, may be contributory. More recently, we have documented impairment of neurally mediated airway relaxation in response to hyperoxic stress associated with loss of nitric oxide and prostaglandin-induced airway relaxation as well as inhibition of long chain myosin phosphatase. Our most recent data demonstrate significantly enhanced expression of the neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high affinity specific tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) receptor in hyperoxia-exposed airway smooth muscle. The existence of a BDNF-TrkB receptor autocrine and paracrine loops in the airways provides a basis for understanding local regulatory mechanisms of airway homeostasis. A mechanistic role for BDNF-TrkB signaling in hyperoxia-induced airway hyperreactivity in early postnatal life could serve to modulate both afferent and efferent neural pathways that result in enhanced contractile responses of immature airways exposed to hyperoxic stress. Greater insight into these neural pathways may lead to future preventive strategies for preterm infants surviving neonatal intensive care and developing chronic lung disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of bone mineral density with dual x-ray absorptiometry for osteoporosis in children with bladder augmentation.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Osteoporosis can appear as a result of metabolic acidosis in patients with bladder augmentation and total bladder replacement. These patients must be monitored for early diagnosis and osteoporosis to avoid related complications such as fracture. The current method for diagnosis of osteoporosis mainly involves bone densitometry. Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) provides bone mineral content and bone mineral density (BMD). The purpose of this report is to determine the value of BMD measurement with DXA in the diagnosis and follow-up of osteoporosis and evaluation of response to treatment in the patients with bladder augmentation and total bladder replacement. METHODS: Six patients with bladder extrophy and neurogenic bladder underwent colocystoplasty, ureterocystoplasty, and total bladder replacement. The Sigmoid colon segment was used for colocystoplasty. DXA (Hologic 2000 DXA) was used for measuring bone mineral content and density. Results for lumbar spinal BMD were expressed as the average of L1 through L4 values. Each patient's BMD was compared with the mean BMD in the young normal population (T score) and in the age- and sex-matched group (Z score). But because our patients were children, BMD was evaluated according to Z score. Arterial blood gas analysis was obtained periodically with BMD measurement. Arterial blood pH and HCO(3) levels of the patients were compared with normal values, which ranged from 7.35 to 7.45 for pH and from 22 to 27 mmol/L for HCO3. RESULTS: Arterial blood pH of 5 of 6 patients (83.3%) and HCO3 levels of all patients were low. Ten BMD measurements were obtained for 6 children. One patient underwent BMD measurement 3 times, 2 patients underwent twice, and the others once. Z scores of 4 of 6 patients (66.6%) were decreased. Blood pH, HCO3 level, and BMD of 2 patients increased after oral bicarbonate intake. Two patients had normal BMD. One of these patients had ureterocystoplasty. The other had undergone colocystoplasty but was incontinent. CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal segments have been used for bladder augmentation and total bladder replacement. Exposure of highly absorptive intestinal mucosa to urine has been associated with electrolyte abnormalities and metabolic acidosis. Hyperchloremic acidosis leads to bone demineralization. DXA provides bone mineral content and BMD for diagnosis of osteoporosis. DXA is preferred because the low radiation dose (average, 2 to 4 mrem), accuracy, low price, and short examination time. Not only can BMD confirm the diagnosis of osteoporosis, but it also can be used to monitor the course of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2002

The role of endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide on airway function.

Coordinated regulation of airway caliber is important for the maintenance of effective ventilation. Therefore, we sought to characterize the role of endogenously released, and exogenously administered, nitric oxide (NO) in mediating airway smooth muscle relaxation during early postnatal life. In both rat pup and piglet models, cholinergically mediated airway contractile responses were diminished by simultaneous release of endogenous NO and cGMP activation in both central airways and peripheral contractile elements. This ability of endogenously released NO to oppose airway constriction may be impaired in response to hyperoxic exposure or in animal models of cystic fibrosis. Additional studies in piglets have shown that exogenously administered NO causes a modest, but significant, reduction in lung resistance, analogous to the decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance induced by inhaled NO. Clinical trials are now underway in preterm infants at risk for chronic neonatal lung injury to determine whether inhaled NO has a beneficial effect on the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and whether exogenous NO modulates airway function in such infants.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1999

The ultrastructural morphology of the camel eosinophil.

