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PubMed2006

The distribution and ecological preferences of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Mexico.

This paper focuses on the distribution of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, in Mexico. The study is aimed to understand the climate factors responsible of the recorded distribution that can statistically define the suitable habitat for the tick. Sites where the tick is recorded display significantly higher values of some climate variables in comparison with those where the tick is absent, namely mean monthly temperature (T) and atmospheric water vapour (W), yearly accumulated T, W and rainfall (R) (p < 0.001 for every variable), with smaller significance for the yearly sum of T/R and T/W ratios (p < 0.05). Interestingly, variables involving the Normalized Derived Vegetation Index (NDVI) do not shown statistical differences between the sites where the tick is present or absent. The best set of habitat-defining variables was integrated into a framework to assess the habitat suitability for the tick in Mexico. We used a point-to-point similarity metric to assign a classification value to a candidate site based on the proximity in environmental space of the most similar record site. A combination of 7 yearly and monthly values for temperature, rainfall and water vapour variables captured the tick distribution. Model performance, as tested with a separate set of distribution tests and defined by the AUC value, was 0.89. Causes of errors as detected with a visual comparison of both known and predicted distribution of the tick may be attributed to the use of a medium resolution, unable to capture locally important features of tick distribution, and to incomplete collections in some parts of the country.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Tissue banking in Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Here, we describe our Tissue Banking experiences of 4 years of activity in Mexico. METHODS: Data of allografts provided by our Bank and bone retrievals performed by our teams between February of 2001 and August of 2004 were included. RESULTS: There were 100 bone donors, a total of 1,107 tissues were obtained with an average of 11 tissues by retrieval, samples from all tissues were obtained during retrieval and cultured for bacterial contamination, 250 tissues were positives to bacterial growth with an average of 22.58% of bacterial contamination of tissue by retrieval. A total of 4,493 allografts were provided and were utilized in 3,643 patients. The allografts were used mainly by orthopedic surgeons (62%) and dentists (30%). The most used allografts were morcellized cancellous bone 31%, pulverized 25% and chips of cancellous bone 20%. Among orthopedic patients the most frequent procedures were related with spine degenerative diseases 39.09%, followed by non-pathological fractures and its complications 28.67% and bone tumors and cystic bone lesions 11.59%. CONCLUSIONS: Sustained increase of allograft utilization in Mexico reflects a great necessity for them in our country. The increase in public awareness about tissue donation has allowed an increase in tissue donations and retrievals.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Assessment of new vehicles emissions certification standards in the metropolitan area of Mexico City.

Light duty gasoline vehicles account for most of CO hydrocarbons and NOx emissions at the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC). In order to ameliorate air pollution from the beginning of 2001, Tier 1 emission standards became mandatory for all new model year sold in the country. Car manufacturers in Mexico do not guarantee the performance of their exhaust emissions systems for a given mileage. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the Tier 1 vehicles will stand the certification values for at least 162000 km with the regular fuel available at the MAMC. Mileage accumulation and deterioration show that certified carbon monoxide emissions will stand for the useful life of the vehicles but in the case of non-methane hydrocarbons will be shorter by 40%, and nitrogen oxides emissions above the standard will be reached at one third of the accumulated kilometers. The effect of gasoline sulfur content, on the current in use Tier 1 vehicles of the MAMC and the impact on the emissions inventory in year 2010 showed that 31000 extra tons of NOx could be added to the inventory caused by the failure of the vehicles to control this pollutant at the useful life of vehicles.

Air↗
PubMed2005

International migration and infant health in Mexico.

This paper examines the flip side of the epidemiological paradox, namely the relationship between international migration experience and positive infant health outcomes in Mexico. Building upon past research that has explored the role of economic remittances in contributing to the positive relationship between international migration and birth outcomes in sending country communities, the present analysis focuses on the noneconomic effects of paternal migration experience on infant health. The data come from a hospital-based postpartum survey (HPS 2001) recently completed in two high-migrant sending states of Western Mexico. The findings demonstrate that the positive effect of international migration on infant health occurs in the context of considerable loss of social support and high stress levels. Socioeconomic improvements facilitated by the receipt of remittances, coupled with positive health behaviors, are two factors that contribute to this protective effect.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Biodiversity of Fusarium species in Mexico associated with ear rot in maize, and their identification using a phylogenetic approach.

