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PubMed2003

[A longitudinal study on moral judgment development in nursing and medical students].

PURPOSE: In this longitudinal study, we examined the moral judgment level and its related factors, such as individual characteristics. The result of this study will provide baseline data to establish policy of ethics education for college students and healthcare professionals. METHOD: We enrolled 37 nursing students and 20 medical students as the subjects in a university in Suwon, Korea. We conducted a questionnaire on the subjects using Korean version of Defining Issues Test(DIT) to analyze the subjects' moral judgment level. Collected data was coded using ASCII document and scored using Fortran program for computer. Then the data was statistically analyzed by SPSS Version 10.0. RESULT: Nursing students' moral development score at each stage were consistently higher at stage 5A across 4-years rather than other stages. On the other hand, medical students' moral development score were consistently higher at stage 4 than other stages. There was no significant difference in the change P(%) score at each academic year in both groups. In the perspective of the subjects' general characteristics, P(%) score showed no significant in both groups. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, further studies will examine the correlation between curriculum and moral judgment development in detail. Moreover, we suggest that the current ethics education should be developed and evaluated in more realistic manner.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2001

Children's gender-related inferences and judgments: a cross-cultural study.

This study compared the gender-related inferences and judgments of elementary school children (N = 542) of 2 different age groups (3rd graders and 5th graders) from 2 different cultures: Taiwan, a traditional collectivistic culture, and Israel, an individualistic and less traditional culture. The children were presented with 4 stories, 2 about a male target and 2 about a female target with either traditionally masculine or traditionally feminine interests, and were asked to make cognitive and emotional-motivational inferences and judgments about them. Culture played an important role in children's gender-related inferences and judgments. Specifically, Taiwanese children distinguished more than did Israeli children between male targets behaving stereotypically and counterstereotypically. The findings are analyzed within the framework of the differences between the 2 cultures.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Judgments of frequency and recency: how they relate to reports of subjective awareness.

In 2 experiments, the author explored the relations of remember versus familiar ratings to judgments of frequency (JOFs) and to judgments of recency (JORs). In both cases, remembered items were associated with more accurate memory judgments. In general, familiar items were judged to have occurred less frequently and less recently than remembered items. However, JOFs and JORs associated with familiar items were more accurate than chance. Implications for theories of remember versus familiar ratings, JOFs, and JORs are considered. Some basic findings that constrain these theories are that (a) remember versus familiar ratings were less sensitive than JOF to presentation frequency and less sensitive than JOR to recency and (b) although remember versus familiar ratings are strongly related to both JOF and JOR, as measured by gamma, the relations are far from perfect.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Judgmental questions processed by a drug information center.

The number of judgmental questions handled by a pharmacy-operated, university-based drug information center was studied. Judgmental questions were defined as those requiring the integration of data or knowledge and experience in the process of making a decision regarding a specific therapeutic problem. Less than 5% of 720 questions handled by the drug information center during a three-month period were of the judgmental type. Based on this result, and because of the need to use resources most efficiently, it is suggested that it may be advisable to develop more regional (and fewer hospital) drug information centers.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1997

Judgment pitfalls in estimating premorbid intellectual function.

Neuropsychological diagnosis first requires estimation of patients' premorbid cognitive ability. Although a number of methods have been proposed for this purpose, in practice there is little standardization. Often, clinical judgment and expert synthesis of multiple sources of information are prescribed to derive a premorbid estimate. There are, however, a number of systematic biases in human cognition that may lead clinicians to produce inaccurate estimates of premorbid function. This paper reviews the cognitive biases that are most likely to interfere with clinical judgment in this context. Given findings in the human judgment literature, actuarial strategies are recommended to avoid the contamination of cognitive bias.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Neuropsychologists' training, experience, and judgment accuracy.

It is often assumed that judgment accuracy improves as clinical training and experience increase, but the few studies on this topic within neuropsychology have yielded negative findings. In an extension of prior research, we obtained information on background training and experience from a nationally representative sample of clinical neuropsychologists and had each practitioner appraise one from among a series of 10 cases. Except for a possible tendency among more experienced practitioners to overdiagnose abnormality, no systematic relations were obtained between training, experience, and accuracy across a series of neuropsychologic judgments. Comparable results were obtained when analysis was limited to the top versus bottom 20% of the sample. This and other studies raise doubt that clinical neuropsychologists train and practice under conditions conducive to experiential learning. The potential benefits of further research on experience and judgment accuracy are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

[Consequences of the judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court on the fighting dog problem].

The Federal Constitutional Court decided with its "Dangerous dog-judgment" about the constitutional complaint of 53 dog breeders on the federal act combating dangerous dogs. This judgment was a so-called Pyrrhic Victory for the appellants. The Court declared the legislative competence of the federal level in this issue for null and void. But the statutory prohibition for breeding Pitbull-Terrier-, American Staffordshire-Terrier-, Staffordshire-Bullterrier-, Bullterrier-races and cross breeding out of this dogs will be governed in police laws by the Laender finally. The Standing Conference of the Ministers for Internal Affairs declared an appropriate recommendation. The use of the category "race" was refused by experts in discussions as completely wrong and not acceptable. But the Federal Constitutional Court reasons that the legislator can use the category "race" within his scope of evaluation and prognostication in accordance with the Constitution for the ban of import of dangerous dogs. The Court demands--because of the weak data background - that the legislator monitors the legislation, to adjust it according to current developments. The Constitutional Court creates with the judgment "dangerous dogs" legal certainty. The jurisprudence of the administrative courts of the Laender and of the Federal Administrative Court based on the category "race" was approved as well as the police laws of the Laender dealing with dangerous dogs.

