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PubMed1993

The availability of research journals in South African academic medical libraries.

Biomedical researchers depend on the journals of science as a primary source of information. The spiralling cost of journals threatens the ability of libraries to provide their users' information needs. In this study the availability of a representative sample of journals used by South African biomedical researchers was determined at each of the seven medical faculty libraries. The application of a standardised document delivery test is described and the results are interpreted in terms of: (i) the capability index, which includes material obtainable through inter-library loans; and (ii) an availability index, or measure of the probability that a user will find an item without delay in his/her own library. The current status of availability of biomedical journals was found to be high at all the libraries; indeed, the scores compare favourably with results obtained at academic libraries overseas. There is, however, real concern that the financial crisis in tertiary education will cause the situation to deteriorate. Repetition of this test is recommended to monitor the (probably declining) level of journal availability. The information would support efforts to rationalise and subsequently strengthen academic medical libraries' collective holdings as a strategic national resource.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1997

Strategic planning with multitype libraries in the community: a model with extra funding as the main goal.

Medical libraries are discovering that ongoing collaboration in fundraising with other types of community libraries is mutually beneficial. Such partnerships may lead to joint grants, increase library visibility and access to decision makers, allow participation in community information networks, and provide leverage in additional fundraising projects. These partnerships have the potential to raise the profile of libraries. The accompanying community recognition for the parent organization may create a positive image, draw patients to the health center, and position the library and institution for future success in fundraising. Within institutions, development officers may become allies, mentors, and beneficiaries of the medical librarian's efforts. For a planned approach to community outreach with extra funding as the major objective, busy medical library administrators need guidelines. Standard participative techniques were applied to strategic planning by Indianapolis libraries to help achieve successful community outreach and to write joint statements of mission, vision, goals, and objectives.

Community-Institutional Relations↗
PubMed1998

Focus-2D: a new approach to the design of targeted combinatorial chemical libraries.

A strategy for rational design of targeted combinatorial libraries is described. The aim of this approach is to select a subset of available building blocks for the library synthesis that are most likely to be present in the active compounds. Building blocks that are used in the underlying combinatorial chemical reaction are randomly assembled to produce virtual combinatorial library compounds, which are represented by various chemical descriptors. Stochastic algorithms (simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, neural net methods) are used to search the potentially large structural space of virtual chemical libraries in order to identify compounds similar to lead compound(-s). The selection of a virtual molecule as a candidate for the targeted library is based either on its chemical similarity to a biologically active probe or on its biological activity predicted from a pre-constructed QSAR equation. Frequency analysis of building block composition of the selected virtual compounds identifies building blocks that can be used in combinatorial synthesis of chemical libraries with high similarity to the lead compound(-s). This method is applied to rational design of the library with bradykinin potentiating activity. Twenty eight bradykinin potentiating pentapeptides were used as a training set for the development of a QSAR equation, and, alternatively, two active pentapeptides, VEWAK and VKWAP, were used as probe molecules. In each case, the frequency distribution of amino acids in the top 100 peptides suggested by the method resembles the frequency distribution of amino acids found in the active peptides. The results obtained after GA optimization also compared favorably with those obtained by the exhaustive analysis of all possible 3.2 millions pentapeptides.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1964

THE DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF A NEW MEDICAL SCHOOL LIBRARY.

Factors to consider in determining the type of new medical school library include geographical location, proximity of general library facilities, and financial support. The librarian should be directly responsible to the dean of the medical school, have faculty status, and be a member of the administrative council. Five professional librarians and five clerical workers plus part-time help are necessary to initiate a well-organized library. The basic collection for a medical research library will cost approximately $500,000, and an annual operating budget should be about $103,000. Selection of journal titles for subscription is the first major consideration; the second is the selection of basic, standard monographs. Immediate public service functions include meeting the needs of the new incoming faculty, aiding in the recruitment of faculty, and establishing good rapport with the local medical community. The librarian of a new medical school library must be a leader in every respect of medical librarianship.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Selection of library services by post-registration nursing, midwifery and health visiting students.

This paper describes a small-scale survey undertaken with 300 nurses, midwives and health visitors on post-registration courses and registered for the ENB Higher Award. The aim was threefold: first to examine reasons for electing to use particular libraries; second, the relationship between workplace, home, teaching site and choice of library services; and third, the use of library enquiry services. There was a 56% response rate to the postal questionnaire and results indicated that the key factor in selecting a library was availability of resources rather than convenience to home or workplace. The third largest group of respondents worked in community organizations with little or no on-site access to resources and were dependent on access to other libraries. Most who used the library for literature searching needed to seek help in spite of preliminary user education sessions. Similar levels of assistance were needed to locate journals and use the computerized book catalogue. The paper recommends explicit information on strategic entry points, necessity of a broad central collection, integration of information retrieval into post-registration courses, use of self-study packs, better trust/university liaison and recognition of the need for resource transfer from teaching to learning.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1964

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CANADIAN MEDICAL LIBRARIES.

