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PubMedDate not supplied

[Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis from community acquired respiratory infections in 2000].

The Viriato Study is a nationwide, multicenter prospective study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens commonly associated with community-acquired respiratory tract infections in Portugal. In 2000, 28 laboratories participated in the study with a total of 1071 strains, with testing undertaken in a central laboratory. Of the 213 Streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated from patients with acute tonsillitis, all were susceptible to penicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate and cefuroxime, but 21.1% were resistant to erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and 16.4% to tetracycline. From patients with lower respiratory tract infection, 403 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, 366 of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 89 of Moraxella catarrhalis were studied. 13.1% of H. influenzae and 94.4% of M. catarrhalis produced beta-lactamase. Among S. pneumoniae isolates, 25.1% were resistant to penicillin (8.8% showing high-level resistance), 14.5% to tetracycline, 12.8% to erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin, and 10.1% to cefuroxime. Overall, penicillin was the most active antimicrobial against S. pyogenes and amoxycillin/clavulanate the most active in vitro simultaneously against H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis isolated from patients with community-acquired LRTI in Portugal.

Community-Acquired Infections↗
PubMed2002

Determination of anti-microbial susceptibilities of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis.

OBJECTIVE: A retrospective study to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern seen in respiratory tract pathogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All sputum samples received during one year period (2000) were cultured by standard laboratory technique and antibiotic sensitivity was performed by Kirby Bauer disc method. RESULT: A total of 238 respiratory pathogens were isolated. All three isolates (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pnuemoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis) were highly resistant against Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole. Strep. pnuemoniae was not resistant to Penicillin. Rest of the antibiotics showed good response. CONCLUSION: Strep. pnuemoniae is still very sensitive to Penicillin and all three pathogens were resistant to Timethoprim Sulfamethoxazale.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

Autoaggregation, hydrophobic, and hydrophylic properties of Moraxella catarrhalis strains.

The hydrophobicity of the bacterial cell surface was evaluated via the salt aggregation test (SAT) in 58 strains (19 from the lower and 39 from the upper respiratory tracts) of Moraxella catarrhalis in hospitalized patients aged 25 to 65. Based on the SAT results, the strains were divided into three groups: autoaggregating (highly hydrophobic), hydrophobic, and hydrophilic. At a temperature of 37 degrees C, the autoaggregating, hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties did not depend on the choice of a medium, whereas at 22 degrees C the investigated properties did (p<0.0001). Taking into account the origin of the strains (lower vs. upper respiratory tract), it was found that: in the strains cultivated in liquid medium, both highly hydrophobic, hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces were present with a comparative frequency, independent of the strain isolation site and cultivation conditions; strains with highly hydrophobic and hydrophobic surfaces, but only those cultivated on solid media at 22 degrees C, were much more often isolated from sputum rather than from nose and throat swabs, whereas a statistically significant incidence of hydrophilic strains was found in samples from the upper rather than lower respiratory tract.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: resistance of vaccinated cattle to homologous and heterologous strains of Moraxella bovis.

In studies to determine whether vaccination with one strain of Moraxella bovis would protect against challenge with virulent homologous or heterologous strains, calves were intramuscularly inoculated 3 times with formalin-killed M bovis, with 14 days between inoculations. Fourteen days after the 3rd vaccinal dose was given, all calves were exposed to homologous or heterologous virulent cultures of M bovis. The results indicated that vaccination with one strain of M bovis may induce protective immunity against homologous and heterologous challenge exposure; however, because vaccinated cattle resisted infection and disease produced by a homologous strain to a greater extent than they resisted those produced by heterologous strains, polyvalent vaccines or highly immunogenic common antigens may be needed to protect cattle against the numerous strains they might encounter under natural field conditions. There was minimal correlation between the presence of precipitating antibodies against the heterologous strains and the establishment of infection and disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: experimental induction of infection in calves with mycoplasmas and Moraxella bovis.

