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PubMed2003

Carryover effects of feeling socially transparent or impenetrable on strategic self-presentation.

The authors proposed that social orientations, such as feeling transparent or impenetrable, that are created in one context can carry over and interact with elements in a different context to influence strategic self-presentation. Participants in 2 experiments wrote narratives that made them feel transparent or impenetrable. Later, they believed they would discuss problems from a social intelligence test with other group members and believed they could do well or poorly on the problems on the basis of practice test feedback. Self-presentations of social intelligence revealed the hypothesized interactions. When transparent, participants adjusted their self-presentations to how well or poorly they expected to perform, but when impenetrable, they presented themselves positively regardless of performance expectations. These results mimic effects obtained when performance is actually made publicly accessible or inaccessible, broaden the conceptualization of strategic self-presentation, and call into question long-held assumptions surrounding public versus private manipulations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

The role of perceived specificity level of failure events in self-enhancement and in constructive self-criticism.

Three studies tested the role played by perceived specificity level of failures in self-enhancement and in constructive self-criticism. The first study demonstrated that perceived specificity level of events can serve as a self-protection mechanism (N = 137). The second study, based on retrospective reports of past failures and their implications, showed that perception of failures as specific induced a higher level of constructive self-criticism (N = 171). The third study tested reactions to failures induced in the laboratory. It was found that self-improvement processes are more pronounced and negative emotional reaction is weaker in failures that are specific (shape perception test) than in those that are global (intelligence test). Statistical control over perceived severity of the failure diminished the difference between the two conditions in negative emotional reaction but not in self-improvement (N = 84).

Achievement↗

PubMed1983

Effect of middle ear pathology on selected psychoeducational measures following surgical treatment.

24 children surgically treated for pathology of the middle ear and 24 matched control children having histories without problems with ears or school were compared on the Slosson Intelligence Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the Block Design subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Form R, the Spelling subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test, the Spelling and Reading Recognition subtests of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, and the Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock Test of Auditory Discrimination. The surgical group scored similarly to the control children on six of the eight tests, but significantly lower on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Block Design subtest of the Wechsler scale. Longitudinal research comparing similar groups of children is recommended.

Achievement↗

PubMed1979

Common dimensions of visual and auditory agnosia and an explanation of the auditory recognition deficit in aphasia.

An experimental analysis of auditory recognition disturbances was performed; 81 patients with localized cerebral lesions were examined with a recognition test for meaningful sounds and with a nonverbal intelligence test (Block Design). Sensory stimulation was 5 or 15 sec for each sound. Nonverbal intelligence accounted for a considerable and significant amount of variance in recognition performance. The aphasic group was more impaired in auditory recognition than were both the other groups, i.e., patients with right or left hemispheric lesions without aphasia. The auditory recognition disturbance in the aphasic group depended to a significant extent on stimulus duration, which means a slowing down of the recognition process in aphasia. The analogies to studies on visual agnosia are striking. In both modalities, recognition depends on intellectual functioning, sensory disturbances or reduced sensory input, and the presence of aphasia.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Which sensitivity setting should a child use?

The influence of the sensitivity setting of the cochlear implant speech processor on speech recognition is investigated with 15 experienced postlinguistically deafened adult cochlear implant users. We describe the use of loudness scaling in the course of speech processor fine tuning and checkup of the speech processor map to demonstrate how their speech processors are programmed. The Freiburg monosyllabic word test, a standardized German open set speech intelligibility test, is used in silence and the very difficult Göttingen sentence test is used in silence and noise to measure speech recognition scores as a function of sensitivity setting. The median of the optimal sensitivity setting was four steps higher than the value recommended by the manufacturer. In noisy everyday hearing situations patients generally use a sensitivity setting one step lower than the one we found to be optimal for openset word understanding under test room conditions. With children who cannot select optimal speech processor settings by themselves, we do not recommend the use of noise reduction and set the sensitivity three steps higher than the one recommended by the manufacturer.

Child↗

PubMed1989

Nonverbal intelligence, familial sinistrality and left-handedness.

The interrelations among Geschwind scores, familial sinistrality, and nonverbal intelligence were studies in left-handed males and females. Nonverbal intelligence (spatial reasoning) was assessed by Cattle's Culture Fair Intelligence Test. Hand preference was assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, and a laterality score (Geschwind score) was calculated for each subject. The mental ability for spatial reasoning was found to be related to the degree of the left-hand preference in conjunction with familial sinistrality. Moderate left-handedness was found to be advantageous for nonverbal intelligence. It was concluded that cognitive and motor functions are interrelated systems; the efficiency of the spatial reasoning would depend on the degree and developmental level of cerebral lateralization.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Relationship between phenylalanine tolerance and psychological characteristics of phenylketonuric families.