Aggression↗
PubMed1989

Extraversion, neuroticism, immoral judgment and criminal behaviour.

The present study examines delinquent behaviour by integrating two approaches until now employed separately: Eysnck's theory linking delinquency to extraversion and neuroticism, and Kohlberg's theory of moral development and its connection to moral behaviour. The study analyzes the relations between extraversion, neuroticism and moral judgment, as well as their independent and/or interactive effect upon the development of anti-social behaviour. The relationships are tested by retrospective measurements of personality traits and moral judgment in three groups: delinquency (N = 203), control (N = 82) and comparative (N = 407) groups. Findings show that criminals are higher than control subjects in neuroticism and immoral judgment but not in extraversion. Similar relationships were found between criminals and the comparative group, with one exception: here extraversion was found to be positively related to delinquency, both independently and interactively with neuroticism. The implications of these results for differential development of anti-social behaviour are discussed.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1984

Clinical judgment versus delayed hypersensitivity skin testing for the prediction of postoperative sepsis and mortality.

In 59 patients operated upon for malignant disease of the gastrointestinal tract, skin testing with recall antigens was compared with assessments based upon clinical judgment alone for prediction of risk of postoperative septic complications. Clinical judgment alone could identify patients with a significantly increased risk for postoperative sepsis and mortality. Prediction based upon clinical judgment is superior to prediction based upon delayed hypersensitivity skin testing.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

A comparison of procedures in "otometry": absolute versus equal-loudness judgments.

Normal-hearing men and women (N: 20) judged damped wave signal trains (3/sec; fc = .35, .5, .7, 1, 1.4, 2, 2.8, or 4 kc/s) to be on the verge from "normal" to "loud," and from "normal" to "soft." Judgments were binaural about 1 m from a loudspeaker. "Normal" (most comfortable ?) loudness was calculated at halfway in db between the two transition zones. A replication showed that 70% of Ss yielded the same "Normal" within 9 db for all fc, while only 35% could yield the same "Normal" within 6 db for all fc. Mean "Normal" for 1 kc/s was 72.8 db SPL re 20 mu Pa. Ss made equal-loudness judgments by adjusting other fc to this standard. Variances of equal-loudness judgments were 2--3 times better (smaller) than of "Normal" estimates. It was suggested that "Otometry" utilize the equal-loudness measurement procedure recommended originally by Victoreen (J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1974, 55, 309-312).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Prosocial behavior and caring in adolescence: relations to self-understanding and social judgment.

The relation of self-understanding and moral judgment to dedicated prosocial behavior is investigated. Participants were African-American and Latin-American adolescents who had been nominated by community leaders for having demonstrated unusual commitments to care for others or the community (care exemplars). The care exemplars, and matched comparison adolescents, were extensively interviewed over the course of 4-6 sessions in order to elicit self-understanding, moral judgment, and implicit personality theories. The care exemplars were more likely than the comparison adolescents to: (1) describe themselves in terms of moral personality traits and goals, (2) view themselves as having closer continuity to their pasts and futures, (3) think of themselves as incorporating their ideals and parental images, and (4) articulate theories of self in which personal beliefs and philosophies are important. There were no differences between the care exemplars and the comparison adolescents in developmental stages of moral judgment nor in the abstractness of their implicit personality theories.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The accuracy of absolute localization judgments for speech stimuli.

Communication signals are likely to be one of the primary forms of acoustic stimulation within three-dimensional auditory displays, yet the ability to localize these signals has received relatively little study. We investigated the ability to localize single-word speech targets, spoken by one male and one female talker, as compared to the ability to localize click targets. On each trial, the targets could arise from any one of 239 speaker locations that surrounded the subject in azimuth and ranged from -45 degrees to +90 degrees in elevation. The results showed that localization accuracy relative to the median plane (the Left/Right dimension) was good for both the speech and nonspeech targets. However, with speech targets, there were more front/back reversals (inaccurate judgments relative to the frontal plane, the Front/Back dimension) and typically less accurate elevation judgments (inaccurate judgments relative to the horizontal plane, the Up/Down dimension) than were found with click targets. These results have important implications for applications of spatial hearing technology and suggest that need for caution when designing three-dimensional auditory displays in order to assure that spatial information is conveyed appropriately.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1996

Modeling Unconscious Gender Bias in Fame Judgments: Finding the Proper Branch of the Correct (Multinomial) Tree

