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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute fractures of the scaphoid.

Nondisplaced fractures of the scaphoid heal with cast immobilization in most cases, but operative treatment is being offered with greater frequency to active patients as an approach to reduce the period of cast immobilization. Computed tomography is more useful for evaluating displacement than standard radiography. Displaced fractures are at greater risk for nonunion and malunion-both of which have been associated with the development of radiocarpal arthritis in long-term studies--and should therefore be treated operatively. Surgical treatment is also recommended for complex fractures (open fractures, perilunate fracture-dislocations, and scaphoid fractures associated with fracture of the distal radius), very proximal fractures, and fractures for which the diagnosis and treatment have been delayed. Operative treatment of fractures of the scaphoid has been simplified by the development of cannulated screws. Internal fixation of fractures of the scaphoid may offer some advantages, including earlier return to athletics or manual labor.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Ptosis associated with PMMA/rigid gas permeable contact lens wear.

PURPOSE: Contact lens wear has the potential to cause an acquired non-senile blepharoptosis. Ptosis can result from rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lens wear due to contact lens migration, inflammation, and undetermined causes. The purpose of this article was to investigate the occurrence of ptosis without obvious cause in a young and middle aged RGP contact lens wearing population. METHODS: We fit sixty-four patients (128 eyes) with RGP contact lenses over a fifteen month period (7/1/96 to 9/10/97) and present a series of case reports of five young and middle aged RGP contact lens wearers who developed ptosis without obvious cause during the study period. RESULTS: Five patients (6 eyes [4.7%]) in our study developed non-senile acquired ptosis. Four patients had a unilateral ptosis, and one patient had a bilateral ptosis. CONCLUSIONS: As in other other studies, we found that a significant percentage of RGP contact lens wearers developed ptosis, which is suspected to be related to RGP contact lens wear. One possible explanation is the lens removal procedure of pulling laterally on the eyelids followed by a harsh blink. However, other causes may exist such as the constant rubbing of the lens edge against the palpebral conjunctiva.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Posttraumatic nonunion of the proximal tibial metaphysis.

Eighteen patients with nonunions of the proximal tibial metaphysis were treated at one institution. Nine patients had a history of osteomyelitis. There was an average of 4 prior surgical procedures to achieve fracture union, obtain soft-tissue coverage, or eradicate infection. Stable internal fixation with bone grafting was performed in 13 patients, with a fixed angle blade plate in 10 and standard compression plate in 3. Three patients were treated with hybrid circular external fixators, and one patient was placed in a cast. An additional patient underwent long-stem total knee arthroplasty with structural allografting. Follow-up averaged 45 months. Osseous union was achieved in 100% of patients. Alignment was within 5 degrees of neutral in 94% of patients. Forty-four percent of patients continue to require the assistance of a cane for ambulation. Twelve patients have some pain with activity, primarily related to ipsilateral knee arthrosis. No infections have recurred. Knee motion improved an average of 28 degrees. Healing of nonunions of the proximal tibial metaphysis may be achieved with meticulous soft-tissue care and appropriate stabilization of small, osteoporotic, periarticular fragments.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Management of irregular astigmatism with rigid gas permeable contact lenses.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure improvement in best corrected visual acuity with rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses compared to best corrected spectacle visual acuity for patients with irregular astigmatism. METHODS: We compared best corrected visual acuity obtained with spectacle correction to best corrected visual acuity obtained with rigid gas permeable contact lenses for forty-eight eyes of 29 patients with irregular astigmatism. RESULTS: Patients with 20/20 spectacle visual acuity achieved, on average, no improvement in visual acuity with RGP contact lenses. Patients with 20/25-20/30 spectacle visual acuity achieved a one line average improvement. Patients with 20/40 spectacle visual acuity achieved a two line average improvement. Patients with 20/50-20/200 spectacle visual acuity achieved a four line average improvement and patients with spectacle visual acuity of 20/400, a six line average improvement. CONCLUSIONS: RGP contact lenses can provide a significant improvement in visual acuity compared to spectacle correction for patients with irregular astigmatism.

Astigmatism↗
PubMed2000

Phalangeal and metacarpal fractures of the hand.

