Do immigrants working illegally reduce the natives' legal employment? Evidence from Italy.
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Cross-Sectional Studies↗
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A computable general equilibrium assessment of the impact of illegal immigration on the Greek economy.
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Demography↗
Entangling the complexity of protected area management: the case of Wolong Biosphere Reserve, southwestern China.
Protected Area (PA) management is a complex issue that requires the consideration of many factors and relationships. A conceptual framework for the analysis of biodiversity change, local human communities, and PA management was put forward, accordingly. Under the framework, we investigated the economic status, livelihood activities, biodiversity use and perceptions of local communities, and the land use history in Wolong Biosphere Reserve, southwestern China through household survey and document review in order to gain a better understanding of the complexity of PA management. According to the land use history, the preservation of agro-biodiversity, and the raising of productivity, ecological rehabilitation and the regulation of the human pressures are indispensable in the management of the reserve. Livelihood activities and the perceptions of local communities were largely determined by the socioeconomic background, which has important implications in solving the conflicts or incompatibilities in the reserve. In Wolong Biosphere Reserve, it is beneficial to support local farmers in solving their socioeconomic problems such as the overabundance of labor force and the lack of livelihood alternatives. Without this, there will be scarcely any effective biodiversity conservation and successful reserve management in the long term.
Agriculture↗
[Demographic change--a challenge for all involved in the labor market].
The labor market and the whole economy will be confronted with the aging of the labor force in the near future. This can but must not necessarily become a problem for future innovation processes in companies. It depends on the ability of companies and their staff to abolish the common, but wrong prejustice that older worker are less innovative because of their age.
Aged↗
[Long-term follow-up and prognosis of work capacity in the early stage of chronic polyarthritis].
OBJECTIVES: Work disability (WD) in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not been extensively evaluated in Germany. Therefore, the occurrence of WD pension within the first seven years of RA and prognostic indicators of the first year including the duration of sick leave (SL) were analyzed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Within the first year of RA according to the ACR 1987 criteria, 141 gainfully employed patients were entered into a prospective multicenter study (61% females, mean age 47 +/- 9 years, mean disease duration 6 +/- 3.5 months). One hundred and ten patients (78%) participated in a reevaluation (postal questionnaire) after a mean follow-up of 6.1 +/- 0.4 years. Predictors of WD pension were identified in univariate analyses and in backward multivariate Cox regression analyses (p < 0.05) with Hazard-ratios [H-R] as measures of WD risk. RESULTS: Of 110 patients 53 (48%) were still employed at reexamination. WD due to RA occurred in 5% after one year disease duration, in 15% after 2 years, in 20% after 3 years, and in 28% after 6.5 years. Other reasons for leaving the labor force were found in 24%. High pain intensity, radiographic erosions, comorbidity and the pain behavior of avoidance were associated with WD only in univariate analyses. Age > 45 years [H-R 6.3] and the following job-related prognostic indicators were identified in the multivariate analyses: working under pressure of time [H-R 9.0], limited joint motion interferring with job tasks [H-R 5.9], feeling overworked [H-R 3.8] and work status (unskilled blue-collar workers vs white-collar professionals and self-employed persons) [H-R 3.4]. In an alternative final Cox-regression model the variables feeling overworked and work status were replaced by SL duration > 8 weeks within the first year of RA [H-R 7.1]. CONCLUSIONS: Since WD frequently occurs already within the first 3 years (20%) adequate interventions resulting from the prognostic indicators have to begin early in the course of RA. Apart from the rheumatological treatment and rehabilitation focusing on the reduction of pain, improved coping with pain, reduced joint destruction and improved mobility particularly working under pressure of time should be avoided and the work place has to be adjusted in case of limited joint motion interferring with job tasks. SL of several weeks duration already within the first year of RA is a red flag for impending WD.
Adult↗
Long-term absenteeism due to sickness in Sweden. How long does it take and what happens after?
In this paper, we analyze exits from long-term sickness spells in Sweden. Using data for more than 2,500 people, the aim is to analyze the transition to different states: return to work, full disability pension, partial disability pension, and other exits from the labor force. Given the complexity of the exit decision, which encompasses both the individual's choice, the medical evaluation and the decision of the insurance adjudicator, we consider the outcome as being the result of two aspects of the exit process: one that governs the duration of a spell prior to the decision to exit, and another that governs the type of exit. Therefore, the analysis is done in two steps: first, we analyze the duration of the sickness spells, and then we analyze the process that governs the type of exit. The results indicate that both individual characteristics and push factors, such as regional unemployment, are important for both components of the decision process.
