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PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparison of motivational intervention and knowledge-supplied intervention for weight control in female students living alone: focus on self-efficacy].

The purpose of this study was: 1) to verify if motivational intervention enhances self-efficacy and desire for weight control; and 2) to compare the performance of weight control, desire, and self-efficacy among subjects in the motivational intervention group with those in the knowledge-supplied intervention group. Subjects included twenty-two female students living alone. The participants were divided into two groups of motivational-intervention (experimental group) and knowledge-supplied intervention (control group), consisting of eleven subjects in each group selected at random. A pre-test/post-test control design was used. Intervention in the experimental group consisted of a confirmation of individual reasons for weight control, connecting weight control with a life worth living for, and self-monitoring. Intervention in the control group however, involved instructions, on physiological and biochemical basis of proper weight control. As the result, these are suggested that the motivational intervention associated with enhancement of self-efficacy in weight control and dietary behavior. Compared to knowledge-based intervention, motivational intervention was associated with higher chewing method performance ratios, longer terms of continuing the chewing method, self-efficacy of weight control, self-efficacy of dietary behavior, and desire to weight control.

Female↗
PubMed1976

Motives to enter the dental profession: students, practitioners, faculty.

1. The dental student, the private practitioner, and the dental educator have similar self-motives related to an educational process which includes learning to develop to full potential and having the freedom to carry out one's ideas. 2. The motives perceived by dental students as important for the private practitioner are not the same as those the private practitioner perceives for himself. The student perceives good salary and a community reputation, while the practitioner perceives a continual educational process with freedom to carry out his ideas as the primary motive for entering the profession. The student and the practitioner are aligned on most of their self-motives. 3. The motives of the dental educator parallel those of the practitioner more than they parallel those of the student.

Dentistry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The dominant motivation in the mechanisms of the conditioned reflex].

It is substantiated that the mechanisms of dominant motivations play an essential role in conditioning. It is shown that motivations change convergent and chemical characteristics of single neurons of different brain structures and, especially, their sensitivity to corresponding reinforcing stimuli. As a result, motivation plays a role of an initial "canvas", against the background of which molecular "engrams of reinforcement" are built. The processes of interaction between the dominant motivation and reinforcement are mainly addressed to the apparatus of the action result acceptor. It is shown that dominant motivations participate not only in construction of molecular reinforcement engrams but also in their forestalling retrieval.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Motivational profile of nurses working in a general hospital in the state of São Paulo].

The present study aimed at identifying the motivational profile of nurses who work in a public general hospital as well as at finding out the motivations that lead nurse in their work and correlating attitudes and beliefs verified in the responses of the subjects to work and their motivations. Data were collected through three instruments, two of them were scales of Likert type (MOSE e ACTRA) and one questionnaire with data to characterize the sample that was formed by 184 nurses. Results enabled the author to delineate a motivational profile based on the three social motivations and conclude that the majority of nurses studied are working in order to overcome the underdevelopment.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2000

Animal models of alcohol's motivational effects.

Alcohol's positive and negative motivational effects are believed to be important influences on alcohol-seeking behavior and, therefore, key factors among the many and varied causes of alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol's positive effects, such as enhanced mood, and negative effects, such as hangover, are considered important factors in motivating drinkers to increase or decrease their drinking. Scientists have developed a variety of animal behavioral models to study alcohol's motivational effects. These models include "self-administration models," in which the animal controls the exposure to alcohol, and "conditioning models," in which the researcher controls the animal's exposure to alcohol. Such models have been used to study the influence of genetic differences on sensitivity to alcohol's positive and negative motivational effects, the brain mechanisms underlying alcohol's motivational effects, as well as relapse and craving.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Motivational interviewing in substance abuse: applications for occupational medicine.

Motivational interviewing has been proven to increase the motivation of individuals who need to change substance abuse and other health behaviors. This article explores a descriptive model of change and describes how motivational interviewing fits in this larger context. The theoretical assumptions of motivational interviewing are described, including controversies surrounding denial and resistance in ambivalent individuals. Specific and concrete strategies are provided for occupational medicine settings and various combinations of motivational interviewing with feedback and other treatments are described.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Motivators of health seeking behavior in urban African-American men: an exploration of triggers and barriers.

A health crisis exists with African-American men. Morbidity and mortality are higher among African-American men than any other racial/ethnic group. This disparity may be partially related to health seeking behavior in African-American men. Health seeking behavior is influenced by both internal and external motivators. Using the Health Belief Model as a guiding theoretical framework, a qualitative study using focus group methodology was conducted with adult urban African-American men in a large northeastern metropolitan area to explore motivators of health seeking behavior. A total of 38 men were interviewed. Sessions were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic content analysis techniques. External motivators were identified as resource availability and significant others to include family and associates. Internal motivators were identified as perceived disability and death from an illness and unrelieved symptoms. For most men, seeking care was done after all other measures failed to relieve symptoms. Interventions that will facilitate health seeking behavior in African-American men are needed in order to impact the health disparity. This study identified motivators needed to encourage health seeking behavior in African-American men. The results can be used to develop programs specifically targeting African-American men. Additionally, the study identified key variables for further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Does the diagnosis of coronary calcification with electron beam computed tomography motivate behavioral change in smokers?

