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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Silver content of wild-grown mushrooms from northern Poland.

Wild-grown and mostly edible species of higher mushrooms collected in 1989-1992 from the districts of Gdańsk, Elblag and Piła (northern part of Poland) have been investigated with regard to their silver content. In total, 527 samples including 25 mushroom species of six families (Agaricaceae, Boletaceae, Cantharellaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Coprinaceae and Russulaceae) were examined. Among the fungi examined only Agaricus campestris and A. augustus were heavy bioaccumulating species and showed the highest concentrations of 35 mg Ag/kg dry weight (1.1-150) and 2.0-6.9 mg/kg, respectively. Silver concentrations exceeding 1.0 mg/kg dry weight were noted in Boletus aestivalis, Lepista nuda, L. personata, and in some specimens of B. edulis, Leccinum scrabum, L. vulpinum, Cantharellus cibarius and Coprinus comatus.

Agaricus↗
PubMed1990

[Radioactivity levels in mushrooms collected in the area of Karlsruhe during 1987 and 1988].

Radioactive contamination of wild-growing mushrooms collected in the Northern Black Forest and neighbouring Rhine Valley area has been monitored since the Chernobyl reactor accident. Cs-134, CS-137, Ag-100m and the natural nuclide K-40 were determined by gamma-spectrometry. Pooled data from all species and all locations showed a decrease in the radio-caesium levels from 1986 to 1988, both in mean values and maximum values. Samples of the same species collected at the same location exhibited large differences, although mixed samples rather than individual mushrooms were measured. Accumulation of caesium was observed particularly in Laccaria amethystina, Xerocomus badius, Xerocomus chrysenteron, Cantharellus tubaeformis, Laccaria laccata, and Russula ochroleuca, with maximum values of 3600 (1986), 2000 (1987), and 1200 (1988) Bq/kg of radiocaesium. A large number of species, among them Calocybe gambosa and Coprinus comatus, showed very small accumulations or no caesium. An accumulation of silver was found in Macrolepiota rhacodes and Agaricus arvensis, which contained a maximum of 11 Bq/kg Ag-110m.

Accidents↗
PubMed1991

Chromosome-breaking activity of extracts of the mushroom Paxillus involutus Fries ex Batsch.

Dry and presoaked seeds of Nigella damascena were treated with aqueous extracts of the mushroom Paxillus involutus. At the first mitosis after the onset of germination, metaphase chromosomes showed damage independent of the origin of the mushrooms. The damaging substance(s) is (are) thermostable. Except a few achromatic gaps, all the lesions observed are of the chromosome type, i.e. are induced at the pre-synthetic G1 stage.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1995

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) reduces the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase in rat liver microsomes.

The effect of dried oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on cholesterol (C) content in serum, in lipoproteins and in liver, and on the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase in liver microsomes, was studied in male rats (strain Wistar, initial body weight 75 g) fed on low-cholesterol (9 mg/100 g) and high-cholesterol (0.3%) diets. Addition of 5% oyster mushroom to both diets reduced significantly the C-content in serum (by 30%), in very-low- and low-density lipoproteins (in a 1:1 ratio to the decrease of total serum C) and in liver (by 50%), as well as the activity of HMG-CoA reductase (by more than 30%).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Can mushrooms fix atmospheric nitrogen?

It is generally reported that fungi like Pleurotus spp. can fix nitrogen (N2). The way they do it is still not clear. The present study hypothesized that only associations of fungi and diazotrophs can fix N2. This was tested in vitro. Pleurotus ostreatus was inoculated with a bradyrhizobial strain nodulating soybean and P. ostreatus with no inoculation was maintained as a control. At maximum mycelial colonization by the bradyrhizobial strain and biofilm formation, the cultures were subjected to acetylene reduction assay (ARA). Another set of the cultures was evaluated for growth and nitrogen accumulation. Nitrogenase activity was present in the biofilm, but not when the fungus or the bradyrhizobial strain was alone. A significant reduction in mycelial dry weight and a significant increase in nitrogen concentration were observed in the inoculated cultures compared to the controls. The mycelial weight reduction could be attributed to C transfer from the fungus to the bradyrhizobial strain, because of high C cost of biological N2 fixation. This needs further investigations using 14C isotopic tracers. It is clear from the present study that mushrooms alone cannot fix atmospheric N2. But when they are in association with diazotrophs, nitrogenase activity is detected because of the diazotrophic N2 fixation. It is not the fungus that fixes N2 as reported earlier. Effective N2 fixing systems, such as the present one, may be used to increase protein content of mushrooms. Our study has implications for future identification of as yet unidentified N2 systems occurring in the environment.