Library developments since the Biomedical Library's establishment in 1951 are discussed, including the province-wide B.C. Medical Library Service and the recent activities of Canadian medical school librarians. The recommendations about medical libraries, which were submitted by the Committee of the Medical Science Libraries, C.L.A.-A.C.B., in its Brief to the Canadian Government's Royal Commission on Health Services, are listed. There is some discussion of the Survey report of the twelve medical school libraries which has been prepared for the Royal Commission's Special Committee on Medical Education, the outcome of which will not be known until midsummer 1963.

Canada↗
PubMed2004

The Louis Stokes Health Sciences Library: the Howard University move experience.

The Louis Stokes Health Sciences Library attributes its successful move to early planning and preparation. Professional literature on the subject as well as consultation with other experienced library personnel also proved beneficial. Utilizing these resources, the committees devised a strategy that supported the library's mission to provide excellent and complete information services for the advancement of health sciences. This paper describes the Howard University Health Sciences Library move experience and offers practical advice for planning a library move. We hope that the information shared will assist other libraries facing a similar challenge.

Diffusion of Innovation↗
PubMed2004

Academic health sciences library Website navigation: an analysis of forty-one Websites and their navigation tools.

BACKGROUND: The analysis included forty-one academic health sciences library (HSL) Websites as captured in the first two weeks of January 2001. Home pages and persistent navigational tools (PNTs) were analyzed for layout, technology, and links, and other general site metrics were taken. METHODS: Websites were selected based on rank in the National Network of Libraries of Medicine, with regional and resource libraries given preference on the basis that these libraries are recognized as leaders in their regions and would be the most reasonable source of standards for best practice. A three-page evaluation tool was developed based on previous similar studies. All forty-one sites were evaluated in four specific areas: library general information, Website aids and tools, library services, and electronic resources. Metrics taken for electronic resources included orientation of bibliographic databases alphabetically by title or by subject area and with links to specifically named databases. RESULTS: Based on the results, a formula for determining obligatory links was developed, listing items that should appear on all academic HSL Web home pages and PNTs. CONCLUSIONS: These obligatory links demonstrate a series of best practices that may be followed in the design and construction of academic HSL Websites.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of holdings of NLM (CATLINE) with those of resource libraries.

The collection development practices of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), with the goal of comprehensive acquisition of biomedical monographs, are compared with those of the resource libraries of the TALON (Region IX) Regional Medical Library. Holdings of two resource libraries in the TALON region, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, and of the TALON Union Catalog of Monographs were compared with the NLM CATLINE data base for four subject classes and selected imprint years. Foreign-language coverage is lacking in Region IX, with English-language coverage is lacking in Region IX, with English-language coverage ranging between 70 and 88% of titles listed in CATLINE. Absent English-language material tends to be ephemeral or otherwise out of scope for the resource libraries. Between 7.1 and 18.8% of monographs acquired in each subject class by the two recource libraries are lacking in CATLINE; this represents between 2 and 8% of the CATLINE titles for each class.

Book Collecting↗
PubMed1983

Library service to dental practitioners.

Dental school libraries offer resources of value to dental practitioners, but do not always consider practitioners to be primary clientele. A survey was conducted among the sixty U.S. dental school libraries to examine policies and attitudes toward service to practitioners. Although library use by dentists is estimated to be low, most libraries are willing to serve them as long as it does not reduce the libraries' ability to assist students and faculty. Of the respondents, 57% replied that they do not use promotional methods to inform dentists of available services. Greater involvement in marketing activities may benefit both libraries and dentists.

Dentists↗
PubMed1995

Tomorrow's library: will it all be infrastructure?

The form in which knowledge is described and encapsulated has a major impact on the design of libraries and the functions performed within the library. Libraries as we known them have been primarily built to store and disseminate knowledge in book format. New technology and the changing needs of knowledge workers, which form important parts of the logocentric, practicentric, and democentric elements of our information infrastructure, have created profound changes in our culture, challenge our definition of knowledge, and necessitate flexible designs for our libraries. The invention of practical mediums for information access, such as the book in the seventeenth century, television in the twentieth century, and perhaps the Internet in the twenty-first century, open the door to self-education with little economic discrimination. New roles for libraries are emerging that require flexibility in building design for moving collections, services, functions, and equipment; restructuring staff organizations; introducing new services associated with new technology; eliminating unnecessary or nonaffordable services; and housing other institutional departments within the structure of the "new" library.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1999

New opioid peptides, peptidomimetics, and heterocyclic compounds from combinatorial libraries.