BACKGROUND: Electron beam computed tomography is promoted as a test that may enhance patient motivation to alter cardiovascular risk behaviors. METHODS: We surveyed a consecutive sample of asymptomatic, active smokers (N = 144) who underwent screening electron beam computed tomography about their current motivation to alter their smoking behavior in the context of their tomography results. RESULTS: Patients with coronary artery calcification (42% of the sample) were more likely to perceive increased cardiovascular risk (42 vs. 13%; p < 0.01). Overall, most patients (59%) rated themselves as more motivated to quit smoking after electron beam computed tomography, but there was no relationship between motivational levels or smoking behavioral change and the presence of coronary artery calcification. CONCLUSIONS: In smokers predominantly self-referred for electron beam computed tomography, the presence of coronary artery calcification does not appear to influence motivation for smoking cessation or smoking behavior.

Calcinosis↗
PubMed1975

Children's use of motives and intentionality in person perception and moral judgement.

Preschool, second-, and fifth-grade children watched films and heard stories which portrayed an actor who intentionally or accidentally injured another for either good or bad motives. After each film or story, children were interviewed to determine their understanding of the actor motives and the intentionality of his act and their moral judgements. The results suggest that children of all ages understood the concepts of motive and intentionality, but that the ability to make accurate inferences about motives and intentionality develops with age. Motives affected children's evaluations at all ages, but intentionality affected only grade school children's evaluations. The results for moral judgment were discussed in terms of a theory which included features of both cognitive-developmental and social learning explanations of moral development.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Helping people change: the magic of motivation.

The consensus of the data and of the interviewed doctors was that the five most profound motivators of people in the workplace today are as follows: (1) Achievement of work well done; (2) Personal pride and satisfaction in being a part of quality treatment and excellent care of patients; (3) Continuing education; (4) Equitable compensation; (5) Respect, responsibility, and appreciation. When asked how important motivation is to the productivity of her practice, Dr. Stelly closes by saying, "Motivation is the most critical factor in productivity. Motivation is the key. If everyone is on the same page and if the doctor and key team members can continue to motivate and encourage others, then the sky is the limit. The key is to keep everyone goal-oriented, unified, and excited about the possibilities. Then you are going to have a team of consistent, long-term employees, you don't have turnover and with that kind of consistency, you are going to have increased productivity."

Achievement↗
PubMed1992

Incentive learning following reinforcer devaluation is not conditional upon the motivational state during re-exposure.

Three experiments analysed the effect of re-exposure to the reinforcer following aversion conditioning on instrumental performance. In the first experiment, groups of hungry and thirsty rats were trained to press a lever for sucrose, which was then followed by a single injection of lithium chloride (LiCl). On the following day, half the animals in each motivational condition received re-exposure to the sucrose solution; the remaining animals were not re-exposed. In a subsequent extinction test animals that had received re-exposure to the sucrose pressed less than animals that were not re-exposed. Moreover, the effect of re-exposure to the sucrose solution was similar following training under hunger and thirst. In the remaining studies, animals were trained to lever-press for sucrose while either hungry or thirsty. They were then injected with LiCl and re-exposed to the sucrose while either hungry or thirsty, i.e. in the same or different motivational state employed during training, or they were not re-exposed. Lever pressing was then tested in extinction in the training motivational state. As in the first experiment, re-exposure to the reinforcer after aversion conditioning enhanced the magnitude of the reinforcer devaluation effect. More importantly, re-exposure to the sucrose produced a comparable effect on instrumental performance, whether re-exposure was given under the same or different motivational state to that employed during training. These results suggest that the instrumental reinforcer devaluation effect depends upon a process of incentive learning, but that this process is not conditional upon the current motivational state of the animal.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Motivation for work based on needs--considerations from the health manager's viewpoint].

Motivation represents the degree in which a persistent effort is focused to achieve a certain goal. Managers, including health managers, are especially interested about motivation, due to the direct relation with productivity. The paper presents two categories of motivations, extrinsic and intrinsic, from the point of view of individual's needs. This theory is known as Maslow's pyramid and shows that basic needs are on the first place in order of importance, followed by needs of safety, association and fulfillment. Satisfied needs cease to represent an effective motivation. Health managers must combine extrinsic and intrinsic motivations, in order to improve productivity.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perceived barriers and motivators to exercise in hemodialysis patients.

Kidney failure and hemodialysis are associated with numerous physical and psychological symptoms and complications, some of which can be reduced or eliminated by adequate exercise. Dialysis patients, however, tend to be quite sedentary on average, which can further complicate their physical and mental health. The goal of this study was to investigate perceptions of barriers and motivators for exercise among hemodialysis patients. It was hypothesized that increased barriers would be associated with decreased exercise, and increased motivators would be associated with increased exercise. The results indicated that both motivators and barriers were associated with exercise behavior, with motivators being more salient. Contrary to what has been previously postulated, lack of motivation, as opposed to health-related impairment, appears to be the primary factor impeding dialysis patient exercise practices.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Loss of motivation in dependent elderly subjects].