The ultrastructural morphology of the eosinophil was studied in specimens of peripheral blood from normal adult camels and those with eosinophilia. Specific granules were extremely polymorphic. The specific granules exhibited the basic structure of an electron-dense crystalloid core surrounded by a lighter, homogeneous matrix. The crystalloid cores were extremely variable in size and shape, often were segmented and demonstrated a variety of lamellated patterns that were transverse, longitudinal or concentric to the long axis of the core. It was not uncommon to observe multiple crystalloid cores in a single granule. In addition to large specific granules, microgranules and specific microgranules were observed. The extreme polymorphism of the specific granules and variety of lamellated patterns differentiate camel eosinophils from those of other species.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

An unusual posterior mediastinal lipoblastoma with spinal epidural extension presenting as a painful suprascapular swelling: case report and a brief review of the literature.

Lipoblastoma is a rare benign pediatric neoplasm of fetal-embryonal fat with little risk of recurrence following total microsurgical excision, but it may progress to local invasion or infiltration if not treated surgically. No adjuvant therapies are usually necessary once the tumor is excised. It is best diagnosed on histopathological studies following excision. An unusual posterior mediastinal lipoblastoma in a 2-year-old Omani girl with spinal epidural extension clinically manifested as a progressive painful suprascapular swelling is reported. It was initially construed to be a benign lipoma, but progressively increasing pain and mild imbalance whilst walking with a tendency to fall on the right side prompted neurosurgical referral and eventual total excision without any added morbidity. Interesting clinical and neuroimaging (CT & MRI) findings are presented and discussed, with a brief review of the literature.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2002

Congenital intra-extracranial dumbbell schwannoma of temporal fossa unassociated with any major cranial nerve.

Intracranial schwannomas commonly arise from the vestibular nerve and less commonly from other cranial nerves. On rare occasions, they may be intraparenchymatous, intraventricularor intrasellar. However, the occurrence of a congenital solitary intracranial extradural schwannoma unrelated to any cranial nerve in the absence of von Recklinghausan's syndrome is exceptional. The authors report a unique, heretofore unreported case of a congenital temporal extradural schwannoma, unassociated with any known cranial nerve and with a transcranial extension presenting as a temporal fossa mass since birth in a 16-year-old female patient. Total resection of this tumour was uncomplicated. A brief review of the relevant literature is presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Pediatric giant cell granuloma of the temporal bone: a case report and brief review of the literature.

Giant cell granuloma of the skull base is a distinct rare clinicopathologic lesion, which progressively destroys the involved bone. It causes increased intracranial pressure and mass effect on the brain. Histologically it may mimic an aneurysmal bone cyst, giant cell tumour and the brown tumour of hyperparathyroidism. Although cited by some authors, the role of trauma in its aetiology is still considered controversial. Authors present an interesting case of a 12 year old Omani boy who sustained a cricket bat injury to his right temporal region from which he initially recovered but later on progressively developed vertigo, tinnitus, right hearing loss and a mild right facial weakness. Computed tomography (CT scan) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MR scan) revealed a large destructive lesion of the temporal bone. Microsurgical excision was curative. Interesting clinicoradiological findings are presented with a brief review of the literature.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Symptomatic cranial fibrous dysplasias: clinico-radiological analysis in a series of eight operative cases with follow-up results.

Cranial fibrous dysplasias are rare and comprise less than one percent of all primary bone lesions. These painless progressively expanding destructive bone swellings produce cosmetic deformities (commonest), sino-orbital and auditive complications (less common), peripheral compressive cranial neuropathies (uncommon) and compressive central neurological manifestations (rarest). Until recently some of the primary dysplastic skull base lesions were either treated expectantly or excised incompletely. In a significant percentage of cases, these lesions were considered inaccessible. However, with the development of modern neuro-imaging (CT and MRI) and the applications of current skull base approaches, the more aggressive and radical surgical procedures are being undertaken, with a significant improvement in overall outcome. We present a series of 8 cases of fibrous dysplasia in the age group of 10-33 years with a mean age of 19.75 years. Four cases each had monostotic type and polyostotic type. All patients presented with mild to moderate headaches, and seven cases with some form of cosmetic deformity. In 4 patients there was a unilateral proptosis, while only two had visual deterioration. One patient had anosmia and one hearing impairment. In one case fibrous dysplasia was hemicranial, and in another case the disease was pancranial. Neuro-imaging studies have well delineated the extent of the lesions. In two patients with unilateral fronto-orbital fibrous dysplasia, the removal of dysplastic bone, autoclaving and remodeling and replacement were performed. In two patients of sphenoidal wing fibrous dysplasia a total excision was possible. In the remaining four patients, a partial excision was performed. Overall outcome was good. There was no mortality. One patient had recurrent post-operative extradural haematomas. The authors present the results of an analysis of eight surgically treated cases of symptomatic cranial fibrous dysplasias along with their long-term outcome and the lessons learnt from this series.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Potential role of polyunsaturates in seizure protection achieved with the ketogenic diet.