Here we review the use of combinatorial libraries in opioid receptor assays. Following a brief description of the history of the combinatorial field, methods for the generation of synthetic libraries and the deconvolution of mixture-based libraries are presented. Case studies involving opioid assays used to demonstrate the viability of combinatorial libraries are described. The identification of new opioid peptides from combinatorial libraries is reviewed. The peptides found are composed of L-amino acids, D-amino acids, or L-, D-, and unnatural amino acids, and range from tetrapeptides to decapeptides. Likewise, new opioid compounds identified from peptidomimetic libraries, such as peptoids and alkylated dipeptides, and those identified from acyclic (e.g., polyamine, urea) and heterocyclic (e.g., bicyclic guanidine) libraries, are reviewed.

Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques↗
PubMed1995

One-bead-one-structure combinatorial libraries.

Combinatorial libraries employing the one-bead-one-compound technique are reviewed. Two distinguishing features characterize this technique. First, each compound is identified with a unique solid support, enabling facile segregation of active compounds. Second, the identity of a compound on a positively reacting bead is elucidated only after its biological relevance is established. Direct methods of structure identification (Edman degradation and mass spectroscopy) as well as indirect "coding" methods facilitating the synthesis and screening of nonpeptide libraries are discussed. Nonpeptide and "scaffold" libraries, together with a new approach for the discovery of a peptide binding motif using a "library of libraries," are also discussed. In addition, the ability to use combinatorial libraries to optimize initially discovered leads is illustrated with examples using peptide libraries.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Combinatorial synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of an indexed chalcone library.

A 120-membered chalcone library has been designed and prepared from six differently substituted acetophenones (A1-A6) and 20 benzaldehydes (B1-B20). The library was subjected to biological studies targeted against six bacterial strains. For the identification of the most-active member(s) of the library, the so-called indexed or positional-scanning method was applied. Six out of 26 sub-libraries, i.e., AL1-AL6, were synthesized by keeping the acetophenone moiety A fixed and using equimolar quantities of the 20 different benzaldehydes. The remaining 20 sub-libraries BL1-BL20 were prepared by keeping the benzaldehyde B component fixed and varying the six acetophenones (Table 1). The bactericidal activities of the resulting sub-libraries were tested and used as indices to the rows or columns of a two-dimensional matrix. Finally, parallel synthesis of 24 specific members with the highest-expected antibacterial activities, present in two sub-libraries, was carried out. These chalcones were screened again, and the results were exploited for establishing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and the identification of the lead compound, which turned out to be 1,3-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (A2B2) in terms of activity towards Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis (Tables 5-7).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of protocols for reproducible electrospray in-source collisionally induced dissociation on various liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry instruments and the development of spectral libraries.

Mass spectral libraries provide a tool for identifying unknown compounds using both molecular weight and fragmentation information. Mass spectrometers with electrospray ionisation (ESI) and atmospheric chemical ionisation (ApCI) sources have the capability to produce data of this type using in-source collisionally induced dissociation (CID), and in-source CID libraries can be created. Due to the variation in electrospray source design from different instrument manufacturers, the production of reproducible in-source CID spectra that can be used in libraries for all instrument types is not a trivial task. To date, the evaluation of the production of in-source CID libraries has tended to focus on similar instruments from one manufacturer. The studies have also tended to focus on specific compound classes, with a limited molecular weight range.This report describes the findings from the investigation of protocols for the creation of mass spectral libraries using ESI in-source CID on six instruments from four different manufacturers. The overall goal was to create a spectral library for the identification of unknowns. The library could then be applied across all manufacturers' electrospray instruments. Two different experimental protocols were attempted. The first used a tuning compound to establish standard ESI source conditions, with fixed fragmentation potentials. The second involved the attenuation of the [M + H](+) ion to a known degree. A diverse range of compounds (pharmaceutical, photographic, pesticides) was tested to establish the reproducibility of the spectra on the six instruments. Both protocols produced spectra on the various instruments that in many cases were very similar. In other examples, the spectra differed not only in their relative ion abundances, but also in terms of the spectral content. Important observations regarding the effect of ion source design are also reported. The degree of spectral reproducibility was calculated off-line by comparing the five most abundant ions (20% for each ion that matches) from each spectrum on each instrument. This approach was adopted, as we do not possess a software package that met our requirements for spectral comparison. Match factors (% fit) were calculated by comparing each spectrum against the spectra recorded for the same compound and then for all other compounds, on each instrument. The % fit values derived by the off-line approach gave a clear view of the spectral reproducibility from instrument to instrument and also discriminated the spectra of the various compounds from each other. The applicability of this approach was tested using a blind trial in which several compounds were presented as unknowns, their in-source CID spectra recorded and the five-ion approach used for identification.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2005

Construction of two BAC libraries from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and identification of clones linked to yield component quantitative trait loci.