Absenteeism↗
Employment and health insurance coverage for rural Latino populations.
Rural Latino populations continue to grow in part due to relocation of food processing industries to rural America along with other manufacturing and large retail stores. We use data from the Current Population Survey to examine the labor force participation of rural Latino population and the role rural employers play in providing health insurance coverage. We found that while rural Latinos are more likely to be uninsured, the meat packing industry has higher health insurance coverage rates than other rural employers such as construction and retail. Local communities recruiting new businesses to their rural communities need to explore the role that employers will play in providing health insurance coverage. Lack of adequate coverage will have an impact on the income, resources, and day-to-day activities of physicians, hospitals and traditional safety net providers.
Adolescent↗
Uninsured working immigrants: a view from a California county.
We inform a county's efforts to provide health insurance to uninsured working immigrants-a group left out of national and state strategies that aim to expand coverage. We analyzed a population-based survey data administered in English, Spanish, Cantonese, Mandarin, Korean, Vietnamese, and Dari on 5,540 nonelderly adult workers in Alameda County, California. The study models the likelihood of employment-based coverage, estimates the eligibility for public programs, and evaluates the affordability of average employee share of premiums by citizenship status and years lived in the United States (tenure). Immigrant workers in Alameda County are disproportionately uninsured. They constitute 29% of the employee labor force but 54% of uninsured employees. Employment-based coverage increased with citizenship and length of stay (tenure) in the United States. Noncitizens with less than 5 years residency in the United States faced the greatest disadvantage in securing employment-based coverage, an effect that is greater than disadvantages associated with race/ethnicity. A citizenship-tenure divide existed in obtaining employment-based coverage, suggesting that policies focusing on noncitizen and new immigrant workers would greatly relieve the disparate uninsured rates among workers. The expansion of nonemployment-based coverage programs would cover more than 30% of Alameda County's uninsured immigrant workers; but subsidies will also be needed for the lowest-income workers who are not eligible for these programs.
Adult↗
Occupational and educational achievements of head injured Vietnam veterans at 15-year follow-up.
Little is known about the long-term affects of head injury on achievement. The post-injury educational and occupational achievements of 520 survivors of penetrating head injury in Vietnam (and 85 uninjured controls) were examined 15 years after injury. Most patients (82%) had used Veterans Administration educational benefits to return to school, and many of those (64%) had achieved degrees. Return to work was strongly related to level of educational achievement, particularly among the most severely disabled. Though only 56% of the head injured were gainfully employed, the occupational distribution of those who were working differed little from uninjured controls, or the male labor force. Severity of injury affects educational achievement and return to work, but not the occupational distribution of those who do manage to return. Even the most severely injured can sometimes achieve high educational and occupational levels.
Achievement↗
Recent urban and population change in Poland.
"This paper documents recent changes in urban and population trends in Poland. These changes include a sharp decrease in the spatial mobility of the population, a transition from population concentration to deconcentration at interregional scale, and a weakening of the dominance of metropolitan core areas vis-a-vis metropolitan rings." The author suggests that rates of internal migration will increase in the 1990s as the large cohorts born in the 1970s enter the labor force.
Demography↗
Gender, migration and urban development in Costa Rica: the case of Guanacaste.
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Americas↗
Re-thinking skilled international labour migration: world cities and banking organisations.
"Highly skilled professional and managerial labour migration has become an important facet of the contemporary world economy. The operations of transnational corporations have created more opportunities for skilled migrants to work abroad.... There is a growing interest amongst economic geographers to examine this form of migration through an appreciation of global economic restructuring, labour market change and world cities. Consequently, this paper introduces a new conceptual framework...[which] is based on the rationale that world cities, and the patterns of labour market demand that exist within them, are of paramount importance in influencing highly skilled professional and managerial labour migration within the world economy. The author uses an example of highly skilled labour migration within the transnational banking sector [in London] to illustrate this new conceptual framework."
Demography↗
Government subsidy of critical-need occupations: the case of nurses.
This paper undertakes an econometric evaluation of governmental policies aimed at increasing the labor force supply of nurses and at effecting greater hospital substitution among auxilliary health personnel, in times of nurse shortage. The methodology is to employ a simultaneous equation, multi-nurse econometric model which is estimated by a three-stage least-squares procedure incorporating use of logit transformation to deal with limited dependent variables and use of weighted least squares to deal with heteroskedasticity.
Analysis of Variance↗
Assisting the employed breastfeeding mother.