Epilepsy is a serious neurological disease that responds to two very different treatments involving lipids. Clinically, it responds to a state of ketosis induced by a very high-fat 'ketogenic' diet. Experimentally, in vitro and in vivo models demonstrate that injection or infusion of free (non-esterified) polyunsaturates such as arachidonate and docosahexaenoate also reduces seizure susceptibility. In our experience, rats on a very high-fat ketogenic diet not only have mild-to-moderate ketosis, but also have raised serum free fatty acids. Some polyunsaturates, particularly linoleate and alpha-linolenate, are relatively easily beta-oxidized and are therefore ketogenic. We conclude that raised levels of free plasma polyunsaturates could contribute to the beneficial effect of the ketogenic diet in refractory epilepsy not only by helping sustain ketosis, but also by their own direct (though poorly defined) antiseizure effects.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Shape-modified method using the radial forearm perforator flap for reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the scalp.

The authors present their clinical experience in reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the scalp in 17 patients, using free radial forearm perforator flaps. These defects, as a rule, have a circular or elliptical shape. In order to fit this shape of the defect, they divided the radial forearm perforator flap into two or three components in each case. The donor site, in most cases, was closed primarily by cosmetic sutures. As a shape-modified method using the radial forearm perforator flap, the main point is that the shape of the flap should be an ellipse. The width of the flap should be no more than 5 cm in its proximal part, 4 cm in its middle part, and 3 cm in its distal part. All patients had complete survival of the transplanted radial forearm perforator flap with good aesthetic results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Two-stage reconstruction in congenital pseudarthrosis of the forearm using the Ilizarov technique and vascularized osteoseptocutaneous fibula.

The authors present nine patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the forearm. The reconstruction was carried out in two stages. At the first stage, Ilizarov's device was applied to the forearm in order to lengthen the affected extremity and to eliminate deformity. At the second stage, the bone defect was replaced a with free vascularized fibula osteoseptocutaneous graft. All patients had complete survival of the transferred fibula grafts. Bone consolidation was achieved in 4 to 6 months after the reconstruction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Cytotoxic macrocyclic diterpenoid esters from Euphorbia cornigera.

Root extract of Euphorbia cornigera Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae) was separated into seven (compound 1-7) isolates through multiple Craig's distributions and preparative HPLC. The structures and relative configuration of theses compounds were established via spectral analyses as 7,8,12- O-triacetyl-3- O-(2-methylbutanoyl)-ingol (1), 3,8,12- O-triacetyl-7- O-(2-methylbutanoyl = -ingol (2), 3,7,12- O-triacetyl-8- O-(2-methylbutanoyl)-ingol (3), 3,7,8- O-triacetyl-12- O-(2-methylbutanoyl)-ingol (4), 7,12- O-diacetyl-3- O-(2-methylbutanoyl)-8- O-methylingol (5), 3,12- O-diacetyl-7- O-(2-methylbutanoyl)-8- O-methylingol (6) and 3,7- O-diacetyl-12- O-(2-methylbutanoyl)-8- O-methylingol (7). All these compounds, except for 2, are novel metabolites and have not been reported earlier. It has further been demonstrated that all the compounds (1 - 7) are cytotoxic.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed1995

Mathematical modeling of fetal organ growth using the Rossavik growth model: IV. Lung.

Growth of the fetal lung has been monitored by left lung area (LLA), right lung area (RLA), and total lung area (TLA) from 14 to 41 weeks menstrual age in 116 normal Japanese fetuses. Growth of the fetal heart and chest has also been monitored by heart area (HA) and chest area (CA), respectively. Growth curves for these parameters have been determined by using a Rossavik growth model [p = c(t)k+s(t)]. R2 values of 95.3%, 90.3%, 89.0%, 88.7%, and 92.1% were obtained for CA, HA, LLA, RLA, and TLA, respectively. Variability analysis indicated a progressive increase in variability with fetal age for these five parameters. Variability data were used with the growth curve models to determine standard curves for these parameters. These standard curves provide a superior means for evaluating the normal fetal lung growth in the fetus and for identifying pulmonary hypoplasia in utero.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Promotion of deep tunneling through molecular barriers by electronic-nuclear coupling.

Deep electronic tunneling through molecular barriers in donor-bridge-acceptor complexes is studied using an analytically solvable model. The effective tunneling matrix element is formulated as a sum over vibronic tunneling pathways. For a symmetric system the frequency of tunneling oscillations is shown to increase with the strength of electronic-nuclear coupling at the bridge, the number of electronic-nuclear coupling sites, or the frequency of a bridge vibration. Acceleration by several orders of magnitude is demonstrated within the range of realistic molecular parameters.

Journal Article↗