Two bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries were constructed from an inbred line derived from a cultivar of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Intact nuclei were isolated and embedded in agarose plugs, and high-molecular-weight DNA was subsequently partially digested with BamHI or EcoRI. Ligation of double size-selected DNA fragments with the pECBAC1 vector yielded two libraries containing 23,040 BamHI and 18,432 EcoRI clones. The average BamHI and EcoRI insert sizes were estimated to be 107.0 kb and 100.8 kb, respectively, and BAC clones lacking inserts were 1.3% and 14.5% in the BamHI and EcoRI libraries, respectively. The two libraries together represent approximately 10.8 haploid cucumber genomes. Hybridization with a C(0)t-1 DNA probe revealed that approximately 36% of BAC clones likely carried repetitive sequence-enriched DNA. The frequencies of BAC clones that carry chloroplast or mitochondrial DNA range from 0.20% to 0.47%. Four sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR), four simple sequence repeat, and an randomly amplified polymorphic DNA marker linked with yield component quantitative trait loci were used either as probes to hybridize high-density colony filters prepared from both libraries or as primers to screen an ordered array of pooled BAC DNA prepared from the BamHI library. Positive BAC clones were identified in predicted numbers, as screening by polymerase chain reaction amplification effectively overcame the problems associated with an overabundance of positives from hybridization with two SCAR markers. The BAC clones identified herein that are linked to the de (determinate habit) and F (gynoecy) locus will be useful for positional cloning of these economically important genes. These BAC libraries will also facilitate physical mapping of the cucumber genome and comparative genome analyses with other plant species.

Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

Combined use of ESI-QqTOF-MS and ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS with mass-spectral library search for qualitative analysis of drugs.

The potential of the combined use of ESI-QqTOF-MS and ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS with mass-spectral library search for the identification of therapeutic and illicit drugs has been evaluated. Reserpine was used for standardizing experimental conditions and for characterization of the performance of the applied mass spectrometric system. Experiments revealed that because of the mass accuracy, the stability of calibration, and the reproducibility of fragmentation, the QqTOF mass spectrometer is an appropriate platform for establishment of a tandem-mass-spectral library. Three-hundred and nineteen substances were used as reference samples to build the spectral library. For each reference compound, product-ion spectra were acquired at ten different collision-energy values between 5 eV and 50 eV. For identification of unknown compounds, a library search algorithm was developed. The closeness of matching between a measured product-ion spectrum and a spectrum stored in the library was characterized by a value called "match probability", which took into account the number of matched fragment ions, the number of fragment ions observed in the two spectra, and the sum of the intensity differences calculated for matching fragments. A large value for the match probability indicated a close match between the measured and the reference spectrum. A unique feature of the library search algorithm-an implemented spectral purification option-enables characterization of multi-contributor fragment-ion spectra. With the aid of this software feature, substances comprising only 1.0% of the total amount of binary mixtures were unequivocally assigned, in addition to the isobaric main contributors. The spectral library was successfully applied to the characterization of 39 forensic casework samples.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Detecting cellulase and esterase enzyme activities encoded by novel genes present in environmental DNA libraries.

A genomic DNA library was made from the alkaliphilic cellulase-producing Bacillus agaradhaerans in order to prove our technologies for gene isolation prior to using them with samples of DNA isolated directly from environmental samples. Clones expressing a cellulase activity were identified and sequenced. A new cellulase gene was identified. Genomic DNA libraries were then made from DNA isolated directly from the Kenyan soda lakes, Lake Elmenteita and Crater Lake. Crater Lake clones expressing a cellulase activity and Lake Elmenteita clones expressing a lipase/esterase activity were identified and sequenced. These were encoded by novel genes as judged by DNA sequence comparisons. Genomic DNA libraries were also made from laboratory enrichment cultures of Lake Nakuru and Lake Elmenteita samples. Selective enrichment cultures were grown in the presence of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and olive oil. A number of new cellulase and lipase/esterase genes were discovered in these libraries. Cellulase-positive clones from Lake Nakuru were isolated at a frequency of 1 in 15,000 from a library made from a CMC enrichment as compared to 1 in 60,000 from a minimal medium enrichment. Esterase/lipase-positive clones from Lake Elmenteita were isolated with a frequency of 1 in 30,000 from a library made from an olive-oil enrichment as compared to 1 in 100,000 from an environmental library.

Amino Acid Sequence↗