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PubMed1985

[Families with recurrent cases of Waardenburg-Klein syndrome].

Deaf children with the type I Waardenburg--Klein syndrome were studied. Secondary cases were found in 14 unrelated and 1 incest families. In 10 families probands and all their affected relatives had the type I Waardenburg--Klein syndrome. In 4 families patients were discovered with both type I and type II syndromes. In an incest family the proband seemed to have the type III, while his mother and father (sibs) had type II and their grandmother the type I syndrome. These results contradict the hypothesis claiming the origin of different types of Waardenburg--Klein syndrome to be due to the action of different genes. It is proposed that types I and II, or all types of the syndrome are caused by a single dominant gene. Potential mechanisms for clinical polymorphism of Waardenburg--Klein syndrome are related to incomplete penetrance and varying expression of this gene.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1998

Psychosocial profile of Swiss sexual offenders.

Background data on psychosocial characteristics of sexual offenders are sparse in Europe. From 67 experts' reports done between 1982 and 1995 in Geneva, Switzerland, demographic, criminological and psychiatric characteristics were collected for three groups of sexual offenders: offenders against adults, offenders against non-relative minors (< 18 yr), and offenders against minors with incest. The results showed that the offenders against adults were younger (p = 0.02), more frequently single (p = 0.0007) and with a lower educational level (p = 0.05) than the offenders against minors. Incest offenders had no prior conviction compared with 50% of the other offenders. Violence was more often used by offenders against adults (86%) than by offenders against minors (45%) (p = 0.005). About two-thirds of the sexual offenders had no psychiatric history, but a personality disorder (mainly borderline) was diagnosed in half of the offenders. A history of sexual abuse during childhood was reported by a third of the offenders against minors and by 5% of the offenders against adults (p = 0.04). It is concluded that a low socio-economic status and social isolation characterized offenders against adults, whereas offenders against minors had a relatively normal psychosocial profile.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The monster within: Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and a patient's fears of childbirth and mothering.

This paper explores the fantasy, widespread among women, of giving birth to a monster, particularly a psychological monster. The author hypothesises two central intrapsychic issues underlying these fears: monsters are viewed as 'incest babies' or as reflections of maternal aggression--evil, destructive parts of the mother passed on to the infant. Shame about femaleness is postulated as a third factor in the fear of producing something monstrous. Mary Shelley's novel, 'Frankenstein', is an iconic literary representation of these themes. The author presents and discusses some psychobiographical material about Mary Shelley, speculating on her motives for writing this novel and tracing the intrapsychic concerns about incest and aggression as reflected in the novel itself. Some recent feminist and psychoanalytic critical readings of 'Frankenstein' are referenced as they reflect on the novel's concern with themes of female sexuality and procreation. Clinical material from the author's own practice is presented to illustrate these fears, so similar to those with which Mary Shelley was dealing. A discussion, citing some relevant literature, follows.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sexual coercion content in 21 sexuality education curricula.

Sexual coercion, a topic of relevance to school health personnel, may be as common in high school populations as in university populations. Twenty-one sexuality education curricula were examined for information on the topics of date rape, stranger rape, pressure, incest, sexual harassment, unwanted/inappropriate touch, and exploitation/victimization. Curricula scoring highest in total coverage also were the most comprehensive with six of the seven sexual coercion topics covered. Overall, pressure and exploitation/victimization received the greatest attention, while sexual harassment was not covered in any of the curricula. Common themes occurring within the coercion topic areas included guilt, communication/assertiveness skills, blame, drug use, premeditation, fear, sources of help. Results suggest sexuality education curricula have not responded to the increased concern regarding sexual harassment in schools.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Sexual abuse of children. Current concepts.

Acts of pedophilia, rape, and incest are uncomfortable subjects that are underdiagnosed and underreported. Effective management involves a multidisciplinary approach that is difficult to achieve without a special program for sexually abused children. These children deserve all the time, skill, and research that are applied to any other serious and common medical problem. They are now beginning to get this attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

"Recovered memory" therapy for eating disorders: implications of the Ramona verdict.

"Recovered memory therapy" for eating disorders and other psychiatric conditions seeks to help the patient recover repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse and other traumatic experiences. Through this technique, it is hoped that the patient can work through these experiences to achieve relief from shame, body dissatisfaction, and symptoms of depression and eating disorders. However, this method was questioned in the recent Ramona case, where a father successfully sued two therapists and a hospital for allegedly implanting false memories of childhood sexual abuse in his bulimic daughter. The testimony and verdict in this case recall the principle of primum non nocere: Although it is clearly reasonable to consider an unproven therapeutic technique in an attempt to relieve human suffering, the potential risk of the technique--in this case the possible induction of false incest memories--must be weighed carefully against the technique's expected benefits.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Human figure drawings of sex offenders.