Fusarium proliferatum, F. subglutinans, and F. verticillioides are known causes of ear and kernel rot in maize worldwide. In Mexico, only F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans, have been reported previously as causal agents of this disease. However, Fusarium isolates with different morphological characteristics to the species that are known to cause this disease were obtained in the Highland-Valley region of this country from symptomatic and symptomless ears of native and commercial maize genotypes. Moreover, while the morphological studies were not sufficient to identify the correct taxonomic position at the species level, analyses based in the Internal Transcribed Spacer region and the Nuclear Large Subunit Ribosomal partial sequences allowed for the identification of F. subglutinans, F. solani, and F. verticillioides, as well as four species (F. chlamydosporum, F. napiforme, F. poae, and F. pseudonygamai) that had not previously been reported to be associated with ear rot. In addition, F. napiforme and F. solani were absent from symptomless kernels. Phylogenetic analysis showed genetic changes in F. napiforme, and F. pseudonygamai isolates because they were not true clones, and probably constitute separate sibling species. The results of this study suggest that the biodiversity of Fusarium species involved in ear rot in Mexico is greater than that reported previously in other places in the world. This new knowledge will permit a better understanding of the relationship between all the species involved in ear rot disease and their relationship with maize.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Selachohemecus benzi n. sp. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from the blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus (Carcharhinidae) in the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Selachohemecus benzi Bullard & Overstreet n. sp. infects the heart and kidney of the blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus in the northern Gulf of Mexico off Florida and Mississippi, USA. Specimens of S. olsoni Short, 1954, the only congener and only other named blood fluke reported from a chondrichthyan in the Gulf of Mexico, were collected from the heart of the Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae from two new localities, Apalachicola Bay, Florida, and Mississippi Sound, Mississippi, USA. The new species differs from S. olsoni by having a larger body (1.4-3.8 mm long), robust tegumental body spines numbering 51-63 along each lateral body margin, a testis extending from the posterior caeca to the ovary, and a medial ovary with lobes. We amend the diagnosis of Selachohemecus Short, 1954 to accommodate it and provide a diagnostic key for all named chondrichthyan blood flukes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Live weight estimation of donkeys in central Mexico from measurement of thoracic circumference.

Body measurements (length from nape of neck to the withers; height to withers; length from withers to tail root; length from shoulder to tuber ischii; thoracic circumference; umbilical circumference) were taken and correlated with live weight from 160 donkeys (mean +/- standard deviation = 6 +/- 2.6 years old) in Central Mexico. The age was assessed from dentition. Sex of the donkeys was also recorded. Sex was an important factor of variation (p = 0.011). Live weight was estimated using two allometric models. Model 1: Live weight = beta x (thoracic circumference)beta1. Model 2: Live weight = betao x (height to the withers) beta1 x (thoracic circumference) beta2. Separate prediction equations were produced for males and females, plus one for the total sampled. The 'best fit' models, were those using thoracic circumference to predict the live weight. Males: live weight = 0.018576 x (thoracic circumference)1.84107 (R2 = 0.9839). Females: live weight = 0.031255 x (thoracic circumference)1.72888 (R2 = 0.9839). The equations derived to estimate the live weight of donkeys in Britain, Morocco and Zimbabwe were less satisfactory for use with donkeys from Central Mexico because they overestimated the live weight.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Estimating maternal mortality in rural areas of Mexico: the application of an indirect demographic method.

OBJECTIVE: To measure maternal mortality levels in rural areas of Mexico. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, a census of 13,378 households was carried out in the municipalities of Yecapixtla and Tlaltizapan, Morelos, Mexico. Information on 10,443 subjects from 12 to 49 years old was included in the analysis. An indirect method of measuring maternal mortality--the sisterhood method--was used to estimate maternal mortality. Information about the number of sisters of the interviewees who died due to maternal causes was collected in the census. With this information, estimates of maternal mortality related to a period of 10-12 years before the application of the census were obtained. An innovation to the original method was the calculation of a confidence interval for the estimated maternal mortality rate (MMR). RESULTS: The MMR in this region was 18.68/10,000 live births (95% CI 15.79-21.58/10,000 live births). The average risk of dying due to maternal causes was 1 in 87 for women between 12 and 49 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The sisterhood method was effective for estimating maternal mortality in a small region, with no previous information about this indicator. The method proved to be useful for identifying a priority region for the implementation of maternal mortality reduction programs. Furthermore, the method was particularly convenient since it was applied as part of a multipurpose survey.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Presence of Echinococcus oligarthrus (Diesing, 1863) Lühe, 1910 in Lynx rufus texensis Allen, 1895 from San Fernando, Tamaulipas state, in north-east Mexico.