Acetylene↗
PubMed1994

Accumulation of cesium and radiocesium in forest litter in selected regions of Poland and its influence on litter-to-mushroom transfer factor.

The aim of this work was to check whether the stable cesium content in forest litter affects the value of radiocesium from litter-to-mushroom transfer factor Tf or not. Total cesium in litter, measured by AAS, varied from 0.1-2.7 micrograms/g. These data, combined with earlier results for mushrooms, showed no simple correlation for Tf. More complex relationships provided very high correlation coefficients, but their validity needs further investigation.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2004

The yeast flora of some decaying mushrooms on trunks of living trees.

Several ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts were isolated from rotten mushrooms on the trunks of beech and tamarisk trees. One strain, identified as the novel species Cryptococcus allantoinivorans, assimilated allantoin as the sole carbon source. Phylogenetically it belongs to the C. laurentii complex, Papiliotrema bandonii being the closest relative. Some ascomycetous strains could not be distinguished from Pichia guillermondii, but deviated considerably in rDNA sequences. In addition to these species, both decaying mushrooms were inhabited by more common species, viz. Candida albicans, C. saitoana, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Trichosporon asahii, T. multisporum and T. porosum. The basidiomycetous yeasts, except R. mucilaginosa, assimilated some polysaccharides of plant origin.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1998

Lead content in edible wild mushrooms in northwest Spain as indicator of environmental contamination.

Lead content was determined in wild growing mushrooms collected from two different areas in the Province of Lugo (NW Spain). It has been analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in 95 samples of 13 species (7 mycorrhizals and 6 saprophites). In an assessment of lead concentrations, the following factors have been considered: species and ecology, morphological portion, and traffic pollution. The average lead concentration of the samples was 1 ppm dry weight (dw). Saprophite species presented higher levels than mycorrhizal ones (< 1 ppm), Coprinus comatus reaching the maximum mean concentration with 2.06 and 2.79 ppm of dw in the hymenophore and the rest of the fruit body. Morphological portion, statistically, did not show significant difference between the two portions; however, Macrolepiota procera always presented lead high levels in the hymenophore in all samples. The effect due to traffic pollution has been specially observed in Coprinus comatus, presenting the highest concentration with values of 6.51 and 10.43 ppm, respectively, in samples collected in the city center. This species, as other researchers have indicated, could be considered as an indicator by lead contamination. The contribution of mushrooms to the weekly intake of lead was calculated and the possible health risk for the consumer is pointed out. These data are of great importance in view of toxicology and partly environmental protection.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2006

A laccase from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum.

A protein demonstrating laccase activity and potent inhibitory activity towards human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 reverse transcriptase (IC50 1.2 microM) was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. The laccase had a novel N-terminal sequence and a molecular mass of 75 kDa, which is higher than the range (55-56 kDa) reported for most other mushroom laccases. It was isolated by sequential chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Affi-gel blue gel and adsorption on Con A-Sepharose. Unlike some of the previously isolated laccases, it was adsorbed only on Con A-Sepharose. The enzyme required a pH of 3-5 and a temperature of 70 degrees C to exhibit maximal activity. Minimal activity was detected at pH 6 and 7. Activity was undetectable at pH 8 and 9 and after exposure to 100 degrees C for 10 min.

Chromatography↗
PubMed2006

A ribonuclease from the wild mushroom Boletus griseus.

A ribonuclease (RNase) with a molecular mass of 29 kDa and cospecific for poly A and poly U was isolated from fruiting bodies of the mushroom Boletus griseus. Its N-terminal sequence exhibited some similarity to those of RNases from the mushrooms Irpex lacteus and Lentinus edodes. The RNase was adsorbed on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, Q-Sepharose, and Affi-gel blue gel and was unadsorbed on CM-cellulose. The enzyme exhibited a temperature optimum between 60 and 70 degrees C and a pH optimum at 3.5.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2001

RAPD discrimination of Agaricus bisporus mushroom cultivars.

Cultivars of the white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus are difficult to differentiate, which has made strain protection problematic for this crop species. We have used RAPDs to discriminate between 26 strains of A. bisporus, 24 of which were commercial cultivars, and to characterise the genetic relatedness of these strains. Using 20 primers, 211 RAPD markers were identified and used in hierarchical cluster, patristic distance and parsimony analyses. All strains could be differentiated using the aggregated primer data. Although no one primer could differentiate all 26 strains, several individual primers yielded unique fingerprints for a variety of strains. The greatest differences (up to 28% variation) were observed in comparisons with or between two wild collections of A. bisporus. Quondam cultivars, commercial brown and off-white varieties proved more variable than the widely grown 'hybrid' types. Of the 15 hybrid varieties analysed, only one differed substantially (20% or more variable). The patristic and parsimony analyses both demonstrated the gross similarity of the hybrids, many of which appear to be essentially derived varieties from two original hybrid cultivars. RAPD analyses can assist mushroom strain identification and could play a role in the protection of novel cultivars.