The purpose of this study was to find out how genetic and biochemical limitations influence psycho-social performance and to partially test the validity of justification theory. The ability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine was compared with intellectual and personality characteristics in PKU family members. Each of the tested persons was given an oral dose of phenylalanine, the Shipley-Hartford Intelligence Test, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Only those persons with reading ability at the sixth grade level or higher were tested. Eighty-six persons were tested: fifteen PKUs, forty-three siblings, and twenty-eight parents. A comparison was made among parents, PKUs, and the siblings. Siblings with the higher 2/3's of P2/T ratios were contrasted with those with the lowest 1/3 of ratios on measures of intelligence and psychopathology. Statistical analyses of the data reflected a trend in support of the justification theory. PKUs had significantly lower intelligence than their sibs and parents. The PKUs' mean IQ was 95 (homozygotes born of heterozygotes), followed by the upper 2/3's sibling mean IQ of 105 (heterozygotes born of nonheterozygote mothers). The lower 1/3 siblings' mean IQ was 107 (nonheterozygotes born from heterozygote mothers), and finally, the parents' mean IQ was 109 (heterozygotes, among them 50% were born from nonheterozygote mothers). The latter three mean IQs are not significantly different from each other. The personality tests revealed a trend toward more abnormality in PKUs than in their heterozygote siblings. The lowest rate of abnormality occurred in the nonheterozygote sibling group; that rate was significantly lower than in all other groups. The parents had the highest absolute rate of personality abnormality, but statistically so compared to the low-ratio siblings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Psychological performance and long-term exposure to mercury vapors.

In a cross-sectional study the psychological test performances of a group of 36 male chlorine-alkali workers were compared with the level of exposure to mercury and to the corresponding results of referents. The mercury exposure had lasted for at least 10 years and had been controlled by regular health examinations and urine analyses. Several dose indicators were calculated. The more heavily exposed workers performed more poorly on the verbal intelligence test (Similarities) than the referents did. Impairments in the memory tests showed a statistically significant correlation with the actual exposure level, especially with the actual concentration of mercury in blood. The monitoring of mercury in blood can be useful in health surveillance programs. The level of mercury in the air was calculated from the dose indicators. The results support the recommended exposure limit of 25 micrograms/m3 for metallic mercury vapor in the air as a level avoiding adverse effects in exposed workers.

Adult↗

PubMed1971

Intelligence and blood pressure in the aged.

Diastolic hypertension was related to significant intellectual loss over a 10-year period among individuals initially examined in their 60's. Such loss was not found in their age peers in association with normal or mild elevations of blood pressure. Of the subjects initially examined at 70 to 79 years of age, none with hypertension completed the follow-up program, and those with normal and mildly elevated blood pressure showed some intellectual decline over the decade. At the initial examination, hypertension was related to lower intelligence test scores only among those subjects who subsequently did not complete the follow-up program. The results suggest that hypertension is related to intellectual changes among the aged.

Aged↗

PubMed1986

Reserve capacity of the elderly in aging-sensitive tests of fluid intelligence: replication and extension.

Fluid intelligence belongs to that cluster of intellectual abilities evincing aging loss. To examine further the range of intellectual reserve available to aging individuals and the question of replicability in a new cultural and laboratory setting, 204 healthy older adults (mean age = 72 years; range = 60-86) participated in a short-term longitudinal training study. For experimental subjects, 10 sessions consisted of cognitive training involving two subability tests (Figural Relations, Induction) of fluid intelligence. The pattern of outcomes replicates and expands on earlier studies. Older adults have the reserve to evince substantial increases in levels of performance in fluid intelligence tests. Transfer of training, however, is narrow in scope. Training also increases accuracy of performance and the ability to solve more difficult test items. Difficulty level was estimated in a separate study, with a comparable sample of N = 112 elderly adults. Future research is suggested to examine whether intellectual reserve extends to near-maximum levels of performance.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

Construct validity of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children with mildly mentally retarded students.

The construct validity of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) with mildly mentally retarded children was examined. Subjects were given three intelligence tests: the K-ABC, WISC-R, and Stanford Binet, Form L-M. Analysis of variance procedures revealed differences between the K-ABC Mental Processing Composite and the WISC-R Full Scale IQ, whereas the Stanford-Binet IQ was not reliably different from either. Correlational analysis provided supportive evidence that the K-ABC is measuring general intelligence; however, discrepancy between Sequential/Simultaneous scales and intersubtest correlations may not support distinct processing styles for mildly mentally retarded students, although this sample represents a restricted range.

Achievement↗

PubMed2006

The Word Accentuation Test - Chicago.