A bobcat was found recently killed on "Highway 101" near the town of San Fernando, Tamaulipas State, Mexico (100 km south of Brownsville, TX, U.S.A.). The cat (Lynx rufus texensis) was parasitized by several species of nematodes and trematodes, but mainly by a cestode, Echinococcus oligarthrus. The diagnostic characteristics of this cestode are described and illustrated. E. oligarthrus has not been reported previously in North America. This is the first time that the strobilar stage has been recovered from a "bobcat". A potential public health problem may be raised by the presence of this cestode in Mexico.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica in a rural and an urban area of Mexico. A pilot survey II.

Stocks of intestinal amoebae grown in monoxenic culture, were compared against each other and against those previously reported from Mexico City. These were isolated from subjects in San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas (rural area) and hospital patients in Merida, Yucatan (urban area). Electrophoretic patterns of the four enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), L-malate: NADP+ oxido-reductase (oxalacetate-decarboxylating) (ME) and hexokinase (HK) demonstrated the presence of five groups (zymodemes) of Entamoeba histolytica already described from Mexico City, together with two new zymodemes, one of which gave a recognizable pathogenic pattern, whilst the other gave a contradictory pattern. Zymodemes of Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Iodamoeba buetschlii and Dientamoeba fragilis, previously described were also isolated. One new zymodeme of D. fragilis was demonstrated.

Amebiasis↗
PubMed1984

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in a young male from northwestern Mexico.

Primary meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri was documented in a 16-year-old male from Mexicali in the state of Baja California in Mexico. In August 1978, seven days after sustaining moderate head trauma while swimming in a shallow, stagnant irrigation ditch on a hot summer day, the patient presented an acute illness with severe headache, fever and convulsions rapidly progressing into a comatose state. Actively moving trophozoites were observed in the spinal fluid on admission. The patient died shortly after admission to hospital on the third day of symptoms. Post-mortem examination revealed a meningoencephalitis with extensive destruction, haemorrhage and numerous parasites involving structures of the posterior fossa. Immunoperoxidase strains of trophozoites in meningeal and cerebellar tissue were positive for N. fowleri KUL and negative for N. gruberi, N. australiensis and Acanthamoeba rhysodes. This appears to be the first documented case of the disease in Mexico.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Corporatism and health care: a comparison of Sweden and Mexico.

Up to now, the Swedish health care system has been used as a model for comparisons with other developed nations, chiefly in Northern Europe and the United States. This article departs from the mainstream and poses that similarities along the political factor of corporatism warrant a comparative analysis between the Swedish and Mexican cases. The most widely accepted definitions and typologies of corporatism are reviewed. The arena of manpower policy is used to illustrate the effects of alternative modes of interest representation on health care organization. The final aim of this comparative exercise is to enrich the empirical basis required to build a theory about the complex determinants of health care systems. State corporatism has acted in Mexico largely unchecked by geographical interest representation, in contrast with Sweden where centralist and decentralist forces are more balanced. This finding helps to understand why Sweden and Mexico mark extreme points along the health equity continuum. The comparison underscores the need for Sweden to avoid the risk of weakening the equity basis of its health care system as it moves along its current reform. The importance of these transformations go beyond Sweden, since they will undoubtedly offer new models of thinking and acting for the rest of the world.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1995

Disinfection and sterilization practices in Mexico.

We evaluated antisepsis, disinfection, and sterilization procedures at 22 hospitals in the state of Yucatan, Mexico, which provide services for approximately 80% of the population. The percentage of hospitals that followed standard recommendations for diverse antisepsis procedures were as follows: surgical scrub, 41%; surgical site preparation, 68%; central intravenous (iv) catheters, 61%; peripheral iv catheters, 86%; urinary catheters, 41%, and umbilical cord care, 5%. Inappropriate procedures typically involved the use of benzalkonium chloride and mercury compounds. Adequate sterilization procedures were observed for sharp surgical instruments in 9%, for blunt surgical instruments in 81%; for linen in 90%; for surgical brushes in 9%; for metal prostheses in 100%; for plastic prostheses in 57%; and for disinfection of endoscopes in 30%. The most common errors were the use of too short an exposure time in steam sterilizers or dry heat sterilizers, and the use of benzalkonium chloride as a sterilizing agent. Only 14% of hospitals used commercial spore preparations for autoclave monitoring. For the reuse of disposables, 50-94% of hospitals employed inappropriate sterilization or low-level disinfection procedures. Similar conditions are likely to exist in hospitals throughout the country. The establishment of strict regulations and hospital training programmes for disinfection and sterilization procedures, and the reuse of disposable devices is urgently needed in Mexico.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1990

Injury mortality in American Indian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white children in New Mexico, 1958-1982.