This article addresses the types of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures seen in a variety of sports. Treatment options are discussed in depth based on the location, configuration, and associated soft-tissue injuries. This article provides a greater understanding of the treatment algorithm to minimize the possibility of long-term functional consequences for the athlete.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2001

Traumatic and reconstructive problems of the scaphoid.

The management of acute scaphoid fractures should be oriented on the concept of fracture stability, ease of reduction, associated ligamentous injury, and risk of impaired blood supply, rather than the direction of the fracture line or location of the fracture within the scaphoid. The lack of predictability of successful fracture union and prognostic discrepancies of historic and contemporary classifications may be related to subtle differences of the internal vascular architecture of each scaphoid. Because the possibility of impaired vascularity is greater with fractures located in the proximal third, stable internal fixation is indicated to provide mechanical stability and fracture surface contact to enhance revascularization. Improved healing rates in a shorter time and earlier rehabilitation with percutaneous techniques of internal fixation have produced a clear shift from classic conservative treatment to internal skeletal fixation. Although the rates of union of well-vascularized nonunions have not been dramatically improved with the use of internal fixation as compared with inlay bone grafting, the restoration of scaphoid anatomy and prevention of malunion and associated carpal collapse with interpositional bone grafting techniques will reduce the risk of osteoarthritis.

Bone Transplantation↗
PubMed2001

The unstable elbow.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Time travel and chemical evolution: a look at the outer solar system.

Many space scientists think that the chemical conditions today on planets and moons of the outer solar system are similar to conditions on Earth soon after it formed. If so, we can learn much about the chemistry that led to life on this planet. We can also speculate about exotic habitats that might have given rise to other types of life. And if we are able to discern the chemical reactions now occurring in the outer solar system, we may be able to extrapolate these rules to other solar systems, and so define the habitable zones around other stars where the potential for life is high.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1998

Life's crucible.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2001

Geologic settings for aqueous organic synthesis on Titan revisited.

The photochemistry in Titan's cold reducing atmosphere is an evolutionary dead end. However, the hydrocarbons and nitriles deposited from the atmosphere can undergo aqueous synthesis into prebiotic molecules in ephemeral settings such as impact melt sheets. We re-examine the longevity of aqueous solutions on Titan, noting that recent measurements of the thermal conductivity of ammonia-rich ices suggest that the melt pockets may be longer-lived than previously thought. We propose an important role in surface organic reactions for ultraviolet sunlight transported to the surface as chemical energy stored in acetylene and released by polymerization at Titan's surface.

Carbon Monoxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of Cry9C protein in processed foods made with StarLink corn.

StarLink (Aventis CropScience US) hybrid corn has been genetically modified to contain a pesticidal protein, Cry9C, which makes it more resistant than traditional varieties to certain types of corn insect pests. Unlike other varieties of genetically engineered corn, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency authorized the use of StarLink corn for animal feed and industrial use only, not for human consumption. However, some Cry9C-containing corn was mistakenly or inadvertently comingled with yellow corn intended for human food use. Because corn containing the Cry9C construct was not approved for human use, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration considers food containing it to be adulterated. Consequently, this regulatory violation resulted in hundreds of recalls of corn-based products, such as taco shells, containing cry9C DNA. Detecting the novel protein in StarLink corn is an emerging issue; therefore, there is no standardized or established analytical method for detecting Cry9C protein in processed foods. We developed a procedure for quantitation of Cry9C protein, with validation data, in processed food matrixes with a limit of quantitation at 1.7 ng/g (ppb), using a commercial polyclonal antibody-based Cry9C kit that was intended for corn grain samples. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 2.8 and 11.8%, respectively. Mean recoveries were 73 and 85% at 2 and 5 ng/g Cry9C fortifications, respectively, for 19 control non-StarLink corn-based matrixes. Our data demonstrate only 0-0.5% of Cry9C protein survived the processing of tortilla chips and soft tortillas made from 100% StarLink corn, resulting in levels from below the detection limit to 45 ppb.

Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins↗
PubMed1977

Evidence for propagation of aerobic bacteria in particles suspended in gaseous atmospheres.