Eyes of 14 calves were exposed by conjunctival instillation to cultures of either Mycoplasma conjunctivae (6 calves) or Acholeplasma laidlawii (8 calves). Calves were observed for clinical signs of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), and eyes were examined for the test organisms by bacteriologic cultural technique for 60 days. Acholeplasma laidlawii became established in the eyes of 5 of 8 calves; M conjunctivae became established in the eyes of 4 of 6 calves. On day 28, eyes of 9 of the 14 calves were exposed by conjunctival instillation to Moraxella bovis, and all developed IBK. Five calves exposed to Moraxenjunctivae or A laidlawii, but not to Mor bovis, did not develop IBK. Four calves not exposed to M conjunctivae or A laidlawii, but exposed to Mor bovis, developed IBK. Mycoplasmas do not have a major role in IBK, but might produce ancillary effects similar to those of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, wind, ultraviolet radiation, dust, and other irritants.

Acholeplasma laidlawii↗
PubMed2003

[Invasive infection with Moraxella catarrhalis in two children with lymphatic leukemia and granulocytopenia].

In two young children with leukaemia, a girl and a boy aged 5 and 4 years, respectively, an invasive infection due to Moraxella catarrhalis was diagnosed at the time of granulocytopenia. They were treated with antibiotics. The first child developed pneumonia and recovered, the other developed severe septic shock and died. M. catarrhalis is a Gram-negative diplococcus, frequently colonising the upper respiratory tract in young children. In childhood this pathogen mainly causes infections such as otitis media and sinusitis, while in adults it primarily causes laryngitis, bronchitis and pneumonia. Immunocompromised patients or patients with chronic cardiopulmonary disease have an increased risk of severe infections.

Agranulocytosis↗
PubMed2003

A field trial of autogenous Moraxella bovis bacterin administered through either subcutaneous or subconjunctival injection on the development of keratoconjunctivitis in a beef herd.

The primary purpose of these experiments was to evaluate an autogenous Moraxella bovis bacterin administered through 2 separate routes of inoculation. An autogenous bacterin was manufactured by using M. bovis recovered from the herd. The bacterin was administered by subcutaneous injection or subconjunctival injection. In each experiment, unvaccinated animals served as controls. Random selection methods were used to place calves into a vaccination or control group. There was no statistical difference in development of infectious keratoconjunctivitis between the vaccinated and unvaccinated calves. There was a statistically significant difference between the sexes; heifers had a higher rate of keratoconjunctivitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Late-onset Moraxella catarrhalis endophthalmitis after filtering surgery.

We describe a young man in whom endophthalmitis caused by Moraxella catarrhalis developed 5 years after glaucoma filtering surgery. The infection responded to treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, and 2 months after presentation the visual acuity had returned to 20/50. To our knowledge this is the first report of late-onset endophthalmitis due to M. catarrhalis complicating glaucoma filtering surgery.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of a selective medium for the isolation of Moraxella catarrhalis].

The recovery rate of Moraxella catarrhalis in a selective culture medium with acetazolamide and in a conventional blood-agar medium was compared from 1291 samples from the respiratory tract and conjunctivae of children and adults with respiratory and ocular symptomatology. M. catarrhalis was recovered in 215 samples on the acetazolamide medium, and only. 18 cases in the blood agar medium (p < 0.001). The highest recovery of M. catarrhalis was in samples with an accompanying flora, either pathogenic or commensal, such as pharyngeal and nasal exudates. The prevalence of M. catarrhalis in adults and children was 2% and 28%, respectively. We therefore, recommend the use of the acetazolamide medium for the recovery of M. catarrhalis in samples where M. catarrhalis is expected to be present with an accompanying flora.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed2003

Vaccines for Moraxella catarrhalis and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae.

The development of vaccines against non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis represents a difficult challenge. Both bacteria are mucosal surface pathogens and protection may require a mucosal immune response. In addition, the surface antigens of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae are hypervariable and animal models of infection with these bacteria may not be predictive of human efficacy. Vaccine development has focused on conserved surface exposed antigens, including integral outer membrane proteins, pili and other attachment factors, membrane-associated proteins, and lipooligosaccharide-protein conjugates. Several vaccine candidates are described that are antigenically conserved among strains, elicit biologically functional antibodies, and have efficacy in animal models.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Antigenic relationships of Moraxella bovis isolates recovered from outbreaks of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay between 1983 and 2000.