Childhood fatalities from injuries are a serious public health problem in New Mexico, a state which ranks second in the nation in injury-related mortality rates. To determine the extent of injury mortality in children in this state, and to examine time trends and differences in mortality rates in New Mexico's American Indian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white children aged 0-14 years, we analyzed vital records collected from 1958 to 1982. American Indian children experienced the highest mortality rates from all external causes combined. Among all three major ethnic groups, children aged 0-4 years were at the highest risk for injury fatalities. Unintentional injuries accounted for 85% of all injury-related deaths. Motor vehicle crashes and drowning were the first and second leading causes of death in all three groups, while other important causes of death included fire, choking on food or other objects, poisoning, and homicide. Although the fatality rates on most types of injuries decreased over the 25-year period, childhood fatality rates for motor vehicle crashes and homicide increased in each ethnic group. Despite the overall decrease in injury mortality rates in New Mexican children, the rates are excessively high compared to other states, especially in American Indian children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Factors influencing patient perceived recovery in Mexico.

The aim of this paper is twofold: first, to present empirical findings, using data drawn from a comprehensive two year study of biomedical practice and patients perceptions of treatment and recovery done in a Mexico City public hospital, identifying specific aspects of the doctor-patient relationship that impact on patient perceived recovery. Second, and flowing from the first, the objective is to consider broader theoretical issues relevant to the doctor-patient relationship, the role it plays in the healing process and in biomedical practice, especially in a developing nation such as Mexico. The paper is divided into two sections: in Section I, the problem is defined and the methodology and findings are described, employing statistical and qualitative analyses. While enormous importance has been given to the doctor-patient relationship in biomedicine, the results of the study using statistical analysis, reveal that only particular components of the physician-patient encounter significantly influence differential treatment outcomes. In Section II the significance of the findings are discussed and theoretical issues are addressed bearing on the physician-patient relationship, and patients' perceptions of treatment. To illuminate the differential perceptions of treatment outcomes by patients with non-life-threatening disorders, the concept of life's lesions is proposed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

Interstate migration in Mexico: variations on the Todaro theme.

"This study of migration in Mexico is based upon a modified Todaro approach and utilizes census data in a simultaneous equations model of 13 variables. It is unique in several ways: (a) it introduces proxy variables for employment probability and cost of migration that have not heretofore been found in the literature, but for which data are often available; (b) it illustrates that in some important cases census data have advantages not available through surveys; and (c) it finds that in some sense land reform in Mexico may have operated perversely. Finally, the study opens a new avenue for the study of informal sector growth."

Agriculture↗
PubMed1988

Traumatic asphyxia in New Mexico: a five-year experience.

Compression of the chest causing facial petechiae, violaceous facial hue, subconjunctival hemorrhages, and frequent mental status abnormalities has been termed traumatic asphyxia. We identified 35 such cases occurring in the State of New Mexico from 1980 to 1985 from records of the Office of the Medical Investigator (n = 30) and from cases presenting to the University of New Mexico Trauma Center (n = 5). Among those found at highest risk for traumatic asphyxia were people ejected from motor vehicles, men working under cars that were inadequately supported and fell onto the victims, children under the age of 5 years who were crushed under household furniture, and people involved in construction activities. Traumatic asphyxia following a moving motor vehicle accident was significantly associated with alcohol ingestion (p less than 0.001). Preventive and therapeutic strategies should focus on the groups and events identified.

Accidents↗
PubMed1995

Cancer of the mobile tongue in Mexico. A retrospective study of 170 patients.

Histological reports of 170 patients with cancer of the mobile tongue between 1977 and 1989 were identified at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), in Mexico City. Demographic, clinical and histological information was retrospectively reviewed. Chi-square, Student's t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were applied for comparisons, and Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards for survival analysis. Of the 161 patients with mobile tongue squamous cell carcinoma (MTSCC), 104 (65%) were males and 57 (35%) were females. The mean age was 60 years old (range 19-91). T1 and T2 lesions comprised 35%, T3 and T4 lesions 65%. There was a statistically significant association between size of the tumour and lymph node involvement (P < 0.0001). The proportion of cases with advanced disease was 80% for males and 57% for females (P = 0.008). The 5-year survival rate was 16% (CI 10.2-22.8%). Cancer of the mobile tongue in Mexico still has a poor prognosis. Efforts should be made to reduce the delay in diagnosis of MTSCC, in order to increase the cure rates and improve the quality of life of the patients.

Adult↗