One factor involved in the possibility that airborne microbes might contaminate the Jovian atmosphere, is whether microbes have the capacity to propagate in air. Prior to these studies, the evidence was that the airborne state was lethal to microbes. By mixing an aerosol of aerobic bacteria with another containing 14C glucose, we were able to detect the presence of 14CO2, showing that the airborne cells were metabolically active. In the same type of experiment, we were able to show that thymidine was incorporated into the acid-insoluble fraction of samples, indicating the formation of DNA. Finally, we were able to show, both by an increase in numbers of viable cells and a parallel increase in particle numbers, that at least two new generations of cells could occur. As of this writing, evidence for propagation of anaerobic bacteria has been negative.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1977

Anaerobic utilization of phosphite/phosphine as a sole source of phosphorus: implication to growth in the Jovian environment.

The objective of the investigation was to isolate anaerobic micro-organisms which had the ability to utilize inorganic phosphorus in forms other than phosphate. The first part of this investigation was to isolate from Cape Canaveral soil micro-organisms capable of utilizing phosphite as their phosphorus source under anaerobic conditions. In an attempt to demonstrate this ability, a medium was prepared which contained hypophosphite as the phosphorus source. This was inoculated with soil samples, and growth was subcultured at least four times. To verify that these isolates could use hypophosphite, they were inoculated into defined hypophosphite medium, and samples were removed periodically and killed with formalin. Growth was determined by turbidity measurements and the sample was then filtered. The filtrate was separated by chromatography and the total amounts of hypophosphite, phosphate and phosphate in the filtrate were measured. By this procedure it appeared that the hypophosphite level began decreasing after 14 hr of incubation suggesting utilization of the hypophosphite under anaerobic conditions. The third part of this investigation used labeled (32P) hypophosphite in a defined medium; the cells were then lysed and the metabolic compounds separated by the use of paper chromatography and autoradiograms, demonstrating the presence of 32P in intermediate metabolic compounds. Similar investigations are now being performed with phosphine as the phosphorus source.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed2003

The assessment and management of the stiff elbow.

Posttraumatic loss of elbow motion can cause substantial disability, limiting the ability to put one's hand in the volume of a sphere in space. Although a number of conditions can lead to loss of motion, a greater understanding of the functional anatomy of the elbow has led to advances in surgical management. Elbow stiffness has been classified in a number of ways, but the consistent feature is capsular contracture. Treatment of the stiff elbow begins with clinical evaluation of elbow stiffness and identification of indications for surgical intervention. Techniques of open and arthroscopic elbow contracture release are evolving. Assessment and management of elbow contracture associated with heterotopic ossification, and treatment of distal humerus nonunion should be done early to restore elbow motion.

Arthroscopy↗
PubMed2003

Difficult elbow fractures: pearls and pitfalls.

Complex elbow fractures are exceedingly challenging to treat. Treatment of severe distal humeral fractures fails because of either displacement or nonunion at the supracondylar level or stiffness resulting from prolonged immobilization. Coronal shear fractures of the capitellum and trochlea are difficult to repair and may require extensile exposure. Olecranon fracture-dislocations are complex fractures of the olecranon associated with subluxation or dislocation of the radial head and/or the coronoid process. The radioulnar relationship usually is preserved in anterior but disrupted in posterior fracture-dislocations. A skeletal distractor can be useful in facilitating reduction. Coronoid fractures can be classified according to whether the fracture involves the tip, the anteromedial facet, or the base (body) of the coronoid. Anteromedial coronoid fractures are actually varus posteromedial rotatory fracture subluxations and are often serious injuries. These patterns of injury predict associated injuries and instability as well as surgical approach and treatment. The radial head is the bone most commonly fractured in the adult elbow. If the coronoid is fractured, the radial head becomes a critical factor in elbow stability. Its role becomes increasingly important as other soft-tissue and bony constraints are compromised. Articular injury to the radial head is commonly more severe than noted on plain radiographs. Fracture fragments are often anterior. Implants applied to the surface of the radial head must be placed in a safe zone.

Fractures, Bone↗
PubMed2003

Concomitant nonunion of the distal humerus and olecranon.

Concomitant nonunion of an operatively treated fracture of the distal humerus and the olecranon osteotomy used for exposure is an unusual and complex situation which compromises ulnohumeral function on both sides of the joint. Operative treatment restored good elbow function in a series of six patients with this problem. An average of 110 degrees of ulnohumeral motion was restored, arthrosis was none (four patients) or mild (two patients) at an average follow-up of 50 months, and outcome measures documented good upper extremity specific (DASH) and general (SF-36) health status.

Adult↗