In the preceding article, Buchner and Wippich used a guessing-corrected, multinomial process-dissociation analysis to test whether a gender bias in fame judgments reported by Banaji and Greenwald (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995, 68, 181-198) was unconscious. In their two experiments, Buchner and Wippich found no evidence for unconscious mediation of this gender bias. Their conclusion can be questioned by noting that (a) the gender difference in familiarity of previously seen names that Buchner and Wippich modeled was different from the gender difference in criterion for fame judgments reported by Banaji and Greenwald, (b) the assumptions of Buchner and Wippich's multinomial model excluded processes that are plausibly involved in the fame judgment task, and (c) the constructs of Buchner and Wippich's model that corresponded most closely to Banaji and Greenwald's gender-bias interpretation were formulated so as to preclude the possibility of modeling that interpretation. Perhaps a more complex multinomial model can model the Banaji and Greenwald interpretation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Investigating Fame Judgments: On the Generality of Hypotheses, Conclusions, and Measurement Models

In this article, we try to clarify some of the issues raised by S. C. Draine, A. G. Greenwald, and M. R. Banaji (1996) concerning our investigation into the gender bias in fame judgments (A. Buchner & W. Wippich, 1996). First, we did not test the general hypothesis and did not draw the general conclusion that Drain et al. suggest we did. Second, we did not reject M. R. Banaji and A. G. Greenwald's (1995) assumptions about the familiarity of male and female names in the fame judgment task, but we showed how one could have come to reject it using a widespread measurement model for the process dissociation procedure. Third, we argue that the processes which Draine et al. suggest should also be included in the measurement model we used are probably negligible, and if they are not, then the validity of the results of a number of fame judgment experiments must be called into question. In general, however, we agree with what seems to be the main message ofM. R. Banaji and A. G. Greenwald's (1995) research, namely, that social categories have to be considered whenever priming is investigated within a social domain.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Question/statement judgments: an fMRI study of intonation processing.

We examined changes in fMRI BOLD signal associated with question/statement judgments in an event-related paradigm to investigate the neural basis of processing one aspect of intonation. Subjects made judgments about digitized recordings of three types of utterances: questions with rising intonation (RQ; e.g., "She was talking to her father?"), statements with a falling intonation (FS; e.g., "She was talking to her father."), and questions with a falling intonation and a word order change (FQ; e.g., "Was she talking to her father?"). Functional echo planar imaging (EPI) scans were collected from 11 normal subjects. There was increased BOLD activity in bilateral inferior frontal and temporal regions for RQ over either FQ or FS stimuli. The study provides data relevant to the location of regions responsive to intonationally marked illocutionary differences between questions and statements.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Temporal processing and phonological impairment in dyslexia: effect of phoneme lengthening on order judgment of two consonants.

The evidence of supporting phonological deficit as a cause of developmental dyslexia has been accumulating rapidly over the past 2 decades, yet the exact mechanisms underlying this deficit remain controversial. Some authors assume that a temporal processing deficit is the source of the phonological disorder observed in dyslexic children. Others maintain that the phonological deficit in dyslexia is basically linguistic, not acoustic, in nature. Three experiments were conducted and tested the impact of the temporal alteration and the impact of complex syllabic structure on consonant order judgments. Thirteen phonological dyslexics (age 10-13) and 10 controls matched for chronologial age were compared on a Temporal Order Judgment (TOJ) task using the succession of two consonants (/p/ /s/) within a cluster. In order to test the possible relevance of the temporal deficit hypothesis, the task also included two additional conditions where either the two stimuli were artificially slowed or two phonological structures were opposed (CCV and CVCV). As expected, the TOJ performance was significantly poorer in dyslexics than in controls. Moreover, in the "slowed speech" condition dyslexics' performance improved to reach the normal controls' level, whereas manipulating the phonological structure complexity provided no significant improvement. Finally dyslexics' performances, especially on the slowed condition, were found correlated with several tests of phonological processing. These results lend support to the general temporal deficit theory of dyslexia.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Unconscious gender bias in fame judgments?

In two experiments the conditions of, and the processes leading to, gender biases in fame judgments were investigated. In Experiment 1, the gender bias was not reduced in a condition that alerted participants to the gender of the names. In Experiment 2, participants' sex-role orientation, but not their gender, was related to the gender bias. The process dissociation procedure was used in both experiments in an attempt to separate conscious and unconscious memory processes contributing to the gender bias. Using L.L. Jacoby's 1991) original measurement model there appeared to be evidence for unconscious influences on the gender bias in fame judgments. Unfortunately, this evidence disappeared when a model was used that takes guessing and, hence, response biases into account, which confirms that measurement models that ignore response biases in the process dissociation procedure may lead to erroneous conclusions.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Children's judgments of event upsettingness and personal experiencing of stressful events.

Five-hundred and three urban and suburban 4th- to 6th-grade schoolchildren judged event upsettingness and reported the occurrence of 22 life events. Judgments of event upsettingness ranged considerably, some corresponding to, others differing from, adult judgments. Children reported experiencing an average of seven events during their lifetimes. Girls judged events to be more upsetting than boys, and fourth and fifth graders judged events to be more upsetting than sixth graders. Urban children reported having experienced more stressful events than suburban children, and sixth graders experienced more events than fourth graders.

Age Factors↗