Cross-reactivity indices (CRIs) of 28 isolates of Moraxella bovis recovered from outbreaks of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in Argentina (A, 11 isolates), Brazil (B, 7), and Uruguay (U, 10) between 1983 and 2000 were estimated. Hyperimmune sera were produced in rabbits and antibody titres determined with each isolate. Isolates showing CRIs3 70 were placed in the same group. Group I had 13 isolates (A, 1; B, 6; U, 6); group II had 6 isolates (A, 4; U, 2); groups III, IV, and V had 2 isolates each, recovered in Argentina; group VI had 2 isolates, from Uruguay; and group VII had 1 isolate, from Brazil. The CRIs3 70 between vaccine strains and isolates recovered before and after 1990 were 58% and 42%, 50% and 50%, and 33% and 67% with vaccine strains 2419, 2358, and 2439, respectively. Isolate 273, from Uruguay, showed CRIs > 70 with 78% of the isolates and is recommended as the vaccine strain.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Multicenter surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis to 14 oral antibiotics.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Data on the in vitro activities of orally administered cephalosporins, particularly third-generation cephalosporins, against recent pathogens responsible for community-respiratory tract infection are lacking. METHODS: A susceptibility surveillance of 267 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 205 of Streptococcus pyogenes, 204 of Haemophilus influenzae, and 147 of Moraxella catarrhalis to 14 oral antimicrobial agents using the agar dilution method was carried out from March 2002 to October 2002 in Taiwan. RESULTS: High rates of non-susceptibility to penicillin (60%), cefaclor (67%), cefuroxime (62%), cefpodoxime (64%), clarithromycin (91%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (98%) for S. pneumoniae isolates and high rates of non-susceptibility to ampicillin (70%), clarithromycin (34%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (63%) for H. influenzae isolates were found. The rank order of oral cephalosporin activity based on the minimum concentrations at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC90s) for S. pneumoniae was cefpodoxime > cefuroxime > cefixime > cefaclor, cephradine > cephalexin and for H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis was cefixime > cefpodoxime > cefuroxime > cefaclor > cephalexin, cephradine. Among the 75 S. pneumoniae isolates resistant to penicillin (MICs ranged 2 to 4 mg/L), 4% were intermediate to amoxicillin and > 90% were resistant to cefaclor, cefuroxime, and cefpodoxime. For S. pyogenes isolates, all were susceptible to penicillin, 21% were not susceptible to clarithromycin and 4% were not susceptible to clindamycin. Thirty four percent of H. influenzae isolates were not susceptible to clarithromycin. The MIC90 of clarithromycin against M. catarrhalis isolates was 0.5 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS: Cefpodoxime, cefixime, and cefuroxime are promising agents against these bacterial pathogens, except for penicillin-non-susceptible S. pneumoniae isolates.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cross-reactions between the antigens of healthy pulmonary tissue and Moraxella catarrhalis].

The study of cross-reactions between healthy pulmonary tissue antigens and Moraxella catarrhalis with the use of SDS-electrophoresis and immunoblotting revealed that in the component of healthy pulmonary tissue with a mol. wt. of 40 kD epitopes existed to which antibodies were produced, capable of cross reaction with the components of M. catarrhalis with a mol. wt. of 35 kD and 70 kD. In addition, the presence of cross-reactions between cytokeratin-8, protein contained in healthy pulmonary tissue, and M. catarrhalis antigens was established.

Antigens↗
PubMed2004

[Molecular characterization of BRO beta-lactamases of Moraxella catarrhalis strains isolated from carrier children].

