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PubMed1992

Quality assurance in mammography. Accreditation, legislation, and compliance with quality assurance standards.

The status of mammography quality assurance in the United States has been reviewed briefly. The history, goals, current status, and possible future directions of the ACR Mammography Accreditation Program have been described, and other ACR activities in mammography quality assurance have been discussed, including ACR Standards of Practice in Mammography, ACR Mammography Quality Control Manuals, and the ACR/CDC Cooperative Agreement on Quality Assurance in Mammography. The quality assurance provisions of recently adopted federal legislation on mammography have been reviewed, including the Medicare legislation on screening mammography, along with the proposed Women's Health Equity Act mammography quality assurance provisions. Finally, a simple plan has been proposed to fuse these activities into a coherent program for ensuring consistently high quality mammography at every site in the United States.

Accreditation↗

PubMed1991

[Epidemiology and legislation: HIV infections, AIDS and prisons].

A review of legislative and regulatory policies regarding the issues of HIV infection and AIDS epidemic in correctional facilities is conducted. Screening and prevention policies, mainly in the US State and Federal legislation, are particularly reviewed. Liberal and compulsory policies, including voluntary and mandatory screening tests for various prison population groups are analyzed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1990

Organ transplantation: the Latin American legislative response.

As medical barriers to human organ transplants have fallen, serious legal and ethical obstacles have emerged. This article provides an overview of those obstacles, taking into account the relevant legislation in force in 16 Latin American countries in 1989. The author proceeds by considering postmortem and inter-vivos organ donations separately and examining the principal ethical and legal issues relating to each kind. In the case of postmortem donation these deal mainly with donor consent, recipient selection, funding of transplant costs, and possible conflict of interest. In the case of inter-vivos donation they relate again to donor consent and funding as well as to certain other matters-notably donor compensation, commerce in organs, and international sharing of organs. On the whole it is concluded that the countries of Latin America, together with the nations of the world in general, urgently need to develop more comprehensive legislation on organ procurement and transplantation.

Brain Death↗

PubMed1990

[Health promotion in the framework of the health reform legislation--current perspectives for health insurance and municipalities].

This paper describes the perspectives of health promotion within the framework of the basic laws promulgated as of January 1989 in the Federal Republic of Germany. The initial situation, the intentions of the legislator, the performance criteria and the types of organised health promotion on a regional or county (community) basis are described. The new legislation on health promotion opens up new perspectives for compulsory health insurance bodies and regional (community) bodies. The advantages offered thereby must be made use of. The health insurance bodies can revive the principles of self-administration by taking full advantage of all possibilities of creating health promotion facilities. Community bodies must not only bear costs, they are also centrally responsible for health promotion policies to be enforced in their respective regions by organising cooperation between the individual persons and institutions who can regionally act as health policy promoters, and they are expected to bring about a general consensus on health promotion procedures.

Germany, West↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of Ontario health and sanitation requirements for day nurseries with that of other provincial and state legislation.

Comprehensive minimum licencing standards for child day nurseries were obtained from four Canadian provinces and five U.S. states for the purpose of comparison with current Ontario health and sanitation requirements pertaining to day nurseries. Over 30 provisions dealing with sanitation, infection prevention, and child health and safety were examined. Our review has highlighted deficiencies in Canadian provincial legislation compared with state minimum licencing standards; we provide recommendations for the updating of Ontario provincial day nursery legislation to correct perceived regulatory weaknesses.

Canada↗

PubMed1990

Medical privacy issues in the age of AIDS: legislative options.

Promises of confidentiality of HIV-related medical records and protection from discrimination based on HIV seropositivity are two of the legislative inducements state governments have offered to encourage voluntary HIV testing. Yet neither can be granted without impact on others whose interests range from those of a lover to those of an insurer. Politics as well as practicalities prevent the absolute protection of records from unauthorized disclosure and of individuals from discrimination. This article details the already enacted statutory compromises that have been made to resolve the conflicts of these competing interests and closely examines the myriad fine decisions made in reaching those legislative decisions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1989

Czechoslovak health legislation.

A history, description and assessment of health legislation in Czechoslovakia are given. The suggestion is made that it could serve as a model for health legislators in other countries, as it is the first universal health codex.