Agaricus↗
PubMed1996

Isolation of Ewingella americana from the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus.

The isolation of Ewingella americana, an unusual Enterobacteriaceae, is reported here for the first time in a non-animal reservoir. Thirty-five strains of E. americana have been recovered from the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. The biochemical characteristics of these strains are consistent with previously published descriptions of this species recovered from clinical specimens and from molluscs. DNA reassociation analysis was used to confirm the identity of mushroom-derived E. americana, and restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to reliably differentiate strains that otherwise demonstrated little phenotypic variation.

Agaricus↗
PubMed2006

Radiocesium in mushrooms from selected locations in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.

In this paper, activity concentrations of radiocesium in mushrooms from various locations in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic in the years 2000-2004 are presented. Summary reports of Czech regulatory bodies have judged the average activity concentrations in mushrooms to be remarkably below the maximum permissible level of contamination. However, there are certain regions where radiocesium activities have approached the maximum permissible level for contamination of basic foodstuff. For example, the highest activity concentration of (137)Cs measured by gamma-spectrometry was 2,263 Bq kg(-1) (on a dry mass basis), in Xerocomus badius from Staré Ransko (a locality in the Czech-Moravian Highlands, Czech Republic). The highest activity concentration of (137)Cs measured in Slovakia was 966 Bq kg(-1) (on a dry mass basis), for Suillus luteus from Senica. For comparison, the corresponding activity concentration in a sample taken within the 30 km zone around Chernobyl was measured to be 6,000 Bq kg(-1) (on a dry mass basis). Our results have also demonstrated remarkably lower activity concentrations of (137)Cs in Slovakia compared to those in the Czech Republic.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1985

Mushroom body feedback interneurones in the honeybee show GABA-like immunoreactivity.

The distribution of the transmitter substance GABA was investigated in the mushroom body neuropile of the honeybee by means of immunohistochemistry. The protocerebro-calycal tract (PCT) links a mushroom body output area with the calycal input sites. Interneurones contained within the PCT exhibit GABA-like immunoreactivity and may function as negative feedback loop.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Determination of the pesticide diflubenzuron in mushrooms by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry.

A method using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS) has been developed and validated for the determination of the insecticide diflubenzuron [1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea] in mushrooms. Samples were homogenised with acetone, extracted into dichloromethane-cyclohexane and further cleaned-up by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). HPLC was performed on an ODS column with methanol-water at 1 ml/min. The limit of detection was 0.02 ng/microl (equivalent to 0.017 mg/kg in the crop). The calibration was linear over the range 0.025-1.0 ng/microl. Recovery of diflubenzuron from spiked mushrooms (0.06-0.58 mg/kg) was 85.5% with a relative standard deviation of 14.5% (n = 56).

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed1990

Antimutagenic effects of mushrooms.

A heat-resistant factor in ethanol extracts of the fungus Craterellus cornucopioides completely inhibited the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1, benzo[a]pyrene, the acridine half mustard ICR-191 and 2-nitrofluorene in a forward-mutation system using Salmonella typhimurium TM677 (screening for 8-azaguanine resistance). There was no inhibitory effect on the mutagenic activity of 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, methyl methanesulfonate or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Experiments performed to elucidate the mechanism of the antimutagenic effect showed that neither an alteration of cell viability nor an interference with the excision-repair and the inducible SOS-repair system was involved. The conceivable mechanisms for the antimutagenicity of the ethanol extract include direct chemical interaction with the mutagen and/or inhibition of the activation process in the case of the promutagens. The antimutagenic activity of Craterellus cornucopioides is not unique among mushroom species. The ethanol extracts of 6 other mushrooms showed a similar antimutagenic activity.

4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide↗
PubMed1996

Insecticidal properties of mushroom and toadstool carpophores.

In order to find compounds with insecticidal or antifeedant properties from mushrooms and toadstools, a wide screening was undertaken using the non-mycophagous Drosophila melanogaster as a model insect. Powdered fruit bodies of edible and poisonous mushrooms were incorporated with the Drosophila's rearing medium, and their development was observed. Among the 175 different species of fungi tested, 79 were found to inhibit insect development, hence making the isolation of new compounds look hopeful.

Animals↗