Nasopharyngeal carriage of Moraxella catarrhalis is a risk factor for upper respiratory tract infections and otitis media. In this study, we aimed to characterize BRO beta-lactamases of M. catarrhalis strains isolated from 64 children without any symptoms of respiratory disease. Gram negative diplococci grown on selective media and which are catalase, oxidase, DNase, nitrate reduction positive, glucose, maltose, sucrose and lactose fermentation negative, were diagnosed as M. catarrhalis. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by agar dilution method recommended by NCCLS. BRO beta-lactamases were differentiated by restriction enzyme analysis method. The resistance rate for ampicillin was 18.8% and all the isolates were found to be sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefazolin, cefaclor, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. Out of 64 M. catarrhalis isolates, 57 (89%) were found beta-lactamase positive with nitrocefin disk test (Remel, USA). The presence of BRO beta-lactamases in these 57 strains (89%) was also confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis, while 7 (11%) of them were found to be negative. Among the positive strains, 47 (73.4%) were typed as BRO-1, and 10 (15.6%) were typed as BRO-2. The characterization of BRO beta-lactamases of M. catarrhalis strains in carrier children is important since the high rate of carriage predisposes to respiratory tract infections. As a result, BRO beta-lactamase typing will guide the treatment regimen against the respiratory infections that can occur due to M. catarrhalis in carrier children.

Ampicillin Resistance↗
PubMed2004

[Moraxella catarrhalis in chronic and relapsing respiratory tract infections in children].

Examination of 700 children with chronic and relapsing respiratory tract infections showed that during the period from 1996 to 2003 Moraxella catarrhalis strains were isolated from the sputum of 5.5-9.7% of the patients. The frequency of the emergence was the third after Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. In healthy children M. catarrhalis was isolated in 2.7% of the cases. The most frequent detection of M. catarrhalis was stated in children under 1 year (4.5%). The antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed that the majority of the M. catarrhalis isolates had beta-lactamase activity, were resistant to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin and lincomycin and highly susceptible to amoxycillin/clavulanate, macrolides, certain cephalosporins and levofloxacin. The isolates were most frequent in the patients of the rather severe contingent (congenital lung disease, alveolitis, chronic pneumonia, bronchial asthma). In such patients the bronchoobstructive syndrome was more frequent (46.6%). High frequency of the affection of the upper respiratory tracts in the examined children was stated (62.1%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Moraxella catarrhalis sepsis in a patient with juvenile spinal muscle atrophy.

Moraxella catarrhalis rarely causes severe infections or bacteraemia in healthy subjects. In the literature only four cases of clinical sepsis with M. catarrhalis have been described, mostly in immunocompromised patients. We describe a case of a 34-year-old patient with Kugelberg-Welander disease and low body weight (28 kg) who developed clinical sepsis due to M. catarrhalis bacteraemia. A review of the literature is given.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

MID and UspA1/A2 of the human respiratory pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis, and interactions with the human host as basis for vaccine development.

Moraxella catarrhalis IgD-binding protein MID is a 200 kDa autotransporter protein that exists as a oligomer and is governed at the transcriptional level. The majority of M. catarrhalis clinical isolates expresses MID. Two functional domains have been attributed to MID; MID764-913 functions as an adhesin and promotes the bacteria to attach to epithelial cells, whereas the IgD-binding domain is located within MID962-1200. In parallel, MID is stimulatory for B lymphocytes through the IgD B cell receptor. M. catarrhalis ubiquitous surface proteins A1 and A2 (UspA1/A2) are multifunctional outer membrane proteins that can bind complement and extracellular matrix proteins such as vitronectin and fibronectin. An interaction between the complement fluid phase regulator of the classical pathway, C4b binding protein (C4BP), and UspA1/A2 has also been observed. Moreover, UspA1/A2 has a unique feature to interfere with the innate immune system of complement by binding C3. Taken together, a growing body of knowledge on M. catarrhalis outer membrane proteins MID and UspA1/A2 and their precise interactions with the human host make them promising vaccine candidates in a future multicomponent vaccine.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed1975

[Isolation of "Neisseria elongata" and "Moraxella urethralis" (author's transl)].

A strain of Neisseria elongata and a strain of Moraxella urethralis have been recently isolated from pathological material in the course of a systematic search for rodshaped oxidase positive and Gram negative micro-organisms. The morphological, cultural and biochemical characters of these fewly known strains of which pathogenicity is not clearly defined, are reported in the present paper together with some comments.

Acetates↗