Czechoslovakia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A population survey on legislative measures to restrict smoking in Ontario: 3. Variables related to attitudes of smokers and nonsmokers.

A telephone survey of 1,383 residents of Ontario was conducted to assess attitudes toward antismoking legislation and knowledge of active and passive smoking health effects. After estimation of population parameters, analyses were carried out separately in smokers and nonsmokers to determine which characteristics, if any, were related to positive and negative attitudes, higher or lower knowledge scores, and predicted compliance or noncompliance with restrictive measures. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out. This paper reports the results for several measures of attitudes including restrictions on smoking locations and sales, differential insurance rates, control of advertising, and increase in taxes on cigarettes. Identification of smokers who hold negative attitudes is more reliable than identification of nonsmokers who hold positive views. Because different sets of variables were found to be related for the different attitude measures, it may be necessary to design different kinds of programs to prepare individuals for changes in legislation. The companion paper on p. 323 reports on the results for knowledge of active and passive smoking health effects and predicted compliance.

Advertising↗

PubMed1989

Public health leads IMS legislative agenda.

Transportation safety, tobacco restriction and other vital issues such as mandatory Medicare assignment are IMS priorities for the upcoming session of the Iowa Legislature. The author, chairman of the IMS Committee on Legislation, discusses the 1990 IMS legislative agenda.

Health Policy↗

PubMed1989

Tax reform legislation and the formation of optometric group practices.

Tax reform legislation through 1987 was analyzed for its impact on whether a partnership form of group practice or a professional corporation form is more advantageous from a federal tax standpoint. The effect of new tax legislation on pension plan contributions and on the deductibility of fringe benefits is delineated and discussed. Several miscellaneous changes in the law affecting group practice modes are discussed. Even though the individual income tax rates are now slightly lower than the corporate income tax rates, there is still life left in the professional corporation form of group practice if the Subchapter S election is made.

Group Practice↗

PubMed1987

The Employment Opportunities for Disabled Americans Act: legislative history and summary of provisions.

This article describes the legislative history of Public Law 99-643, the Employment Opportunities for Disabled Americans Act, and contains a summary of the provisions of the new law. The intent of this legislation is to enhance the work incentives for the disabled and blind under the supplemental security income (SSI) law. The law makes permanent and improves section 1619 of the Social Security Act, provisions that were enacted as a temporary demonstration project in 1980. These provisions encourage disabled and blind individuals who are eligible for SSI benefits to make work attempts by providing special SSI payments and Medicaid coverage while they do so.

Persons with Disabilities↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Federal legislative support for independent living.

This article details the federal legislative background, development, and outlook, and current activities by the states, in relation to establishing services to help adolescents in foster care prepare for independent living. The authors also specify directions that future legislation should take to expand assistance.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1986

Legislative and educational alternatives to a judicial remedy for the transfer trauma dilemma.

Transfer trauma is alleged to be an increase in morbidity and mortality in institutionally relocated chronically ill elderly. Efforts by the legal profession to persuade courts that transfer trauma should be a legally recognized phenomenon invoking judicial protections against transfer (the "transfer trauma argument") have been unproductive. In O'Bannon v. Town Court Nursing Center, Inc., the United States Supreme Court denied standing to elderly persons claiming a property interest in remaining in alleged substandard facilities. The Court rejected the argument that the possibility of transfer trauma constituted a deprivation of life or liberty that would have required due process protections of notice and hearing. Despite the Court's preclusion of transfer trauma litigation in a constitutional context and the general unwillingness of lower courts to recognize the phenomenon, attorneys continue to burden the judicial system with frivolous transfer trauma arguments. The unfruitful pursuit of a judicial remedy for the ethical and social problems that arise with relocation of the elderly continues, in part, because of a misguided belief that this distressing social phenomenon is best remedied by the courts. Judicial unwillingness to recognize the transfer trauma argument, however, does not preclude legislative consideration of the humanitarian issues concerning the institutional relocation of elderly persons. This Article examines gerontological research in order to understand the judicial rejection of the transfer trauma argument and argues in support of legislative and educational solutions for the ethical and social problems attending transfer.