The D-A-P was administered to 60 male sex offenders from a correctional institution. The drawings of the inmates, taken as a whole, seemed to be indicative of narcissism, assertion, sex disturbance, aggression, and anxiety. Significant differences in the drawings of rapists, child molesters, and incest offenders were found. The following D-A-P aspects appeared to be prominent in the drawings of the Ss, in descending order: reinforcement, long nose, large head, legs wide apart, too much hair, waistline emphasis, slash mouth, long feet, pointy fingers, distorted heads, and opposite sex drawn first.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

MMPI traits of incestuous fathers.

Compared MMPI scores of a group of 10 documented incestuous fathers and stepfathers to those of a matched control group of nonincestuous fathers. Analyses of variance and covariance reflected more pathological scores for incest fathers than control fathers on the psychopathic deviate scale, the psychasthenia scale and the schizophrenia scale of the MMPI. Results were discussed in terms of a character disordered personality type among incestuous fathers.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Whither countertransference in couples and family therapy: a systemic perspective.

This study addresses various perspectives on transference and countertransference dynamics from the context of couples and family therapy. It considers the phenomena of countertransference in couple and family therapy and illustrates treatment with three specific kinds of patient populations: adult survivors of childhood incest who receive therapy with their partner; couples group therapy; and psychotherapists and their families. How supervisors help trainees recognize and deal with the transference and countertransference in clinical practice also is explored. These reciprocal phenomena are even more complex to identify and handle in couple and family treatment than in individual therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Women, alcohol, and sexuality.

Alcohol consumption increases subjective sexual desire, arousal, and pleasure for many women, although it lowers physiological arousal. Despite the general belief that alcohol disinhibits female sexual behaviors, alcohol leads to changes in sexual behavior only for a minority of women. Expectancies about the effects of alcohol on sexual behavior may be important mediators of the alcohol-sexual behavior linkage. There also is a relationship between overall alcohol consumption and risky sexual behavior for women, but when alcohol use at or preceding individual instances of sexual activity is examined, there is no association in the majority of studies. Alcohol use by both perpetrators and victims has been implicated in instances of sexual victimization. Heavy alcohol consumption and alcohol problems in women are associated with heightened risk of childhood incest, sexual assault, and sexual dysfunction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Is the child victim of sexual abuse telling the truth?

In order to adequately investigate an allegation of sexual abuse, professionals must both understand the motives of the victim, perpetrator, and victim's mother (in incest cases) to lie or tell the truth and possess the techniques for examining the child's story. Children almost never make up stories about being sexually abused. In fact victims are often revictimized in multiple ways for truthfully asserting they have been sexually abused. Perpetrators usually deny their abusive behavior. Mothers may also have reasons for not acknowledging the sexual abuse. Within this larger framework, the evaluator should systematically explore the allegation in order to assure the story is true. First, in examining the story, the evaluator looks for a detailed description of events surrounding the sexual abuse, explicit information about sexual behavior told from a child's viewpoint, and an emotional response consistent with their statement. Second, the evaluator buttresses the information with other data: statements the child has made to other people about the sexual abuse; sexual content in the child's play, picture drawing or story telling; sexual behavior on the child's part; sexual knowledge beyond what one would expect for the child's age; and symptomatic behavior indicative of stress.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

One thousand fifty-nine children with a chief complaint of sexual abuse.

Sexual assault victims (1,059) under the age of 17 were evaluated over a period of 44 months in a teaching, metropolitan county emergency room. The cases were recorded and reviewed by use of a protocol. The children ranged in age from 3 months to 16 years of age. Most were female (89%). The average age for all children was 8.3 years. There was no mean age difference between male and female victims 12 and under. Victims were 1.58 times as likely to be black, 0.22 times as likely to be Latin, and 0.96 times as likely to be white than the general population. Perpetrators were strangers in 13.8% of cases and close family (incest) in 28.1% of cases. A major finding is that 58.1% of the perpetrators were known to the child but were not family members. These episodes were severe with penetration occurring in 754 (71%) of the assaults. Cultures were positive in 1.5% of all cases. The medical and social response to these children's needs is noted to be inadequate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Decision-making in interdisciplinary treatment teams.

Interdisciplinary teams for the treatment of child abuse and neglect are becoming more common. Studies have shown that decisions made by groups who have had the opportunity to discuss their perspectives are more accurate than judgments made by individuals. Why this may be true is not clear. The purpose of the present study was to discover the procedures an interdisciplinary treatment team uses in making decisions. A single interdisciplinary incest treatment team was observed over a 15-month period. Open-ended interviews with team members also were conducted. Findings show that the interdisciplinary treatment team made its decisions using procedures analogous to procedures used in social research to establish reliability and validity. The decision-making process of the team was characterized by multiple observations of family members by multiple observers in multiple settings over time. This decision-making process is similar to processes used by many other treatment teams. The findings of the present research, then, are likely to be generalizable to other teams whose decision-making processes are similar.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Women as mothers and wives in paternally incestuous families: coping with role conflict.