Loss of motivation differs from a mood disorder. It belongs to the field of psychic regression and results in social dependency. The concept of psychic regression, initiated and driven by a motivation loss, requires a reassessment of the family links and of the patients-carers relationships. The relative part of conative depression, dysexecutive syndrome, and psychic regression is difficult to assess in old subjects on account of the complexity of the involved mechanisms (psychological aging, affective and relational history of the subject, family and environmental interactions). Lack of motivation and social dependency in old people result from a failure of the psychological mechanism of elaboration. We present a phenomenological point of view and advance some propositions for their prevention. Loss of motivation appears to be an acquired and dynamic process resulting from the psychological difficulties experienced by the individual due to the loss of autonomy and an increasing dependency which is not accepted although, paradoxically, searched for. This ambivalence results in loss of motivation and psychic regression which belongs to the non cognitive disorders of elderly people.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

[Biology of motivation].

Motivation is a concept largely studied by modern psychology and mainly applied in the fields of learning at school, performance at work, competition in sport. Recently neuropsychiatry put forward the syndrome of apathy, a major disorder of the motivation which appears as frequently observed in several neurodegenerative disorders and in particular in Alzheimer's disease. The question raised in the present review is to detect and gather the data which would prove the existence of a physiology and a neurobiology of the motivation, a real prerequisite for any pharmacological project. Precisely, frontal lobe and cingular cortex appear as critical in the activation of motivational process. Acetylcholine and dopamine, at the present time, are considered as the main neurotransmitters involved in such anatomical circuits explaining that pharmacology focuses its interest on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and dopamine agonists. Studies specifically devoted to motivation and apathy are anxiously expected and should be based on the most recent acquisitions of the neurophilosophy.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A randomised controlled trial of motivational interviewing for smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND: Motivational interviewing is a technique used to promote change in addictive behaviour, initially used to treat alcoholism. Despite this, its effectiveness has not been sufficiently demonstrated for giving up smoking. AIM: The aim of the study was to establish whether motivational interviewing, compared with anti-smoking advice, is more effective for giving up the habit. DESIGN OF STUDY: Randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Primary care in Albecete, Spain. METHOD: Random experimental study of 200 smokers assigned to two types of interventions: anti-smoking advice (n = 86) and motivational interviewing (n = 114). Subjects in both groups were offered bupropion when nicotine dependency was high (Fagerström score >7). The success rate was evaluated by intention to treat; point prevalence abstinence was measured 6 and 12 months post intervention by personal testimony, confirmed by means of CO-oximetry (value < 6ppm). RESULTS: The measure of effectiveness of the treatment for giving up smoking after both 6 and 12 months, showed that the motivational interviewing action was 5.2 times higher than anti-smoking advice (18.4 % compared to 3.4%; 95% confidence interval = 1.63 to 17.13). CONCLUSION: The results of our study show that motivational interviewing is more effective than brief advice for giving up smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate on sexual motivation in male mice with different psychoemotional statuses].

Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (10, 30 and 100 microg/kg, i.p.) on stability of sexual motivation of C57BL/6J male mice with different psychoemotional statuses were studied. Sexual motivation was assessed for 30 min in the sensory contact setting: a male was exposed to a female at oestrus from behind a perforated transparent partition which prevented physical contact. In the intact males, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate injection (10 and 30 microg/kg) 4 hrs before the test had no effect on parameters of sexual motivation. In aggressive males, administration of the dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate had no effect on the intensity of the initial 10 min phase of sexual motivation but prevented its rapid decrease afterwards. In submissive mice, either dose reduced intensity of the initial phase of behavioral reaction to receptive female; however, tile higher dose prevented motivation from exhaustion, and so interest to the female was persistent, albeit decreased. The highest dose of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate had inhibitory effects on stability of the sexual interest in the male mice of all experimental groups.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Future time perspective and motivational categories in Argentinean adolescents.

This study is based on a sample of 332 Argentinean teenagers in their last year of secondary school. In the context of the relational theory of motivation, an attempt is made to determine the motivational categories best predicting Future Time Perspective (FTP) extension. The influence of the sex, locus of control, social class, and school ethos variables on FTP extension is also explored. A scale measuring locus of control and the Motivational Induction Method (MIM) have been employed to obtain the data. Through stepwise multiple regression, a predictive set is determined, made up of life-meaning values, self-fulfillment, academic achievement motivation, locus of control, sensual values, and social contact. Significant differences are found in FTP extension and locus of control in relation to school ethos. The Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests are used as statistical proof. A one-way ANOVA is run to examine the relationship between locus of control and school ethos levels. The possibility of a motivational profile common to Argentinean teenagers is considered and the pedagogical consequences of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