Aged↗

PubMed1983

[The need for presenting rehabilitation legislation in teaching and research].

In the four phases of rehabilitation (the medical, educational, vocational, and social phase) it is the function of the law to set the frame of objectives for, and the procedures to be followed in, rehabilitation. In this connexion, legal science has a threefold function: It is an auxiliary and reference science of educational and medical rehabilitation; it is the basic science for transferring social policies into substantive legislation; and alongside the social sciences, it is the special branch of science relevant to social-vocational rehabilitation. An overview of the lectures and courses offered in the field of rehabilitation demonstrates that the legal discipline is markedly under-represented when compared to the medical and social sciences. Six postulates are put forward for the legal science's role of basic science, followed by a demonstration of its capacity of special branch of science by means of the "Rehabilitation Guidelines for the Future in the Medical, Vocational, Educational and Social Fields" issued by Rehabilitation International. Finally, the legal science's function of auxiliary and reference science is set forth, allocating to it a general function of reference science. For accomplishing these tasks, an Institute of Rehabilitation Law is called for, and the central tasks of such an institution are described, e.g. linking rehabilitation practice and legal science, uniform curricular orientation of the professional schools, international comparisons of rehabilitation legislation, or the importance of the law for the development of rehabilitation models as well as for the pertaining operational requirements.

Academies and Institutes↗

PubMed1981

Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981: legislative history and summary of OASDI and Medicare provisions.

In this article, the Commissioner of Social Security traces the legislative development and summarizes the final form of changes in the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) and Medicare programs incorporated in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97-35). This legislation, signed into law by President Reagan on August 13, contains a major portion of his Program for Economic Recovery, announced to the Nation in February. The final section of the article shows that, although the Social Security and Medicare provisions in Public Law 97-35 will have a favorable effect on the overall financial status of the OASDI and Hospital Insurance Trust Funds, these changes will not be sufficient to restore the financial soundness of the programs in the near term or over the long range.

Aged↗

PubMed1982

Restoration of certain minimum benefits and other OASDI program changes: legislative history and summary of provisions.

The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97-35), enacted on August 13, 1981, contained a provision to eliminate the minimum-benefit provision under the Social Security program for both current and future beneficiaries. Although a large majority of the members of both Houses of Congress accepted the measure in the broad context of the Reconciliation Act, there was considerable reaction against it and the provision was reconsidered. On December 29, 1981, new legislation restored the minimum benefit for current, but not future, beneficiaries. To lessen the cash-flow problems of the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) program, Public Law 97-123 also authorizes borrowing among the several trust funds and calls for the coverage, for Social Security tax and benefit purposes, of sick pay during the first 6 months of nonwork. In this article, the Commissioner of Social Security traces the legislative development of these and other provisions contained in the new law. He points out that, although the added expenditures for minimum benefits ultimately will be offset by the coverage of sick pay, the net short-term effect of the two provisions will be higher program costs. The interfund borrowing provision, however, could permit the payment of benefits on a timely basis throughout 1982 and the first 6 months of 1983.

Social Security↗

PubMed1994

The role of legislation in health services development (with particular reference to China and Australia).

The World Health Organization has supported initiatives in many countries including China to improve the effectiveness and quality of legislation as a form of technical support to help achieve and consolidate the global strategy of health for all by the year 2000. These initiatives are reviewed. Traditionally China did not rely much on legislation as a technique to underpin and implement the organization and delivery of health services, but it appears that more use will be made of it in the future for a number of reasons, including the implementation of the momentous decision of the National People's Congress in October 1992 to move towards a 'socialist market economy'.

Australia↗

PubMed1993

[Restrictions in connection with disability pensions--physicians' view on the revised legislation].

In 1991, the Norwegian legislation on disability pensions was revised, narrowing the medical criteria for eligibility. From a questionnaire answered by 66 primary health care physicians attending a course in Oslo in October 1992, data were collected on doctors' attitudes and expectations regarding the revised legislation. The physicians did not believe that refusing a higher percentage of applications for disability pension would bring many applicants back to paid employment. The majority believed that lower expenditure on disability pensions would be reflected in a corresponding increase in other public expenditures. Despite this, half of the participants welcomed the revision of the law.

Adult↗