Although role conflict is well recognized for women in general, it has not been explored for women who are mothers and wives in paternally incestuous families. This study sought to remedy that oversight by analyzing the data gleaned from in-depth life history interviews with 20 women from paternally incestuous families who were just entering treatment. The women reported a moderate degree of conflict between their roles as mother and wife. Their strategies for coping with that conflict varied. Each described strategy was categorized according to the level of the role process at which it intervened, and was also evaluated in terms of its efficacy and its empowerment. The level of the coping strategy was somewhat, although not significantly, related to the duration of the paternal incest, and significantly related to its severity. The implications of these findings for the allegation of collusion made against women is discussed, and suggestions for therapeutic intervention with women from paternally incestuous families are presented.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

Recidivism among sex offenders: a follow-up study of 541 Norwegian sex offenders.

A study of recidivism to sexual offences was conducted among Norwegian males who had received their first conviction for a sexual crime during the years 1970-1974. Five hundred and forty-one out of a total of 1,071 offenders were randomly selected and followed by means of official and public register systems until the end of August 1983. No one was contacted personally by the investigators. The recidivism rate was 12.8%, with the rapists having the highest tendency to commit new sexual crimes. Acts like incest, exploitation of someone in the custody of the perpetrator or similar felonies against so-called public morals were least likely to be repeated. Most of the repeat offenders only had one single subsequent offence, either of the same type of crime as at the first or to a less severe crime. Only a handful committed more than one repeat offence. A large number of the sexual offenders had committed others types of crimes, some prior to their first conviction for the sexual crime and some subsequent. Most of our criminally convicted males had a record of mixed criminality, in which crimes of profit and violence dominated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Child sexual abuse in Tanzania and Kenya.

OBJECTIVE: Most research on child abuse in Tanzania and Kenya is unpublished in the international literature. The purpose of this paper is to examine the various commentaries and reports extant, toward an overview of the nature and frequency of child sexual abuse in Tanzania and Kenya. METHODS: Contacts were made with academics, government departments, NGOs, and UN agencies. This was followed by a field trip in the summer of 2001 where all available reports were examined and a wide range of interviews conducted. RESULTS: Little empirical data exist on child sexual abuse in Tanzania. It is widely perceived that it may be increasing as a result of AIDS sufferers' attempts to "cleanse" themselves. The breakdown of traditional childcare systems, foreign influences, poverty, and the lowly position of girls in society are also implicated. More research has been conducted in Kenya. It is clear that first coitus occurs at a young age for many Kenyan children and adolescents. Also, a degree of force, trickery, or material exchange is not uncommon in adolescent sexual relations. CONCLUSIONS: Child sexual abuse is under-researched in Tanzania and Kenya. Studies by UN agencies such as United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the International Labour Organisation (ILO) have focused on the commercial sexual exploitation of children, to the neglect of more pervasive abuse in children's own communities by family, relatives, and neighbors. Nationwide surveys of the general population are required for an empirical understanding of this topic. Given the high incidence of AIDS/HIV in both countries, it is important to know if the epidemic is increasing the risk of rape or incest for children.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1983

Approaching the incestuous and sexually abusive family.

This paper reviews family transactional theories of incest and sexual abuse. Two main types of family are described: the chaotic family and the "endogamous" incestuous family. Some general features of incestuous and sexually abusive families are then discussed, after which some basic principles of clinical work with such families are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Child sexual abuse: historical cases in the Byzantine empire (324-1453 A.D.).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is the presentation and brief analysis of some historical cases, unknown in the broader medical bibliography, of child sexual abuse in Byzantine Society (324-1453 A.D.). METHOD: The original texts of the Byzantine historians, chroniclers and ecclesiastical authors, written in the Greek language, were studied in order to locate instances of child sexual abuse. RESULTS: Although the punishment provided by the laws and the church for cases of child sexual abuse were very strict, a number of instances of rapes under cover of premature marriages, even in the imperial families, are revealed in these texts. Furthermore, cases of child prostitution, pederasty, and incest are included in the historical texts and some contemporary authors confirmed the presence of many such cases in all classes of Byzantine society. CONCLUSION: The research of original Byzantine literature disclosed many instances of child sexual abuse in all social classes even in the mediaeval Byzantine society which was characterized by strict legal and religious prohibitions.

Byzantium↗