A reading test for Spanish speakers in the United States was developed called the Word Accentuation Test-Chicago. The construction and validation of this 40 item test was modeled after reading tests developed in Spain and Argentina, and is based on irregular accentuation of words. The Word Accentuation Test-Chicago was validated on 45 community participants using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III in Spanish. Better reading performance was associated with higher intelligence test performance, with an additional 5% of the variation in intelligence score accounted for by reading performance after controlling for age and education. These results indicate that the Word Accentuation Test-Chicago is a psychometrically sound measure of Spanish reading ability that is robustly related to general cognitive ability.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Curvelinear correlations between total testosterone levels and fluid intelligence in men and women.

The relationship between serum total testosterone (T) level and fluid intelligence (Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test) was studied in young men and women. There was no significant difference between IQs of men and women. IQ tended to increase with T in men, except at very high T levels. It was concluded that (i) T may be associated with IQ, even in samples with no sex-related IQ difference; (ii) too low or too high T may be disadvantageous for fluid intelligence in women; (iii) T may be advantageous for this kind of IQ in men, except very high T levels.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Stability of IQ measures in teenagers and young adults with developmental dyslexia.

A follow-up study was performed to investigate the stability of IQ measures in a group of dyslexic teenagers and young adults. Earlier research had shown contradictory results. The 65 subjects, 12 years old on the average at first test, were retested after a mean interval of six and a half years. There was a significant relative decrease in verbal IQ (VIQ), which was interpreted as either an effect of low reliability of tests used, or an effect of the dyslexic individuals' less experience with reading and writing, and as a consequence, a lag in verbal ability, the second interpretation being in line with earlier findings in groups of children with learning disabilities. Performance IQ improved significantly and the tentative interpretation was that of a compensatory process, in the sense that the dyslexic children might develop a more visual, intuitive and creative way to process information and solve problems. The conclusion was that caution should be taken, before making important decisions on the basis of a single intelligence test, and that dyslexic children might be at risk to lag behind their peers in terms of VIQ, especially if they are not provided with suitable special education.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Shoulder pain in middle age. A study of prevalence and relation to occupational work load and psychosocial factors.

Studies on 574 subjects demonstrated the prevalence of shoulder pain and its relationship to occupational work load and psychosocial factors. The prevalence of shoulder pain was 14% (13% men, 15% women). Women had more often myalgias with a tenderness on palpation of the shoulder muscles and rhizopathia-brachialgia type of pain, whereas men had mainly intraarticular pain. Three percent had been on sick leave because of shoulder pain in the year preceding the examination and 5% had a reduced range of shoulder joint motion. The subjects with shoulder pain were less satisfied with their jobs and had been less successful in a childhood intelligence test. No difference could be demonstrated between subjects with or without shoulder pain in estimated overall work load, but women with signs of supraspinatus tendinitis more often had jobs with physical demands.

Educational Status↗

PubMed1994

Smoking and Raven IQ.

Nicotine has recently been shown to enhance measures of information processing speed including the decision time (DT) component of simple and choice reaction time and the string length measure of evoked potential waveform complexity. Both (DT and string length) have been previously demonstrated to correlate with performance on standard intelligence tests (IQ). We therefore hypothesised that nicotine is acting to improve intellectual performance on the elementary information processing correlates of IQ. In the current experiment we tested this hypothesis using the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) test. APM scores were significantly higher in the smoking session compared to the non-smoking session, suggesting that nicotine acts to enhance physiological processes underlying performance on intellectual tasks.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Self-efficacy and attributions for intellectual performance in young and elderly adults.

This study examined subjective assessments of intellectual performance in young (M age = 19.46) and elderly (M age = 75.13) adults. Male and female college students (n = 37) and senior citizens (n = 48) were asked to predict their performance before and after taking fluid and crystallized intelligence tests on two trials. Participants also made causal attributions for their test performance. Elderly participants scored significantly higher on the crystallized test, and young participants scored higher on the fluid test. Men's and women's actual performance did not differ, but the elderly women made lower performance predictions on the fluid test than the elderly men. Both the young and the elderly groups were more accurate in predicting their test performance for the test on which their performance was higher. Accuracy of performance predictions improved across the two trials. Both age groups were more likely to attribute successful performance to ability and unsuccessful performance to task difficulty.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

[Effects of kidney transplantation on cognitive functioning of children].

The purpose of the study was the assessment of cognitive functioning in 20 children (age 4-14 years) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) before and after kidney transplantations by means of an intelligence-test (WISC-R or WPPSI). Research questions were: I. do the test scores of children with ESRD deviate significantly from those of the norm-group before transplantation; 2. do the test scores of children with ESRD increase significantly from pre- to post-transplantation; 3. do the test scores of children with ESRD after transplantation deviate significantly from those of the norm-group. The results show that children with ESRD before transplantation perform significantly more poorly on the verbal part of the WISC-R. After transplantation they show a significant increase on cognitive functioning, mainly in the verbal part of the test. However, kidney transplantation does not cause a complete recovery of cognitive functioning; after transplantation children with ESRD still showed lower scores on several tasks (e.g. tasks concerning concentration).

Adolescent↗