Breastfeeding and employment are often viewed as mutually exclusive activities. However, women who choose to breastfeed are more likely than other mothers to return to paid employment outside the home, and many of these mothers want to continue breastfeeding. The midwife is in a unique position to assist these mothers as they make plans for infant feeding during their pregnancy, while they are learning how to breastfeed, and after they have returned to the labor force. This paper presents relevant research findings and specific guidelines designed to assist the midwife in counseling mothers who are planning to breastfeed while employed outside the home. The author suggests that establishing lactation before the return to employment is a key to enabling breastfeeding to continue as long as the mother wishes. The importance of expressing milk during periods of separation is discussed. Key questions to ask when recommending breast pumps are identified.
Breast Feeding↗
Employee health and fitness: the state of the art.
Health care and health promotion measures currently are undergoing critical cost/benefit or cost/effectiveness scrutiny. An employee fitness program offers a convenient means for realizing community goals of lifestyle change but also has the potential to augment worker productivity. The costs of exercise testing and program development for an employee program ($100-$350 per participant year, measured in 1982 U.S. dollars) compare favorably with nonoccupational approaches to the promotion of fitness and a healthy lifestyle. The combined savings from a reduction of appraised age, improvement in lifestyle, decreased use of hospital and physician services, decrease in absenteeism and employee turnover, improved productivity, and decreased need for geriatric care substantially exceed the likely outlay. Given a 20% participation rate, the order of benefit from these factors is over $700 per year for each member of the labor force. In a company employing 1,000 people, a cost of perhaps $40,000 for 200 participants would yield a dividend of $650-$700,000 per year. Arguments continue on the specificity of exercise-induced gains in health and performance, but the burden of proof rests with those who maintain that equal benefits could be obtained from other tactics.
Absenteeism↗
A short history of occupational fitness and health promotion.
The suggestion of a linkage between adequate exercise and occupational health dates back to Ramazzini's classical observations on cobblers and tailors. However, excessive hours of work at too high an intensity were of greater concern than increase of fitness or health promotion in the early phases of the industrial revolution. Loss of physical condition is a more recent phenomenon, and it can be traced to automation in industry and the home, progressive urbanization, and widespread use of the automobile. The Canadian government has seen worksite fitness and health promotion programs as convenient tactics to reverse this trend. Exercise programs apparently yield a healthier and more effective labor force, and major corporations have thus followed the government's lead in developing fitness and health promotional facilities as a part of personnel or occupational health departments. Some health economists have suggested a substantial return upon such investment, but most corporations still regard the promotion of fitness and a healthy lifestyle as an expression of good citizenship. Currently, unifocal fitness programs are being replaced by modular health programs that address a wide range of lifestyle issues, including nutrition, stress relaxation, cigarette addiction, and drug abuse. The purpose of the present brief review is to trace from a personal perspective the development of an interest in employee fitness as an important component of occupational health programs over the past 300 years. The linkage of this phenomenon to the changing human demands of the worksite will also be explored.
Canada↗
Immigration--mismatches in labour, housing and space: the effects of immigration of several nationalities with regard to the Netherlands.
"In the Netherlands, the sharp recent increase of the number of refugee immigrants (asylum seekers) runs parallel to increased numbers of immigrants of other types. Therefore, at least five types of immigrants should still be distinguished (labour migrants, migrants from former colonies, from EU countries, from other rich countries, and asylum seekers). Their spatial orientation in the Netherlands (urban, suburban, rural), by choice or by constraint, is the main focus of this study. The outcomes of the immigration processes have been confronted with general and spatial characteristics of the labour market and housing market. Matches and mismatches are discussed."
Demography↗
Child labor in Bombay.
Of the world's largest child labor force in India, Bombay has over 30,000 working children, most of them migrants. In a prospective study of 73 working children from a part of Dharavi, the biggest slum in Asia, 68% were working as hotel boys; 22% had started working before their 10th birthday, a large number doing so to increase the family income, but earning less than Rs. 100 ($11) per month. Forty percent worked more than 12 hours a day and only 16% continued schooling. Two-thirds depended entirely on their employers for food which was adequate and no child in the study was malnourished. Overall incidence of anemia and vitamin deficiency was 10% each. Only 7% had ailments related to their occupation. Because this was a cross-sectional study no conclusions can be drawn regarding long term and residual effects. Preventing children from working is likely to make worse their own as well as their families' problems unless substitute sources of income or welfare are available. Legal protection and other services near their working places are essential for those who have to work.
Adolescent↗